Types Of Transport Infrastructure Research Articles

The impact of different transportation infrastructures on urban carbon emissions: Evidence from China

Transport infrastructure is an important source of carbon emissions, and different transport infrastructure have varying impacts on urban carbon emissions, which has been lacking in previous research. This study selects 273 cities in China from 2005 to 2020 and applied the spatial Durbin model and mediation effect model to empirically examine the direct impact effects, spatial spillover effects, scale and regional heterogeneity, and indirect pathways of highways, high-speed railways, and urban rail on urban carbon emissions. The results shows that: (1) Overall, high-speed railways have a significant reducing effect on carbon emissions, while highways and urban rail have the opposite effect. (2) Considering spatial spillover effects, highways and high-speed railways can promote carbon emissions reduction in neighboring areas, while urban rail has the opposite effect. (3) For scale heterogeneity, urban rail can reduce carbon emissions in mega-cities, while highways and high-speed railways have the opposite effect. For regional heterogeneity, all three types of transport infrastructure can reduce carbon emissions in western cities, but increase urban carbon emissions in eastern and central regions. (4) Industrial upgrading, technological progress, and population agglomeration are all pathways through which transport infrastructure indirectly affects carbon emissions, but their effects vary for different transport infrastructure.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ОСНОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РИСКАМИ КРУПНЫХ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНЫХ ГЧП-ПРОЕКТОВ

The purpose of this article is to develop the theoretical foundations of risk management in the implementation of large infrastructure projects with government participation using the example of the development of high-speed railways in Russia. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that for Russia, high-speed highways are a completely new type of transport infrastructure, the creation of which requires the development of existing views and approaches to risk management of large infrastructure projects with government participation. The impact of high-speed highway projects on a country’s economy is difficult to overestimate, as they affect many factors: from stimulating development to improving the quality of life of the population, which is why studying existing tools and proposing new views on risk management that increase the success of projects with government participation is one of the key issues to be addressed.

The Problems of Ensuring the Efficiency and Competitiveness of the Ukrainian Transport Industry to Meet the Modern Challenges and Threats

In Ukraine, the challenges and threats to the efficient functioning of the transportation industry are intensifying during the war and infrastructure destruction. The need for emergency repairs of the ruined infrastructure hinders the reform of the Ukrainian transportation industry. Furthermore, developing an integrated EU-oriented multimodal transportation system within the "Eastern Partnership" regional network becomes more complicated. This article aims to identify the problems of efficiency and competitiveness of the Ukrainian transportation industry in the context of integration into the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) and the construction of a multimodal transportation system. The research employs a systemic analysis methodology to assess the structural indicators of Ukraine's transportation system development. The structure of Ukrainian freight transportation by mode is compared with that in EU countries to reflect differences in a modal split in the context of Ukraine's accession to TEN-T. The results demonstrate a range of problems related to the competitiveness of the Ukrainian transportation industry, which act as barriers to its integration with TEN-T. Institutional, political, and managerial-administrative problems are identified as the leading issues associated with inefficient data collection and processing, management and control functions, decision-making, communication, and interaction among governing bodies. A separate group of issues in Ukraine's transportation industry is linked to the material-technical condition of various types of transportation infrastructure, which affects service quality. Consequently, other problems arise, including the low level of development of intermodal and multimodal transport, transportation logistics, decreased efficiency in capacity utilization, insufficient level of competition in the market for transportation services, and non-compliance with European requirements for access to the transportation services market.

The place and role of freight transport in the Polish economy against the background of the European Union

The article synthetically characterizes the Polish freight transport sector compared to its counterpart in the European Union. The article presents the changes during the years 1990-2019 taking place in the number of various types of transport means used, belonging to Poland and 27 European Union countries. The volume and structure of the freight transport performance of Poland and the European Union as well as the changes taking place in them over the last 30 years were also characterised. The reasons for changes in the structure of freight transport performance in Poland were analysed. Various types of transport infrastructure in Poland were described and analysed, and the changes taking place in it were presented. The impact of EU funds on changes in the transport infrastructure of Poland was also described.

Transport infrastructure and industrial output in Pakistan: An empirical investigation

Development of transport infrastructure is considered to be a key factor in contributing socio-economic development. This research contributes towards the existing literature by analyzing the impact of different types of transport infrastructure (i.e., roads, railways, ports and airways on industrial output for Pakistan. Using annual data over a period of four decades, we apply contemporary time series modelling techniques to establish long-run relationships. The findings confirm the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among all key variables. Labour, capital, roads and ports infrastructure stimulate industrial output in Pakistan. The long-run elasticities suggest that a 1% increase in port and road infrastructure increases industrial value added by 0.36% and 0.28%, respectively. We find weak railways are deterring industrial output, and airways are found to have neutral effects. Our findings are validated by causality analysis and the model is found to be stable and robust. In the wake of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), our findings suggest that future investment in the transport sector should focus more on railways in improving the industrial growth and output of the country.

Analyzing the topology characteristic and effectiveness of the China city network

The topology characteristic and effectiveness of city network play critical roles in guiding transportation infrastructure planning and construction. From empirical evidence of three types of transportation infrastructure in China’s urbanization process—railway, civil aviation, and highway—we propose a new city network construction method based on the transportation infrastructure links between cities. Degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality are selected as measuring indicators for analyzing the topology characteristic of the China city network, and the shortest path length is used to measure the effectiveness of the China city network from the node level and the overall level. Based on public and open data and combining analysis methodologies, we explore the topology characteristic and effectiveness of the China city network. The analysis results show that the topology characteristic of the China city network presents disequilibrium on geographical distribution. Network node effectiveness is positively correlated to the economic development level of cities in the China city network, and different sub-networks present different overall network effectiveness. The analysis results of the Dalian–Yantai subsea tunnel show that although the effectiveness of the China city network can be greatly improved through increasing links between cities with no direct link, transportation infrastructure planning and construction has different impacts on the topology characteristic of the China city network. The topology characteristic and effectiveness of each city in the China city network should be considered comprehensively in the process of transportation planning and construction.

Change in land use structure in urban China: Does the development of high-speed rail make a difference

China has launched an ambitious strategy to develop a national high-speed rail (HSR) system with a total distance of 38,000 km by 2025. The massive development of HSR has not only facilitated the improvement of interregional accessibility, it also substantially stimulated urbanization and urban expansions across various cities. This paper investigates fundamental questions pertaining to change in land use related to HSR in China. First, does the development of HSR play a role in promoting change in urban land use structure? Second, does land use structure change have a spatial dimension related to HSR development? For the first time, the spatial dimension of urban land use as it is related to HSR development is evaluated empirically using a spatial panel regression analysis. The assessment is based on a micro-level land use data covering 285 cities for the period 2007−2015. The research findings reveal that HSR plays a significant role in promoting urban land use structure change in China. The influence of HSR is much larger than that from other types of transportation infrastructure. In addition, impacts were found to vary across different size scales of cities. In particular, the impact of HSR on change in urban land use structure was found significant in Tier 2–3 cities. Conversely, the financial constraint of local government was also confirmed to have a significant influence on land use structure change in medium and small cities (Tier 3–5 cities). Overall, the study provides evidence and implications for policy makers to improve decision-makings on land use policy reforms and guidance for future infrastructure development.

Evaluating the transport-mode-specific trade effects of different transport infrastructure types

Both qualitative and quantitative improvements for five different transport infrastructure types are evaluated with respect to their transport-mode-specific trade effects. Strong trade increases are found for survey-based quality indicators of airport and railroad infrastructure. For road trade, the road density is more important than the quality of road infrastructure. Additionally, the infrastructure quality of transit countries is an important trade flow driver of the land transport modes road and railroad. For the analysis of these effects, I use a gravity equation model with European trade flows that are disaggregated over five different transport modes. In combination with the quality and quantity indicators for each corresponding type of transport infrastructure, it is possible to directly estimate the unique trade effects for each infrastructure type. Moreover, a novel cross-mode analysis is conducted to estimate interdependencies and cross-effects that exist between different transport infrastructure types and different transport modes.

Transport Infrastructure and the Decentralization of Cities in the People's Republic of China.

It is widely believed that transportation infrastructure has important impacts on the development of cities. Until recently, however, there has been little systematic evidence with which to evaluate claims about the effects of transportation infrastructure on the development of cities and regions. In this paper, we describe the evolution of Chinese transportation infrastructure and how it relates to the evolution of location patterns of population and production in Chinese cities and surrounding regions. We summarize empirical evidence from our work with Loren Brandt, Vernon Henderson and Qinghua Zhang on the causal effects of various types of transportation infrastructure on the decentralization of Chinese cities. Finally, we put our results in context of the existing literature on the effects of infrastructure on productivity and the allocation of resources across locations.

A Japan compact bus terminal; Review on Hakata bus terminal, Fukuoka

A mass transportation system has a main role in every development process of countries in the modern world. In Japan, transportation infrastructure such as train stations or bus terminals plays as an important node that determines the development of functions and other community activities in the surrounding area. Based on the compact city development concept, various types of transport infrastructure were constructed in the integrated area of city nodes and mixed with a various public and commercial functions and supported with a well-structured management of transportation systems. With the condition of limited land in the city nodes, transport infrastructure has to be built as a compact building. This paper reviews design and system of Bus Terminal in Japan from the architectural perspective with the issue of a compact building. As a study case, Hakata Bus terminal is one of Japanese bus terminal built with a slim building and vertically extended level without bus parking area. The platform was divided into three different floor levels with total ten building stories filled by various public and commercial functions. Time schedule, information system, people and vehicle circulation, and the other aspect become the main support to create a compact bus terminal. However, the commercial function is more prominent than the overall function of the building, thus making Hakata bus terminal does not show the typology terminal design in general. Overall, the terminal provides community services without ignoring the main function as a mass transportation system in a compact bus terminal.

Research of multi-function station complex as a new type of transport infrastructure in Ukraine

The article deals with the current state of the transport infrastructure in Ukraine, as well as the ways of further development. The typology, classification and functional structure of railway station buildings are considered. Materials of scientific articles, monographs, electronic media covering various aspects of the investigated problem are used as information sources for the analysis of experience and prerequisites. The analysis of the backgrounds, information sources, domestic and foreign experience in the construction and reconstruction of stations has made it possible to formulate requirements for their architectural and planning organization

Public Infrastructure and Regional growth: Evidence from Turkey

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of public transportation infrastructure investments on regional economic growth in Turkish NUTS 2 regions between 2004 and 2011. To offer an advanced statistical analysis, we employ an augmented production function model for measuring the effects of different types of transportation infrastructure on regional output. We use specifically ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects, two-stage least squares (2SLS) and Hausman-Taylor IV estimation methods with both cross-section and panel data. Our results show that road and motorway infrastructure have strongly significant positive effects on regional output in all our estimations. Land infrastructure is found to play a very important role in regional economic performance in Turkey, while, somewhat surprisingly, air infrastructure has no significant impact on regional GVA, which clearly suggests the existence of different types of transportation infrastructure in the Turkish regions. Also, the high growth elasticity of land infrastructure in the Turkish regions indicates that Turkey is currently still suffering from an inadequate transport infrastructure.

CONCEPTION OF LEVEL OF SERVICE OF PUBLIC INTERMODAL TRANSPORT JUNCTIONS

The planning of passenger intermodal transport nodes consider like an important part of sustainable transportation system. For projecting of passenger transport junction give consideration in the current urban planning. This article shows the concept of the level of service for functional estimation of different types of transport infrastructure and network of streets. Supposition was made by author about the main indicator of service level of intermodal nodes functional which is used to estimate the transport junction. Author suggests to estimate the level of service of users of intermodal passenger using indicator of total cost of time required to transfer, which are a sum of costs of time required to move from landing to boarding area and time of transport expectation. It is offered to set the boarders of level of service on the basis of inverse distribution indicators of the whole duration of interchanging that was determined using results of researching of different types of intermodal passenger nodes. The development of evaluation scale of levels of service will be performed on the basis of data that were got during the researching of transfer hubs in Vienna. In the future the approbation of this scale using the example of function quality evaluation number of passenger transport nodes of Irkutsk and Moscow and following development of practical recommendation.

CRITICALLITY OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

The paper deals with transportation infrastructure criticality because this quantity determines the State capability to overcome the critical conditions and to ensure the inhabitants survival. The criticality rates for individual types of transportation infrastructure and for the entire transportation infrastructure are determined by data from experts from the areas: transportation; transportation management in the territory; supply chains; public administration; and the Integrated Rescue System. The experts assessed 14 factors, which have been often used in the developed world countries, from the view of human security and development. The result values and their interpretations were determined by using the Multiatribute Utility Theory.

Using Climate and Weather Data to Support Regional Vulnerability Screening Assessments of Transportation Infrastructure

Extreme weather and climate change can have a significant impact on all types of infrastructure and assets, regardless of location, with the potential for human casualties, physical damage to assets, disruption of operations, economic and community distress, and environmental degradation. This paper describes a methodology for using extreme weather and climate data to identify climate-related risks and to quantify the potential impact of extreme weather events on certain types of transportation infrastructure as part of a vulnerability screening assessment. This screening assessment can be especially useful when a large number of assets or large geographical areas are being studied, with the results enabling planners and asset managers to undertake a more detailed assessment of vulnerability on a more targeted number of assets or locations. The methodology combines climate, weather, and impact data to identify vulnerabilities to a range of weather and climate related risks over a multi-decadal planning period. The paper applies the methodology to perform an extreme weather and climate change vulnerability screening assessment on transportation infrastructure assets for the State of Tennessee. This paper represents the results of one of the first efforts at spatial vulnerability assessments of transportation infrastructure and provides important insights for any organization considering the impact of climate and weather events on transportation or other critical infrastructure systems.

Long-term impacts of transport infrastructure networks on land-use change: an international review of empirical studies

ABSTRACTImprovements in geographical information systems, the wider availability of high-resolution digital data and more sophisticated econometric techniques have all contributed to increasing academic interest and activity in long-term impacts of transport infrastructure networks (TINs) on land use (LU). This paper provides a systematic review of recent empirical evidence from the USA, Europe and East Asia, classified regarding the type of transport infrastructure (road or rail), LU indicator (land cover, population or employment density, development type) and outcome (significance, relationship’s direction) as well as influential exogenous factors. Proximity to the rail network is generally associated with population growth (particularly soon after the development of railway infrastructure), conversion to residential uses and the development of higher residential densities. Meanwhile, proximity to the road network is frequently associated with increases in employment densities as well as the conversion of land to a variety of urban uses including commercial and industrial development. Compared with road infrastructure, the impact of rail infrastructure is often less significant for land cover or population and employment density change. The extent of TINs’ impact on LU over time can be explained by the saturation in TIN-related accessibility and LU development.

Building Beltways To Abate Exposure To Diesel Exhaust In Developing-Country Megacities: Evidence From São Paulo

We examine the inauguration of the Greater São Paulo beltway and argue that investment in certain types of transport infrastructure, though unlikely to relieve congestion, may alter the composition of urban road users and thus of local pollutant emissions, with sizable impacts to public health, particularly in the world's emerging megacities. The beltway diverted diesel-burning heavy-duty vehicles away from roads inside the city, making room for gasoline-ethanol light vehicles that soon filled available road spaces, consistent with the “law of road congestion.” Alongside a transient decline in road congestion, we find evidence of a large and persistent decline in ambient NOx (NOx=NO+NO2) levels, a marker for diesel exhaust and diesel particulate matter, particularly in the high-density areas in close proximity to the original truck routes. We then investigate patient-level hospital admissions and show that the policy-driven shift in ambient air pollution resulted in lower incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, particularly among the young and the elderly, and with no effect on trauma admissions. We use a difference-in-difference design to quantify the beltway's effect on local air, followed by instrumental variables regression to quantify the effect of the beltway-induced change in pollution on health outcomes. Such localized policies have the potential to avert 200,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths across the 20 largest developing cities each year.

Eurasian lynx habitat selection in human-modified landscape in Norway: Effects of different human habitat modifications and behavioral states

Eurasian lynx are often regarded as being particularly sensitive to human land-use. However, in the European context where human influence is pervasive, the conservation of lynx requires that they be integrated into the human-dominated landscape. Although previous studies have looked at how lynx respond to human land-use in a broad sense, they have failed to examine the details of how different types of human induced impacts (forest fragmentation, human density, different types of transport infrastructure) influence distinct lynx behaviors. Furthermore, they have not examined the extent to which lynx modify their fine scaled avoidance behavior of anthropogenic landscape features according to the specific behaviors (resting sites, kill sites, movement) in which they are engaged and how these relationships are modified by prey density or the sex of the lynx. We used Resource Selection Functions to examine how 19 GPS-marked lynx in southeastern Norway responded to an index of cumulative human habitat modification while engaged in different activities. We found that lynx select for areas with medium levels of human modification, avoiding both the very highly modified and the areas with low degrees of modification. Females in general appear to be less tolerant of human modification than males, especially when it comes to resting sites. Terrain (ruggedness and elevation) appears to be important in permitting lynx to exploit heavily modified areas. Our study demonstrates that lynx show a nuanced response to human habitat modification, which offers hope for their conservation in Europe.

The productivity of transport infrastructure investment: A meta-analysis of empirical evidence

Investments in transport infrastructure have been widely used by decision makers to encourage economic growth, particularly during periods of economic downturn. There has been extensive research on the linkage between transport infrastructure and economic performance since the late 1980s, characterised by widely varying evidence. We conduct a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence on the output elasticity of transport infrastructure, based on a sample of 563 estimates obtained from 33 studies. Previous meta-analyses have focused on total public capital and hence cannot appropriately explain the wide variation in the productivity effect of transport infrastructure nor provide guidance to policymakers on the returns to investment in different types of transport infrastructure. Our results indicate that the existing estimates of the productivity effect of transport infrastructure can vary across main industry groups, tend to be higher for the US economy than for European countries, and are higher for roads compared to other modes of transport. The variation in the estimates of the output elasticity of transport is also explained by differences in the methods and data used in previous studies. Failing to control for unobserved heterogeneity and spurious associations tends to result in higher values, while failing to control for urbanisation and congestion levels leads to omitted variable bias. These findings can be used to inform future research on the choice of model specification and estimation and transport-related policy making.

Transport Infrastructure for Med11 Countries

Lack of adequate infrastructure is a significant inhibitor to increased trade of the countries of the Mediterranean region. Bringing their transport infrastructure to standards comparable with countries of a similar per capita GDP will be costly but worthwhile.We compare the current quantities of six types of transport infrastructure with international, and estimate the additional quantities needed to reach the benchmarks. We also estimate the cost of that infrastructure and express it as a percentage of GDP. Finally we make tentative estimates of how much trade might be generated and how this might impact on GDP. All the estimates are made for each MED11 country and for each of four scenarios.The highest need for additional infrastructure will be for airport passenger terminals (between 52% and 56%), whereas the lowest need was for more unpaved roads (between 7% and 13%). The investment (including maintenance) cost would be between 0.9% of GDP and 2.4% of GDP, although the investments in some countries would be between 1.4% and 4.5% of GDP.The impact on non-oil international trade would be substantial, but with differences between imports and exports. The overall trade balance of the MED11 region would be an improvement of between 5.4% and 17.2%, although some countries would continue to have a negative balance.A final assessment was of the benefit ratio between the increase in GDP and the cost of transport investment. This varied between about 3 and 8, an indication of the high return to be expected from increased investment in transport infrastructure.