Types Of Shellfish Research Articles

Virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of Aeromonas spp. associated with shellfish.

Aeromonas spp. are associated with seafood-related outbreaks worldwide. In seafood industry, shellfish play a major role in global seafood production. With this emerging trend of shellfish consumption, shellfish-related bacterial infections are being reported frequently. Aeromonas spp. are natural contaminants found in shellfish. Although 36 species have been identified, some species including Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria have dragged major attention as foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The ability to elaborate a variety of virulence factors of Aeromonas spp. contributes to the pathogenic activities. Also, emerging antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas spp. has become a huge challenge in seafood industry. Furthermore, multidrug resistance increases the risk of consumer health. Studies have supplied pieces of evidence about the emerging health risk of Aeromonas spp. isolated from seafood. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from various types of shellfish.

PERUBAHAN KOMPOSISI KIMIA KIJING LOKAL (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) SEGAR DAN KUKUS

Local mussel is a type of shellfish which is rich in minerals, fatty acids and essential
 amino acids and has a low cholesterol content. The local gravestone is currently only used as
 food by the local community which is processed by steaming. This study aims to determine the
 chemistry of the local gravestone. The research method used was morphometric, proximate
 analysis, amino acids using HPLC, fatty acids using GC, and minerals using AAS. The
 proximate results showed that the air and fat content decreased, while the ash, protein, and
 carbohydrate content increased due to the steaming process. Saturated fatty acids in local
 mussels tend to rise after steaming, except for palmitic which has decreased, while unsaturated
 fatty acids have decreased after steaming. Protein The salt-soluble content of local mussel is
 higher in air-soluble protein. The highest amino acid content is glutamic acid. The highest macro
 mineral content in local mussel meat is calcium 5,808.85 ppm, and the highest is sodium at
 51.46 ppm, while the highest micro mineral is iron at 445.06 ppm, and the best is copper at 0.16
 ppm . Generally, the chemical composition of local mussels on average decreased after the
 steaming process.

The Numerical Phenetic of Taxonomy Vibrio in Shellfish (Meretrix meretrix) at Edu-Tourism Mangrove Cengkrong Beach Trenggalek

HighlightIdentify the Vibrio bacteriaDiversity of shellfish Vibrio bacteria (Meretrix Meretrix)Relationship similarity of Vibrio bacteria with MVSP 3.1 Program produces DendogramAbstract Meretrix meretrix is one type of shellfish that is potential, and economic value, which high animal protein content as well as seafood that is widely consumed in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the diversity and similarity of Vibrio in M. meretrix at eduwisata mangrove Cengkrong Beach, Trenggalek. Isolation and identification of Vibrio was conducted by using the media TCBSA (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose Agar) streat plate through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests based Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology conducted in the laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gajah Mada. Data analysis was performed using the MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) 3.1 in the form of a dendrogram showing the similarity relationship Vibrio bacteria. The results of the identification of Vibrio bacteria in M. Meretrix are V. herveyi, V. parahemolyticus, V. nereis and V. proteolyticus. V. herveyi has similarities with V. parahemolyticus 66% and 62% with V. proteolyticus while with V. nereis bacterium 54%.

Characteristics of Crassostrea Oyster Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (Coi) Gene As Species Identity In Delta Cimanuk, West Java

Oysters belong to the Crassostrea, which is a type of shellfish that lives as benthos in waters under the same substrate and environmental conditions will exhibit similar morphological changes in response. There are many types of oysters that have a similar shape are often an obstacle to differentiate of Crassostrea species through morphological identification. The purpose of this research was to identify the types of oysters found in the waters of Delta Cimanuk through analysis of the morphology and nucleotide diversity of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, as basic information on proper management and conservation. The morphological identification results show that there were two species of the Crassostrea. Identification of species through the Barcoding DNA technique shows that there is one type of oyster: Crassostrea iredalei with an accuracy of 99.5%.

Development Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Powders from Oyster Shells (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i>) by Carbonate Content Variations

Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) is an inorganic mineral that more closely resembles the main component of composing human hard tissue in 2-8 wt% carbonate content. CHAp powders have been synthesized from oyster shells using the precipitation method. Oyster shells are one type of shellfish from the bivalve class which is rich in calcium carbonate content. In this research, CaO from oyster shells obtained from the decomposition process of CaCO3 was used as a source of calcium and diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium bicarbonate as well as a precursor of phosphate and carbonate, respectively. In addition, carbonate content variations were x = 0, 0.3, 0.8 and 1.2 which were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) to determine the functional groups, crystallographic properties, morphology and Ca/P molar ratio, respectively. Carbonate ion substitution in the hydroxyapatite crystal structure is known to decrease crystallinity and crystallite size. The theory is in accordance with the results obtained in this study with the crystallite size is 74.322, 46.933, 37.727, and 31.499 nm for 0.95, 2.7, 5.7, and 9.35 wt.% carbonate content, respectively.

Length weight relationship and size distribution long shells bakalang (Marcia hiantina Lamarck) in the coastal waters of Labakkang, Pangkep Regency

Seagrass ecosystems in the coastal Labakkang Pangkep regency is the habitat of various types of shellfish which is the target of local fishermen catch. One of the many species of shellfish found in this coastal area is the mussel shell (Marcia hiantina L.). This study aims to determine the relationship between the length and weight of the long shell size of mussel shells (Marcia hiantina L.) in the coastal waters catchment of Labakkang. This research was conducted in catching area at three locations in coastal waters of Labakkang based on density of seagrass and population with sampling every month from August 2014 until July 2015 by using descriptive method that is random sampling by measuring the length of shell and weight of each shellfish. The results showed that the constant value (b) of mussel shell (Marcia hiantina L.) in all observation stations ranged from 2,44 to 2,63, meaning growth pattern including negative allometrik means shell length growth faster than body weight with coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0,88 to 0,91 means to have a high enough. The distribution of the size of the mussel (Marcia hiantina L.) is found on the smallest C size station with the range 1,50 – 1,88 cm and the middle value of 1,69 cm and the largest with a range of 5,34 - 5,72 cm and the middle value of 5.53 cm.Keywords: Bakalang shell, Length weight, Coastal waters of Labakkang, Allometric negative

Implementasi Metode Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution dalam Pemilihan Jenis Kerang Konsumsi

Shellfish is a type of seafood consumed by consumers. In selecting the right type of shellfish, it must be adjusted to the wishes of consumers. To get optimal results a system is needed that can help in determining the type of shellfish so that consumers feel satisfied. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution or TOPSIS is a method with the concept that each alternative is chosen and the best is not only to have the shortest distance of each positive ideal solution, but also to have the longest distance of any existing ideal negative solution . The criteria in this system vary, each tailored to the preferences of consumers or prospective buyers of shellfish provided by the producer. Based on the results of the sample selection shows that the calculation results using the same system with manual calculations. This system is able to provide an election for purchasing shellfish.

Numerical simulation of solid–liquid two-phase flow field for shellfish precooking processing machine

In this study, a new type of shellfish precooking processing machine is designed. The corresponding three-dimensional solid model is constructed using SOLWORKS, which also introduces basic structure and working principle of shellfish precooking machine. Besides, solid-–liquid two-phase flow field for shellfish precooking processing machine is simulated by ANSYS FLUENT 15.0, which simulated the distribution of liquid flow and volume fraction of solid in the pot. The reasons of flow field distribution and the solid particle volume fraction of the liquid phase flow in the vertical and horizontal planes were analysed under different mixing speeds. According to the results, the solid–liquid two-phase flow field distribution is reasonable and turbulent region can be formed in the pot. The distribution of flow field and the texture properties of abalone were compared at three different speeds, and the more reasonable mixing speed was determined. In addition, the results of the analysis provide references for the optimisation of mixer in the future.

Analysis of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Field for Shellfish Precooking Processing Machine

A new type of shellfish precooking processing machine is designed. The corresponding three-dimensional solid model are constructed by use of SOLWORKS. It also introduces basic structure and working principle of shellfish precooking machine. Solid-liquid two-phase flow field for shellfish precooking processing machine is simulated by ANSYS FLUENT 15.0, which simulated the distribution of liquid flow and volume fraction of solid in the pot. The reasons of flow field distribution and the solid particle volume fraction of the liquid phase flow in the vertical and horizontal planes were analyzed under different mixing speeds. The results show that the solid-liquid two-phase flow field distribution is reasonable and turbulent region can be formed in the pot. The distribution of flow field and the texture properties of abalone were compared at three different speeds, and the more reasonable mixing speed was determined. The results of the analysis provide references for the optimization of mixer in the future.

Research of fatty acid and mineral composition of soft body of freshwater bivalves (genus Anodonta) in the northern Ukraine

The fatty acid and mineral composition of the freshwater bivalves (genus Anodonta) in the north of Ukraine are determined for the first time and compared with the investigated data on the type of shellfish of genus Mytilus (Mytilus galloprovincialis specie). It was proved that lipids of freshwater aquatic are presented by valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids of family ⱷ-3 and ⱷ-6. Freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta are particularly rich in eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic , linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic and oleic fatty acids, which can’t be synthesized in humans. Also a study of iodine and heavy metals such as cadmium and lead was conducted for the soft body of freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta and genus Mytilus (Mytilus galloprovincialis specie). It was revealed that the amount of iodine contained in a soft body of bivalves of genus Anodonta provides almost half the daily requirement of this element and contained amount of salts of heavy metals doesn’t exceed the maximum permissible concentrations for aquatic organisms. Amount of calcium and phosphorus in the soft body of bivalves of genus Anodonta in the obtained ash in times greater than their number in the body of the soft marine counterparts, which provides a better absorption of iodine in the body because these elements are its synergists. The possibility of using freshwater bivalves of genus Anodonta as a complete and biologically healthy food was proved. This product provides the body with vital essential fatty acids, micro and macro elements and helps the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.

Effect of acidic electrolyzed water-induced bacterial inhibition and injury in live clam (Venerupis philippinarum) and mussel (Mytilus edulis)

The effect of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) on inactivating Escherichia coli O104:H4, Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter jejuni in laboratory contaminated live clam (Venerupis philippinarum) and mussel (Mytilus edulis) was investigated. The initial levels of bacterial contamination were: in clam 4.9 to 5.7log10CFU/g, and in mussel 5.1 to 5.5log10CFU/g. Two types of AEW were used for treatment time intervals of 1 and 2h: strong (SAEW) with an available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 20mg/L, pH=3.1, and an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of 1150mV, and weak (WAEW) at ACC of 10mg/L, pH=3.55 and ORP of 950mV. SAEW and WAEW exhibited significant inhibitory activity against inoculated bacteria in both shellfish species with significant differences compared to saline solutions treatments (1–2% NaCl) and untreated controls (0h). SAEW showed the largest inhibitory activity, the extent of reduction (log10CFU/g) ranged from 1.4–1.7 for E. coli O104:H4; 1.0–1.6 for L. monocytogenes; 1.3–1.6 for A. hydrophila; 1.0–1.5 for V. parahaemolyticus; and 1.5–2.2 for C. jejuni in both types of shellfish. In comparison, significantly (P<0.05) lower inhibitory effect of WAEW was achieved compared to SAEW, where the extent of reduction (log10CFU/g) ranged from 0.7–1.1 for E. coli O104:H4; 0.6–0.9 for L. monocytogenes; 0.6–1.3 for A. hydrophila; 0.7–1.3 for V. parahaemolyticus; and 0.8–1.9 for C. jejuni in both types of shellfish. Among all bacterial strains examined in this study, AEW induced less bacterial injury (~0.1–1.0log10CFU/g) and more inactivation effect. This study revealed that AEW (10–20mg/L ACC) could be used to reduce bacterial contamination in live clam and mussel, which may help control possible unhygienic practices during production and processing of shellfish without apparent changes in the quality of the shellfish.

The λεπάς in Alcaeus

In the Alcaeus fragment 359 Voigt, the philological problems are linked not only with an unclear textual tra dition, but also with the interesting and unexpected association between the λεπάς (a type of shellfish) and the tortoise (χέλυς): this ambiguous linkage is created by the poet to arouse an emphatic effect in his audience. The historical and philological elements provided by Athenaeus in his quotation of the poem lead most scholars to accept the textual conclusions of Wilamowitz (χέλυς instead of λεπάς). Nevertheless, the exegetical reading proposed by the German philologist (i.e. a riddle) can be put in doubt and replaced by a new interpretation based on the analysis of the context in which the poem is cited (a gastronomic passage of the Deipnosophists) and on that of the original performance (the banquet of Alcaeus and his ἑταιρεία). In light of this analysis, the little more than two Alcaic verses can be interpreted as a metaphorical apostrophe. In fact, Alcaeus seems to address the shellfish λεπάς and nickname it χέλυς, arousing a highly ironic effect among the συµπόται. This figure of speech is based on the capacity of both the λεπάς and χέλυς to be used to make sounds, even though the differences between these two elements of the symposium make the association paradoxical. A series of several fish-plates provided at the end of the article draws attention to the presence of shellfish—which seems to be less evident than the presence of the χέλυς—at the ancient Greek symposia.

패류로부터 분리된 젖산균에 의한 젖산의 생산

Lactic acid and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. It is also a major raw material for the production of poly-lactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymer and a possible alternative to synthetic plastics derived from petroleum. For PLA production by new strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), we screened LAB isolates from shellfish. A total of 51 LAB were isolated from 7 types of shellfishes. Lactic acid production of individual isolates was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography using a Chiralpak MA column and an ultraviolet detector. Lactobacillus plantarum T-3 was selected as the most stress-resistant strain, with minimal inhibition concentrations of 1.2 M NaCl, 15% ethanol, and 0.0020% hydrogen peroxide. In a 1 L fermentation experiment, D-lactic acid production of 19.91 g/L fermentation broth was achieved after 9 h cultivation, whereas the maximum production of total lactic acid was 41.37 g/L at 24 h.

Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Cadmium (Cd) pada Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis L.) di Perairan Ngemboh Kabupaten Gresik Jawa Timur &lt;Br&gt;&lt;I&gt;[ Analysis Of Heavy Metal Content Of Lead (Pb) And Cadmium (Cd) Shells On Green (Perna viridis L.) On Water District Ngemboh Gresik East Java]&lt;I&gt;

Abstract Ngemboh waters is an important area for fishing around for a long time been used as area fisheries, but the development of industrial waste and household waste in the area led to environmental pollution. The potential of green mussels in Gresik particularly very abundant Ngemboh. The production of green mussels in Gresik particularly very abundant Ngemboh. The production of green mussel fishing village Ngemboh which in 2011 was 3052.89 tons, in 2012 the village catch Ngemboh 1223.46 tons (Department of Fisheries and Marine Gresik, 2013). In 2012 the production of green mussel expected to decline in the presence of the oil leak on PT X (Sugiyono, 2012). Research with the title of the analysis of heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in green mussels (Perna viridis L.) in the waters Ngemboh Gresik in East Java will be held in the waters Ngemboh in July 2013. Green mussel (Perna viridis) is one type of shellfish that is popular with the public, has a value economically, and nutrients that are very good to eat, which is composed of 40% water, 21.9% protein, 14.5% fat, 18.5 % carbohydrate, and 4.3% ash. Lead is a non-essential metal that is present in nature as a result of natural processes and human activities such as mining, burning coal, cement plants, and is used in gasoline (Mulyanto, et al. 1993). Furthermore, Pb may be mentioned that in the natural water bodies and the impact of human activity. Cadmium in to the various types of mining waste mixed metal such as cadmium, lead, mixing industrial metal, Zn purification, and pesticides.

Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo (Bacillariophyceae) diversity and domoic acid accumulation in tuberculate cockles and sweet clams in M’diq Bay, Morocco

Abstract The diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) and accumulation of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) in two types of shellfish; tuberculate cockles (Acanthocardia tuberculata) and sweet clams (Challista chione) was explored in M’diq Bay,Morocco during 2007. The highest abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia were found during the period from March to October, with peaks occurring in May and September. Toxin analysis showed an accumulation of domoic acid in shellfish sampled during spring and autumn. The maximum toxin concentration was 4.9 mg DAg-1 of the whole tissue recorded in sweet clam during spring. Using transmission electron microscopy, thirteen Pseudo-nitzschia species were identified, eight of which are known as producers of domoic acid: P. multistriata, P. cuspidata, P. galaxiae, P. multiseries, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. pungens var. aveirensis, P. calliantha and P. fraudulenta. The five non- toxic species observed were P. subpacifica, P. arenysensis, P. dolorosa, P. subfraudulenta, and P. cf. caciantha

Recent innovation in microbial source tracking using bacterial real-time PCR markers in shellfish

We assessed the capacity of real-time PCR markers to identify the origin of contamination in shellfish. Oyster, cockles or clams were either contaminated with fecal materials and host-associated markers designed from Bacteroidales or Catellicoccus marimammalium 16S RNA genes were extracted from their intravalvular liquid, digestive tissues or shellfish flesh. Extraction of bacterial DNA from the oyster intravalvular liquid with FastDNA spin kit for soil enabled the selected markers to be quantified in 100% of artificially contaminated samples, and the source of contamination to be identified in 13 out of 38 naturally contaminated batches from European Class B and Class C areas. However, this protocol did not enable the origin of the contamination to be identified in cockle or clam samples. Although results are promising for extracts from intravalvular liquid in oyster, it is unlikely that a single protocol could be the best across all bacterial markers and types of shellfish.

Pengaruh Depurasi Terhadap Konsentrasi Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium(Cd) dalam Jaringan Lunak Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa)

Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) is one type of shellfish which have an important economic value in Indonesia. Semarang waters is one of the location of the Blood Cockle which were allegedly tainted by Pb and Cd. The metal content could be reduced by depuration. This research purposed to determine the content of heavy metal concentrations in Semarang waters and determine the effect of shell length and the length of depuration time on the heavy metal concentrations of Pb and Cd in the A. granosa. This research was conducted on 23 July to 28 August 2010. The method used in this study is description on the preliminary research and laboratory experimental method for depuration. Preliminary research was performed by testing the concentration of heavy metals in water, sediments and soft tissue of A. granosa in the waters of Semarang. Primary research conducted depuration process based on differences size of the scallop shell length ≥ 2.0 cm and < 2.0 cm, and different time depuration treatment, i.e. control (without depuration), 1 day, 3 day, 5 day, and 7 days. According to AAS test results showed, the highest concentrations of Pb and Cd heavy metals in Semarang water respectively at 0.23 ppm and 0.036 ppm, in sediment 1.48 ppm and 0.091 ppm, and in the soft tissues of A. granosa of 0.82 ppm and 0.042 ppm. Depuration process can reduce the content of heavy metal concentrations of Pb and Cd, respectively at 0.37 ppm and 0.051 ppm.

Shellfish-Borne Viral Outbreaks: A Systematic Review

Investigations of disease outbreaks linked to shellfish consumption have been reported in the scientific literature; however, only few countries systematically collate and report such data through a disease surveillance system. We conducted a systematic review to investigate shellfish-borne viral outbreaks and to explore their distribution in different countries, and to determine if different types of shellfish and viruses are implicated. Six databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Eurosurveillance Journal and Spingerlink electronic Journal) and a global electronic reporting system (ProMED) were searched from 1980 to July 2012. About 359 shellfish-borne viral outbreaks, alongside with nine ProMED reports, involving shellfish consumption, were identified. The majority of the reported outbreaks were located in East Asia, followed by Europe, America, Oceania, Australia and Africa. More than half of the outbreaks (63.6 %) were reported from Japan. The most common viral pathogens involved were norovirus (83.7 %) and hepatitis A virus (12.8 %). The most frequent type of consumed shellfish which was involved in outbreaks was oysters (58.4 %). Outbreaks following shellfish consumption were often attributed to water contamination by sewage and/or undercooking. Differences in reporting of outbreaks were seen between the scientific literature and ProMED. Consumption of contaminated shellfish represents a risk to public health in both developed and developing countries, but impact will be disproportionate and likely to compound existing health disparities.

The research of copper enrichment in four types of shellfish

The copper enrichment effects in four types of shellfish including Tegillarca granosa,Ruditapes philippinarum,Sinonovacula constricat canarck and Monodonta labio were studied in this paper.The study was carried out through the static test method.The shellfish was cultivated in seawater contaminated with different copper concentrations(0.015,0.02,0.025,0.035,0.065 and 0.115 mg/L,respectively).The content of Cu was analyzed in muscle tissue using atomic absorption spectrometry with microwave digestion in 0,1,3,5,10,15,20,25 and 30 d,respectively.The results indicated that the four types of shellfish had copper enrichment effect.The concentration of copper in monoplacophora was higher than that in bivalvia.The copper content in T.granosa and M.labio exhibited significant increases while the concentration of copper in seawater was higher than 0.035 mg/L;The copper content in R.philippinarum and S.constricat canarck exhibited significant increases while the concentration of copper in seawater was higher than 0.025 mg/L.As a whole,the levels of copper in shellfish increased with the increase of that in seawater.When the concentration of copper in seawater increased to a value,the copper content in shellfish was low.The value was 0.025 mg/L for T.granosa and 0.035 mg/L for R.philippinarum,M.labio.As a whole,the levels of copper in shellfish increased with the increase of enrichment time.The levels of copper in shellfish showed significant decrease in 3 5 d and continued to increase after 5 10 d.The mechanisms of shellfish response to copper enrichment were investigated in this paper.

Determination of Cd-MT in Pteria penguin with indirect non-competitive ELISA

Cadmium-metallothionein (Cd-MT) of Pteria penguin was used to immunize domestic rabbit in order to obtain polyclonal antibody against Cd-MT. Using the anti-Cd-MT antibody, a method of indirect non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (non-competitive ELISA) was established to detect shellfish Cd-MT. In this case, the minimum detectable concentration of P. penguin Cd-MT was (4.563±0.051) ng/mL. The linear range of detection was 9.75–2.0×104 ng/mL. Intra-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 11.6%, and inter-assay RSD less than 6.7%. The recovery rates ranged from 83.7% to 119.0%. The polyclonal antibody against Cd-MT of P. penguin can also be used to detect MT of other four types of shellfish. In the crude extracts from different organs of P. penguin, the MT concentrations determined by this method matched well with the concentrations of cadmium detected by the atomic absorption spectroscopy.