Types Of Scientific Rationality Research Articles

Oases of psychoanalytic discourse in Ukraine and Sigmund Freud’s personality

Historic-psychological research realizes the author’s i d e a of interdependencies between: a) the situationally variable existence of Sigmund Freud’s experiences, thoughts, insights, and personal preferences and the psycho-content filling of acts of cognition in the organic interweaving of his life and creative paths as a non-intersecting p e r s o n a l i t y; b) his rich mental-conscious experience of competently conducted research in the field of psychiatry, psychology, sociology, cultural studies and numerous, deeply personified and even very intimate, m a n i f e s t a t i o n s in the creation of his brainchild – p s y c h o a n a l y s i s, and initially as a method of treating neuroses and other mental disorders, then as an original theory of the structure of the person and their character, then as a critical methodological approach to the state and achievements of European civilization, and finally as a separate philosophy and a peculiar worldview, as well as between: c) an original subjectivity of any serious researcher who seeks to reveal a verifiable ontological picture of the mental reality of a person, and the scientific-subject content of his study of this super-complex (human-dimensional) object of cognition/construction, which constitutes an integral system-forming condition for obtaining the most reliable rational-humanitarian knowledge and which clearly visualize for today the f i v e reasonably highlighted oases of psychoanalytic discourse in Ukraine. It has been convincingly proven that the personality of an intellectual, that is, a theorist, methodologist, empiricist and practitioner in one person, and his thinking activity are part of the metasystem of the essentiality of this extremely complex object, as a separate – self-developing, multisystem – block-factor that creates from itself and through itself modular, self-flowing processes, with which both the object itself and the inspired creative personality are overflowing. The object-subject field of the current research covers, on the one hand, the personally centered psychoanalytic discourse in its classical version and in the latest (mainly post-non-classical) Ukrainian realities (mainly the state and prospects of development), on the other – the personal driving factor in its analytical unfolding of events, situations, details in the connection of inter-causative interweaving of thought-action acts-events of the covital creative path of both the founder of psychoanalysis and his successors. At the same time, the methodological optics of the research is constructed on the basis of the principles and canons of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality and contains a five-module set of lenses-means of reflective methodologization at the levels of universal (vitacultural methodology), general (the sphere of professional methodologization), special (subject and principles of historical-psychological study), single (methodological procedure of detailing), specific (quintet and quaternary thought-schemes). In addition, it has been argued the presence of five oasis-locations of psychoanalytic theorizing in the bosom of ethno-national everyday of Ukrainianness, whose founders according to the criteria of historicity were and/or are Yevhen Hlyva, Roman Trach, Tamara Yatsenko, Yuriy Kuznetsov, Yuliia Medynska. Finally, from the psychoanalytical standpoint, the personal and characteristic portrait of Sigmund Freud as the founder of one of the most important directions of the development of psychology during at least the last 120 years is essentially outlined, and it is once again proven that the basic psychological knowledge he acquired is extremely personal, subjectively historical, but at the same time ontologically rooted, rational-humanistic, human-dimensional and in many epistemological dimensions invariably reliable.

Medical Thinking in the Light of Classical, Non-Classical and Post-Non-Classical Rationality

In the modern theory and practice of medical sciences, one can observe the proximity of various types of rationality, which determine both the direction and quality of thinking. This is due both to the heterogeneity of the development of various areas of medical culture and clinical thinking. This determines the relevance and expediency of the study, associated with the need to distinguish between the prevailing methods of rationality of medical thinking; to determine its direction and, accordingly, the effectiveness in the activities of medical workers. The definition of the limitations inherent in a particular type of scientific rationality in relation to medical thinking. This approach makes it possible to overcome the limitations associated with foundations of thinking in one form or another of scientific rationality, thereby expanding the heuristic possibilities of medical thinking itself as such. To achieve the goal of the study, methodological practices of philosophical reflection and analysis of thought processes are used. Classical rationality is characterized by a mechanistic approach to a person; non-classical rationality is characterized by the penetration of researchers into the microcosm and a corresponding expansion of ideas about reality; post-nonclassical rationality is characterized by a search for integrity and interactions, as well as human-dimensional research practices. The main conclusion arising from the study was the statement that medical thinking is characterized by the use of various types of rationality, which determines both the deontological approach to the patient, based on appropriate medical anthropology, and the choice of strategies and methods of treatment.

Reflections on the cognitive purpose of comparative law (comparative jurisprudence)

The article showing that the highest goal of each autonomous general legal discourse is the construction and implementation of its vision and mission as a special picture of the world – a conceptualized and structured model of an aspect or fragment of reality accessible through its research program and methods. Depending on different types of scientific rationality, this picture of the world can be considered as a subject, object or goal of a scientific discipline, but it continues to be the main question of the latter, even if it is not formulated as such. The claim to the right to construct and present one’s own picture of the world as common to all legal discourses has actually been and is a key point of competition and dominance between legal philosophy, legal theory and comparative jurisprudence (comparative law) during the last two centuries. The author argues that only comparative jurisprudence’s awareness of its own fundamental experience and continuity, available opportunities and valuable advantages in creating a picture of the world can bring it from a semi-marginal state to a well-deserved central status among general legal disciplines in the scientific and educational agenda. In addition, a realistic and inductive picture of the world of comparative jurisprudence is better for considering and modeling the existing and potential serious challenges of legal development. Key words: scientifi c picture of the world, cognitive goal of science, comparative law, comparative jurisprudence.

The emergence of affordances of artifacts as a process of knowledge accumulation (on the example of weapons)

Aim to determine the typology of weapons and to substantiate the need to assess the degree of destructive impact of the affordances of artifacts used as weapons on the surrounding objects and society as a whole. The Michael Cole's theory was used as the methodological basis of the study, which has a great applicative potential and allows you to give an object a comprehensive description. An "artifact" is a material man-made object produced in the process of creative transformation and intended for a specific purpose. The term "affordance", introduced by James Gibson, is interpreted as a "potential opportunity" for a detailed analysis of all possible options for the use of an artefact, depending on the person's current intentions. The author considers the process of active cognitive activity of the subject resulting in the invention of new functions of material objects from the standpoint of epistemological realism. The existing classification of weapons, from the point of view of the process of meaning formation, does not fully reveal all the features of its creation and functions laid down at the stages of design and production. The article presents the original typology of weapons based on the analysis of the stages of the evolution of mankind, the change in scientific representation of the world and the types of scientific rationality. The strict legislative regulation of the trade, production, acquisition, carrying and use of certain types of weapons pushes people, in cases of a threat to their life and health, to use ordinary household items as means of protection. Under these conditions, there is a need to revise existing approaches and methods for examination and evaluation of artefacts created by people that allow their use as a weapon.

Теоретико-эмпирическое обоснование принципов методологии постнеклассического периода в науке

The article presents in detail the methodology for studying the process of cogni­tion, which is characteristic of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. In accordance with the concept of scientific rationality types of Academician V.S. Stepin, who singled out a new level of scientific analysis in connection with the emergence of a new type of self-developing systems in science, the author pro­ceeds from the fact that the qualitative difference between post-nonclassical and previous types of rationality is its connection with the system of moral values of society, which is fundamentally new for science. The researcher of “human-sized” objects has to solve a number of ethical problems, defining the boundaries of pos­sible changes in the system. Under these conditions, the ethics of science, which stimulates the search for truth, is constantly correlated with general humanistic principles and values. The author proposed a fundamentally new method of re­search, which makes it possible to observe the creative process during the experi­ment as a self-developing process of cognition, during which new patterns are dis­covered in the absence of an external stimulus. The principle of post-non-classics “the connection of truth with morality” finds its clear confirmation in the mecha­nism of creativity justified by the author as the development of activity on the ini­tiative of the subject, provided the dominance of cognitive motivation in the struc­ture of his personality. In fact, this is an experimental proof of the theory of V.S. Stepin. At the same time, the post-nonclassical theory provides a methodolog­ical justification for the mechanism of creativity identified by the author for the first time as the ability to develop activities on one’s own initiative.

Философско-методологические основания постнеклассической кибернетики третьего порядка

The article presents a philosophical and methodological analysis of the evolu­tion of paradigms of cybernetics of the first, second and third-order. We used N. Bohr’s principle of correspondence, established in physical science, the ideas of scientific revolutions by T.S. Kuhn, J. Holton’s ideas about the use in new paradigms of cross-cutting thematic structures as peculiar trajectories of the historical development of science, as well as M. Polanyi’s ideas about the influence of personal knowledge of creators on the content of new scien­tific paradigms. An analysis of three examples proposed by third-order cyber­netics allowed us to conclude that they set particular directions of develop­ment, but cannot claim to be a qualitatively new step in the development of cybernetics, the transition to third-order cybernetics, which would include both private paradigms of first and second-order cybernetics. For the philo­sophical and methodological basis for the formation of new paradigms of cy­bernetics, we propose a construction of three types of scientific rationality (V.S. Stepin), which meets the requirements of the N. Bohr’s principle of cor­respondence and the criteria of T.S. Kuhn. From these positions, the article substantiates the correctness of the formation of post-non-classical cyber­netics of self-developing poly-subjective (reflexive-active) environments in which there are three stages of development of subjective paradigms, basic philosophical approaches, objects of control, control mechanisms, types of observers, activity and subjectness approaches, basic types of reflexion, ethi­cal regulators, ideas about information and knowledge, subjects and pseudo-subjectness of digital transformation and artificial intelligence, disciplinary scientific approaches. The presented logic of development gives arguments that post-non-classical cybernetics has grounds to be cybernetics of the third order.

Modern trends of the psychology sphere development in the optics of vitacultural methodology

The content of the program research is the latest material developed in recent years and announced on June 10, 2021 at the beginning of the Fifteenth meeting of the author’s scientific school. Its meaningfully-semantic mosaic is reflexively organized around two interdependent worldview concenters. The first comprehensively argues the nation-building orientation of collective thought-activity and vitacultural achievements of the representatives of this school during almost three decades of its modern history. Essentially, it is talked that a balanced usage of refined native language (perfect texts) and live speech (productive communication), symbolic means and graphic images, which in localized oases of artificial actualization of higher mental and spiritual values affirm the true Ukrainian heritage - the center of nourishing, covital and at the same time responsible national spirit. The second worldview concenter concerns radically to a broader, more meaningful and ontologically more adequate and covitally comprehensive understanding of psychology as a ubiquitous sphere of conscious human life activity. Against the background of the fact that psychology today is developing extensively on a civilized scale, ie within a purely scientific approach, continuously multiplying its own subjects in the general context of natural phenomena and appropriate methods of implementing various types of scientific rationality, it is proposed to radically change the methodological toolkit of its comprehensible elaboration, namely to make different a system of coordinates and a set of expedient lenses-means to the semantic comprehension, interpretation and creation of this flowing intangible reality. In this analytical context, one global and four derived trends in the interpenetrating development of modern psychology in Ukraine and the world are singled out and reflected. The quintessence of the global tendency is its intensive, heuristic way of progress into the boundless spherical horizons of actual human existence in the existential current of psycho-spiritual practice of persons, groups, societies as ontically rooted, universal, original sphere of thought-activity and its development as a special worldview, covital experience of everyday life and even lifestyle. The idea of such an alternative development belongs to G.P. Shchedrovitsky (1980), while its implementation has been carried out by us in the last decade in two basic aspects: a) within the application of the latest methodological optics – cyclical-deed approach to understanding psychology as a sphere of interpenetrating spheres of consciousness and activity, thinking and doing and b) in format of development, testing and implementation into the space of modern HEI (higher education institution) the author’s program in the discipline “Psychology as a sphere of thought-activity”, designed for professional training of applicants of the third (Doctor of Philosophy) level of training in the specialty 053 Psychology. As a result, for the first time situational, motivational, deed-action and post-action strategems of perfect thought-activity which substantiate the methodological organization of the psychology sphere are argued and described in detail. At the same time, the following important tendencies in the developmental course of psychology as anthropological science are highlighted: 1) a significant expansion of its subject field horizontally and vertically of new settings, including the full-fledged emergence of theoretical psychology; 2) the transition of research strategies and procedures from classical and non-classical ideals-types of scientific rationality to post-non-classical; 3) enrichment and disciplinary affirmation of canonical psychology and psychosophy of academician Volodymyr Romenets; 4) development of metamethodological means and tools for understanding-cognition-creation of metaphysical by ontological definition of images-substances-essences (thinking, freedom, creativity, faith, love, spirituality, etc.), firstly, creation of the most perfect methodological optics of meaningful comprehension of metatheoretical mosaic of life consciousness.

Transdisciplinary Status of the Ecological Modernization Theory and Its Role in the Development of Environmental Paradigm

The article examines the specificity of transdisciplinary orientations in modern scientific knowledge and reveals the multidimensionality of transdisciplinarity as a phenomenon of post-nonclassical science. Since transdisciplinarity is largely formed as a response to the challenge of increasing complexity and uncertainty of the future transformations in the “nature – man – society” system, the most appropriate area of transdisciplinary research today is environmental knowledge. In the example of the Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT), we investigate the interdisciplinary structure and transdisciplinary status of contemporary social ecology. The aim of the article is to analyze the various modes of transdisciplinarity in the structure of the ecological modernization theory and to identify its role in the dynamics of modern environmentalism. The epistemological status of EMT is explicated through philosophical and methodological reflection on the alternative discourses of sustainability as well as by using the principles of a systematic approach, methods of comparative analysis and semantic interpretation. The idea of sustainable development and the values of environmentalism are considered important factors in the formation of concepts and categories of this theory, its initial postulates and principles. The article substantiates the synthetic character of this theory, which meets the requirements of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. A conclusion is substantiated that EMT can be classified as a post-normal science. As a result of the analysis, it is argued that environmental philosophy has a special understanding of the goals of social development, principles of justice, social harmony, and human well-being. The reinterpretation of these concepts is a basis for adoption of novel theoretical schemes and methodological orientations in the system of modern socio-environmental studies.

Management of Natural-Anthropogenic Complexes of Rural Territories in the Context of the Post-non-Classical Type of Scientific Rationality

The purpose of this study is to analyze the problem of management of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural territories in the context of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality at the philosophical and methodological levels. The problem of management of natural-anthropogenic complexes is considered and analyzed in the article at the philosophical level in the context of the humanistic interpretation of philosophical constructivism. At the methodological level, the management of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural territories is considered in the basic paradigm “subject – metasubject”, in which a natural-anthropogenic complex is presented in the form of a self-developing environment, an integrated study of which is possible only using an interdisciplinary approach.

Теоретические векторы познания государства: от дисциплинарного к междисциплинарно-интегративному

The purpose of the research is to reconstruct theoretical constants of the state cognition at the conjunction of philosophy and legal science in various types of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical). Scientific novelty lies in identifying forms of the state cognition (syncretism, disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and integrativity) through the lens of historical dynamics of philosophy and philosophical foundations of legal science, its modern anthropologisation. The methodological vectors identified as a result of the research make it possible to substantiate heuristic nature of the interdisciplinary-integrative study of the state in the context of establishment of post-classical philosophical and methodological foundations of legal science.

Management of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural areas as active systems

The article presents the results of a study of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural areas, which are formed in the process of production of grain crops, as active systems. The features of the management of active systems in the subject-subject paradigm of relationships are shown, the necessity of using network management based on communication links and reflexive processes as a basic type of management of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural areas is substantiated. The natural-anthropogenic complex as a subject of management is presented in the form of four active subsystems interacting with each other and with the environment external to the complex. This interaction is based on the formation and development of networks in the field of technological support for the functioning of the natural-anthropogenic complex, formal and informal social networks formed by the population of rural areas, networks that include elements of the economic subsystem and ecological networks of rural areas, formed as under the influence of economic activity a person, and regardless of its presence in a particular territory. In the conclusion, data are presented that indicate the need for further development of ideas about the management of natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural areas at the methodological level within the framework of the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality and environmental management of complex self-developing systems, into which natural-anthropogenic complexes of rural areas are gradually transformed.

Рефлексивность в управлении социальными системами (философско-методологический анализ)

The paper substantiates, in the context of the development of ideas about scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical), an increase in the role and variety of types of reflexive activity (reflexivity) in management. Philosophical and methodological analysis using three types of scientific rationality identified the basic approaches in control (activity, subject-activity, subject-oriented), basic paradigms (“subjectobject”, “sub- jectsubject”, “subjectmeta-subject”), cybernetics of the first, second and third order. This made it possible to identify the dominant types of reflexive activity corresponding to them. The convergence of basic approaches is within the framework of post-non-classical scientific rationality based on the cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments. The trend of transition from control to self-regulation and self-development of reflexive activity in self-developing reflexive-active environments has been substantiated. Ontologies and principles of organizing a self-developing reflexive-active environment predetermine the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-development. The analysis contains the specifics of reflexivity in the control of various types of social systems (economics, politics, education, the military sphere, information wars and confrontation, etc.). The article substantiates the priority of Russian science in the study of reflexivity in the control of social systems, which is largely due to the specifics of Russian philosophical and methodological research.

DIGITAL DISCOURSE OF CONSTRUCTING A THEORETICAL IMAGE OF THE EDUCATION PHENOMENON

Digitalization has embraced all aspects and institutions of modern society, including education. The widespread introduction of new information technologies in Russia; the change of formats for the presentation of educational information, as well as methods of broadcasting educational materials; the transformation of the role and priorities of academic disciplines; the emergence of online / offline access to methodological resources have already become a reality. There is an information-technological synthesis of tradition and innovations in the educational environment. The scientific and educational space «responds»to this digital challenge in education with diverse researchers» reflections. These theoretical interpretations are aimed mainly at the consideration of certain aspects of digital education, for example, distance learning, open education, massive online courses, e-learning environment. In fact, we can state the fragmentary theoretical context regarding the phenomenon of education in the digital age. The author proposes methodological tools, on the one hand generalizing the array of theorizations of the phenomenon of education, including the digital context; on the other hand, allowing constructing a theoretical image of the education phenomenon, reflecting the main attributive characteristics of the latter in digital reality. Under the theoretical image of the education phenomenon, in the most general form, is meant a theoretical construct that serves as a synthesizing representative of real and / or potential theorizations of the education phenomenon, and acts, on the one hand, as a link between the researcher with his methodological preferences and heterogeneous theoretical ideas about the phenomenon of education; on the other hand, as a basis necessary and sufficient for the interpretation of the education phenomenon in the context of a certain type of scientific rationality. It is argued that this method of cognition of the education phenomenon in its theorizations (through the construction of theoretical images), allows you to fix the most significant attribute characteristics of the phenomenon under study, phasing out the concomitant ones.

THE ROLE OF RATIONALITY PHILOSOPHY IN LEGAL STUDIES (PART I)

The relevance of the article, which consists of two parts, is that the various theories of rationality presented only in philosophical works are considered. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in recent decades in scientific works on jurisprudence there is a clear trend of borrowing such terms from philosophy as «classical», «non-classical» or «post-non-classical» science in the description of a concept of law. Nevertheless, in legal studies there is still no concept of rationality, the criteria for its classification, allowing to describe the diversity of manifestations of legal reality. The purpose of the study is: 1) to find new non-classical foundations for the development of legal knowledge; 2) to substantiate the point of view that the category of "scientific rationality" and its typology used in philosophy, it is necessary to introduce into scientific use of legal science, which will push the boundaries of knowledge of legal reality; 3) to describe the features of understanding of the term "scientific rationality" in law in the context of its classification into the following two groups: classical and neoclassical (post-classical), as well as non-classical and post-classical. In the process of studying the philosophy of rationality in legal studies used a diverse set of methodological tools: 1) General philosophical methods (dialectical and idealistic); 2) General scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison; 3) and private (special) - logical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, normative-dogmatic; 4) method of interpretation, including the method of problem-theoretical reconstruction. The main results of achieving the goal of the study were proposals on: 1) introduction of the concept of "types and models of legal rationality" into the scientific circulation of jurisprudence; 2) classification of legal rationality into classical and non - classical types and corresponding models-neoclassical (post-classical) and post-non-classical. It should be noted that the post-classical and post-non-classical styles of legal thinking are evolved versions, respectively, of the classical and non-classical types of legal rationality. The basis for the classification of types of scientific rationality in legal science was the anthropological factor-consciousness homo juridicus and methodological tools with which legal consciousness is known. The novelty of the study is that the above classification of epistemological paradigms allows us to look at the law as a multilevel reality, which is simultaneously inherent in the two mechanisms of its Constitution - external and internal. Moreover, the presented criteria-based classification of legal rationality is the basis for the development of legal knowledge.

THE ROLE OF RATIONALITY PHILOSOPHY IN LEGAL STUDIES (PART II)

The relevance of the article, which consists of two parts, is that the various theories of rationality presented only in philosophical works are considered. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in recent decades in scientific works on jurisprudence there is a clear trend of borrowing such terms from philosophy as “classical”, “non-classical” or “post-non-classical” science in the description of a concept of law. Nevertheless, in legal studies there is still no concept of rationality, the criteria for its classification, allowing to describe the diversity of manifestations of legal reality. The purpose of the study is: 1) to find new non-classical foundations for the development of legal knowledge; 2) to substantiate the point of view that the category of “scientific rationality” and its typology used in philosophy, it is necessary to introduce into scientific use of legal science, which will push the boundaries of knowledge of legal reality; 3) to describe the features of understanding of the term "scientific rationality" in law in the context of its classification into the following two groups: classical and neoclassical (post-classical), as well as non-classical and post-classical. In the process of studying the philosophy of rationality in legal studies used a diverse set of methodological tools : 1) General philosophical methods (dialectical and idealistic); 2) General scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison; 3) and private (special) - logical, comparative-legal, formal-legal, normative-dogmatic; 4) method of interpretation, including the method of problem-theoretical reconstruction. The main results of achieving the goal of the study were proposals on: 1) introduction of the concept of “types and models of legal rationality” into the scientific circulation of jurisprudence; 2) classification of legal rationality into classical and non - classical types and corresponding models-neoclassical (post-classical) and post-non-classical. It should be noted that the post-classical and post-non-classical styles of legal thinking are evolved versions, respectively, of the classical and non-classical types of legal rationality. The basis for the classification of types of scientific rationality in legal science was the anthropological factor-consciousness homo juridicus and methodological tools with which legal consciousness is known. The novelty of the study is that the above classification of epistemological paradigms allows us to look at the law as a multilevel reality, which is simultaneously inherent in the two mechanisms of its Constitution - external and internal. Moreover, the presented criteria-based classification of legal rationality is the basis for the development of legal knowledge.

Human-Dimensionality and Values of Higher Education: Strategies for the Future of Complexity and Sustainable Development

The article is dedicated to the philosophical consideration of higher education and its development strategies under the situation of complexity and the need to enable a sustainable future. It is argued that the situation in question is characterized by the uselessness of any ready-made solutions and even pre-available knowledge and methodology. In the very field of professional activities, the competence of a specialist relies not so on vocational skills as on one’s critical thinking and creative abilities. It is concluded then that answering the calls of today’s global crisis requires higher education to face the transformation of its system of goals and values in order to enable the achievement of not just purely professional development of a graduate, but that of overall cultural background, the development of one’s personality. That still corresponds with the classical notion of the mission of university, but not with the linear methodology of the Modernity age aimed at standardization and unification that features mostly excessively mechanistic approach to the educational process, while accentuating applied professional competencies and neglecting the profound core, the ideal of the all-around developed human person. The author argues that such a task could be realized basing on the methodology peculiar to the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality that is oriented on human personality and his or her values. That feature could be called human-dimensionality: the appeal towards unique personalities of each student, as opposed to standardization, and with not only one’s mind and reason taken into account in higher education, but one’s will and emotions as well. The closeness between values of higher education and the ethos of science is demonstrated, with the growing numbers of students violating the norms of academic integrity serving as an example of a disastrous effect of the lack of general culture for professional activities. The role of philosophy and humanities in higher education is said to be rehabilitated and renovated.

Philosophical Foundations of the Humanitarian and Technological Revolution

The articles discusses the philosophical foundations and the traditions of the theory of the humanitarian and technological revolution (HTR). The subject-matter of HTR theory is the description and forecast of the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial phase of civilization development as well as the strategy and the most effective methods of management of various socio-economic systems. This theory, actively developing in recent years, focuses on goal setting and on determining priorities and development criteria in the field of technology, science and education. The current revolution largely justifies the forecast of D. Bell, an author of the theory of post-industrial development, about the transition from the world of technology to the world of people. The human is the main subject and object of the changes. In this regard, we review an interdisciplinary program on human research, initiated in the 1980s by I.T. Frolov. The ongoing scientific revolution in genetics and the transition to autoevolution make these ideas even more relevant. The concept of universal evolutionism proposed by N.N. Moiseev is fundamental. This concept originates from philosophical and methodological generalizations based on the vast experience of computer modeling of “human-dimensional” systems. The principles of co-evolution of man and biosphere, the strategies for finding compromises are very close to the ecology of technologies, developed by the theory of HTR. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the interdisciplinary concept of self-organization for many scientific fields and, in particular, for the theory of HTR. In our days, proposed by an outstanding mathematician, methodologist and thinker S.P. Kurdyumov, the interpretation of synergetics as a bridge between humanities and natural science, as a common language of natural scientists, mathematicians, scholars has become generally accepted. Kurdyumov predicted that many concepts and ideas of synergetics, through their philosophical understanding, would change the outlook and become an element of scientific culture. We show that this forecast turns into reality and in the process of HTR the ideas of synergetics begin to change our world. We pay special attention to the concept of self-developing systems, the theory of global scientific revolutions and the types of scientific rationality proposed by V.S. Stepin. In this regard, we can say that the HTR brings even more large-scale changes, covering not only science but also technology, society, the inner world of man. Identifying the philosophical foundations of HTR, we contribute to the development of methodology of this approach, enhance intra-scientific reflection and make possible to formulate unsolved problems more accurately.

Национальный характер тувинцев: история и современность

Рецензия на издание: Ламажаа Ч. К. Национальный характер тувинцев. М. — СПб.: Нестор-История. — 240 с. ISBN 978-5-4469-1406-7В статье представляется анализ основных научных позиций автора книги — философа, методологических оснований исследования. Рецензент делает акцент на позиции автора: философ признает большое значение субъективности исследователя (отмечая это как проявление постнеклассического типа научной рациональности), но при этом остается на объективных позициях самого исследования. И что важно: автор не допускает субъективизма оценок.Особое внимание рецензент уделяет рассмотрению тех разделов книги, где Ч. К. Ламажаа исследует модернизационный потенциал Тувы. Важным считается особенное значение в процессах модернизации сохранения традиционных оснований культуры, признание особых характеристик национально-культурной идентичности тувинцев.Перспективным названо направление исследований в области сравнительного анализа этнокультурных особенностей народов Центральной Азии, которое автор обозначила в отдельном разделе монографии.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGICAL SECURITY

Purpose. The dynamics and pace of social and economic transformations that are characteristic of modern society, lead to an increase in tension and the destruction of habitual stereotypes – ideals, values, norms, patterns of behaviour that unite people. These moments encourage us to rethink the understanding of "security" essence, in particular, psychological, which emphasizes the urgency of its study in the philosophical and sociocultural coordinates. Theoretical basis of the research is based on the philosophical methodology of K. Jaspers, E. Fromm and the A. Maslow’s psychological approach to understanding of a person. Originality. Psychological security is considered at different levels: first and foremost, society is a characteristic of social security, that is an analysis of how today’s social technologies, social changes affect the quality of life of the country’s population; secondly, the social environment – the family, the immediate environment, reference groups, training teams; thirdly, a person is an experience of his own security-insecurity, when it is possible to talk about the manifestations of psychological violence, when certain behavioral acts contribute to the violation of the security of the other or to self-destruction. It is found out that the knowledge of psychological security is closely connected with the socio-historical conditions of being, with the level of development of material and spiritual culture, with the interests and values prevailing in society, which determines its ontological, epistemological and axiological features. The presented issue is considered in the correlation of psychological security with types of scientific rationality – classical, nonclassical and post-nonclassical approaches, within the framework of which various perspectives, aspects, forms and types of psychological security are studied. Conclusions. The concept of security requires a systematic description of its manifestations, types, levels, concepts: security as the absence of dangers (based on the principle of dichotomy, that is, a certain whole consisting of two opposite parts, in this case, the whole is human existence); security as a certain activity to ensure or to prevent any threats or dangers (activity approach); security as a conscious necessity, the value of the individual. The study systematizes various ideas about psychological security in accordance with the logic of scientific knowledge: in the mainstream of classical, non-classical and post-nonclassical approaches.

Evolution of cybernetics: philosophical and methodological analysis

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to elaborate the connection between the evolution of cybernetics and the development of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical) and to emphasize the relevance of the formation of post-non-classical cybernetics for self-developing reflexive-active environment (the third-order cybernetics).Design/methodology/approachThis paper includes interdisciplinary analysis of the evolution of cybernetics and possible directions of its development.FindingsA connection between the types of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical and post-non-classical) and the stages of the development cybernetics is presented. Classical rationality is first-order cybernetics dealing with observed systems (an external observer). Non-classical rationality is second-order cybernetics dealing with observing systems (built-in observer). Post-non-classical rationality is third-order cybernetics dealing with the self-developing reflexive-active environment (distributed observer).Research limitations/implicationsThis is an initial theoretical conceptualization, which needs a broader assessment and case studies.Practical implicationsThis proposed direction for the analysis of cybernetics opens new approaches to social control on the basis of the subject-focused models and integration of traditional cybernetic tools.Social implicationsThird-order cybernetics will promote the development of civil society. Direct democracy receives new tools for development.Originality/valueThe value of this research is in the interdisciplinary analysis of the cybernetics evolution and in new possible directions for its development.