Types Of Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Strategies on Apologizing Expression of “The Princess Diaries” (2001) The Movie: A Discourse Analysis


 This research was intended to analyze the politeness strategy employed by the characters in expressing apology based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies in the movie The Princess Diaries (2001). Designed as a descriptive-qualitative research, the data was analyzed by using the descriptive method where politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) was applied to see the types of politeness strategies. The data was taken from an American Comedy, Family and Romance movie entitled The Princess Diaries (2001). The result of the analysis showed that there were 15 utterances that can be classified as apologizing expression which were analyzed by using Brown and Levinson (1987) Politeness Strategies. Those 15 utterances were divided into 11 utterances using positive politeness and 4 utterances using negative politeness. Based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies, positive politeness happened in a group of friend and a group of family that have close relationship with the Speaker while negative politeness used to avoid offence of the Hearer by showing respect. Thus, it is concluded that positive politeness was the most politeness strategies applied by all the characters in the movie to express apology, and all the characters who applied positive politeness strategy are female.
 
 Keywords: Politeness Strategies, Apologizing Expression, Discourse Analysis.

Male and female lecturers’ politeness strategies in EFL classroom

This research identified types of politeness strategies used by a male and female lecturer in the EFL classroom based on the theory of Brown and Levinson. This research also investigated students’ perception toward the use of lecturers’ politeness strategies in the EFL classroom. This research applied the descriptive qualitative research design to describe the phenomena of politeness strategies. The subjects of this research were two English lecturers and fifteen university students. All of them chosen by using purposive sampling. The instrument of this research was observation and interview. The observation was conducted three meetings for every lecturer by using an audio recorder and field notes. The audio recorder was used to record lecturers’ utterances in the teaching and learning process. The field notes were used to obtain more accurate data. The interview was conducted to get the data from the students. The interview is done to find out about the students’ perception toward the use of politeness strategies in the classroom. The result of this research showed that male and female lecturers used four types of politeness strategies namely bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record. Furthermore, the students perceived that male and female lecturer was polite. The students perceived that the male lecturer was more formal while the female lecturer was friendly.

Teachers’ Politeness Strategies in Motivating Students to Learn English

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THE LOCAL VALUE OF BADONCEK FOR POLITENESS ASPECT IN MINANG COMMUNITIES WEST SUMATRA

This study analysis talking about the local value of Communication is the important thing in humanities sociality. The main part of the sociality life. Nowadays, doing communication is strongly influenced by the culture when communication is stated. This paper discusses on the relationship politeness strategy and Minang culture in doing communication. The Minang here was limited in the badoncek from wedding ceremony in Minang culture is a spontaneous social action and suitable with the needs of the moment. Indeed, the theory that used in politeness strategy was taken from Brown and Levinson theory. This theory was elaborated become four types of politeness strategy. They are bald on strategy, positive strategy, negative strategy, and off record strategy. The prior aim in this paper is to describe what types of politeness strategy that used in Minang wedding ceremony in their social life and to elaborate the types of politeness strategies applied by qualitative research.

The Host’s Politeness Strategies in Ellen Degeneres Reality Talk Show

Language has a significant role in communication. As social being, almost everyday people use language to communicate with others such as communication over the telephone or a direct conversation. In conversation there was a certain rule wich has to be learned to avoid misunderstanding. It was called politeness. Talk Show was television program that amuse poeple because of the conversation and joke in it. In this study the writer focused on Ellen Show inform the USAfor the following reasons. First, it was one favorite Talk Show in USA. Second, there are few people talking about politeness. Politeness can make relationship better with the other. Hence, the writer examined it in the talk show. The last, related to the data, the writer found the contribution of impoliteness used by the host to ELT.There were two data collection methods used in this research: the video of the talkshow and the transcription of the interview. Based on the analysis, the reseacher found kind of politeness strategies used by the host. There are four types of politeness strategies employed by Ellen Degeneres in the Ellen Show when having conversations with the guest star. They are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. The politeness strategies contribute to make the realitationship between people closer and make all learn how to appreciate others.

Politeness Strategies Used in Ellen DeGeneres’s TV Talk Show with Barack Obama as the Guest Star

This undergraduate thesis is entitled Politeness Strategies Used in Ellen DeGeneres’s TV Talk Show with Barack Obama as the Guest Star. Ellen DeGeneres is an American comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer. The aims of this study are to analyze the type of politeness strategies used in Ellen DeGeneres’s talk show script with Barack Obama as the guest star, and to identify the factors influence the choice of strategies.The data in this study were obtained from a talk show entitled Ellen DeGeneres. The process of collecting data was done through documentation method. The theories applied to support this study are theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978) used to analyze the types of politeness strategies, and also the same theories used to identify the factors influence the choice of strategy. The sentences which were used as the data were the sentences of the conversation applied the politeness strategy in script. Politeness strategies and the factors that influence the choice of strategies have a close connection to each other, whether when the speakers talks to female or male, have different social status, have a close relationship, or they always try to act politely in every situations. In two episodes of Ellen DeGeneres talk show with Barack Obama as the guest star the politeness strategy mostly applied in the positive politeness strategy. It also has the connection with the factor influence the choice of strategy.

Politeness strategy preference of male and female teachers in classroom interaction during English classes

Politeness is the use of right word or phrase in the proper context, which is determined by the rules that are prevalent in society. This study aimed to identify the politeness strategies used by male and female teachers; and analyze the differences in terms of strategies used by teachers. This study was designed in the form of qualitative research. The data were taken from observed interactions between teachers and students during English classes and interviewed the teachers of SMPN 2 Abiansemal. The obtained data were in form of utterances produced in teaching learning process during English classes. The utterances were identified and analyzed descriptively by using [9]’s theory in order to know the politeness strategy used by male and female teachers. The result of this study showed that male and female teacher implied four types of politeness strategies, namely; bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record; male and female teachers were different on strategy preference depended on context and situation.

Politeness strategies in written communications: the issue of Iranian EFL learners

Abstract The approximation of the pragmatic knowledge of English language learners to native speakers has been a realm of concern for the scholars and researchers in applied linguistics. Thus, this research was an endeavor to figure out the association between the proficiency level and politeness strategies and external/internal modifications in written communication skills in the speech act of requests in Iranian English language learners. To this end, a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT), adapted from Rose (1994), including 8 situations was administered to elicit data from Iran Language Institute120 female and male EFL learners, 60 upper-intermediate and 60 intermediate. The data were sorted out using Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies taxonomy (Brown and Levinson 1987) and external/internal modifications developed by Faerch and Kasper (1989). The written request utterances provided by each participant were analyzed in terms of frequency and types of politeness strategies, namely, positive, negative, bald on record, and off-record as well as external/internal modifications utilized in requests. The Pearson Chi-Square test results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between upper-intermediate and intermediate learners’ type of politeness strategies and external/internal modifications.

ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN COMMAND USED BY MAIN CHARACTERS IN MOVIES ENTITLED “FACING THE GIANTS”, “DANGEROUS MINDS”, AND “THE RON CLARK STORY”

In communication, the speakers should be polite toward the hearers by considering their social level, age, situation, and condition. The current study focused on the use of politeness strategies, especially in command. The aims of the study are to identify the types of sentence in command, the applied of politeness strategies, and to investigate the factors that influence the main characters in applying politeness strategies in command. The data were politeness utterances in command used by main character in 3 drama movies: “Facing the Giants”, “Dangerous Minds”, and “The Ron Clark Story”. The data were analyzed using politeness strategies purposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of this study shown that there are 2 forms of command: declarative sentence and imperative sentence. The characters applied 2 types of politeness strategy in giving command: bald on record (24 data) and positive politeness (4 data). The factors that influenced the main characters in applying politeness strategies in command were the main characters, as the speakers, have higher status than the hearers, the size of imposition between the speakers and the hearers were small, and the situation were urgent and emergency in which the speakers and the hearers involved.

A Pragmatic Cross-Cultural Study of Complaints Expressions in Jordan and England

Research shows an increasing interest in the area of cross-cultural pragmatics due to the existence of diverse problematic pragmatic norms (Al-Khawaldeh and Zegarac, 2013). It has been found that identifying cross-cultural differences in linguistic expression and socio-pragmatic norms of communicative acts would help to reduce problems in cross-cultural communication (Meier, 2010). To the best of the researcher's knowledge, no study has been conducted to compare the linguistic expression of complaining by Jordanian native speakers of Arabic and native speakers of English. To bridge the research gap, this study compares the number and types of politeness strategies that Jordanian native speakers of Arabic and native speakers of English use to complain. The study investigates the cultural styles and politeness strategies used by Jordanian native speakers Arabic and native speakers of English for expressing complaints. The analysis of the Discourse-Completion Tasks’ (DCT) results revealed that eleven complaints strategies were the most commonly-used by both groups, namely opting out, general annoyance, direct threat, accusation, prayer, advice, irony, rejoinder that shows no disapproval, exclamation, request for repair, and request for explanation. These strategies are manifested in the speech of both languages to save the hearer's face and remain polite when performing the inherently face-threatening speech act of complaint. Though both groups used various complaints strategies at overall frequencies that were closer, they were statistically distinguishable in the type of the linguistic expression of complaints, i.e. opting out and prayer. The results are then discussed from the universality and cultures-specificity perspective.

A Pragmatic Cross-Cultural Study of Complaints Expressions in Jordan and England

Research shows an increasing interest in the area of cross-cultural pragmatics due to the existence of diverse problematic pragmatic norms (Al-Khawaldeh and Zegarac, 2013). It has been found that identifying cross-cultural differences in linguistic expression and socio-pragmatic norms of communicative acts would help to reduce problems in cross-cultural communication (Meier, 2010). To the best of the researcher's knowledge, no study has been conducted to compare the linguistic expression of complaining by Jordanian native speakers of Arabic and native speakers of English. To bridge the research gap, this study compares the number and types of politeness strategies that Jordanian native speakers of Arabic and native speakers of English use to complain. The study investigates the cultural styles and politeness strategies used by Jordanian native speakers Arabic and native speakers of English for expressing complaints. The analysis of the Discourse-Completion Tasks’ (DCT) results revealed that eleven complaints strategies were the most commonly-used by both groups, namely opting out, general annoyance, direct threat, accusation, prayer, advice, irony, rejoinder that shows no disapproval, exclamation, request for repair, and request for explanation. These strategies are manifested in the speech of both languages to save the hearer's face and remain polite when performing the inherently face-threatening speech act of complaint. Though both groups used various complaints strategies at overall frequencies that were closer, they were statistically distinguishable in the type of the linguistic expression of complaints, i.e. opting out and prayer. The results are then discussed from the universality and cultures-specificity perspective.

Politeness Strategies of Directive Utterance Used by the Host of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One

This study deals with the politeness strategies of directive utterance used by the host of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One. This study employs qualitative design which aims at describing the politeness strategy of directive utterance used by the host. The strategy of politeness is related to those proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record strategy, Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-record strategy. Directive utterance is related to those proposed by Vanderveken (1990); there are 56 types of directive utterances. The subject is the host as the interviewer in three episodes who participated in this research. The results show that the host expresses her directive utterances in request, questions, interrogates, urge, invite, and cautions. The host applied the four types of politeness strategies to relate directive utterances as politeness strategies stated by Brown and Levinson they are (1) bald on record, (2) positive politeness, (3) negative politeness, (4) off record. The most type is question (30%) as positive politeness. It is caused by the host wants to give questions respects the H’s negative face want and will not (or will only minimally) interfere with the H’s freedom of action. Keywords: politeness strategies, directive utterances

Politeness Strategies Used in Directive Speech Acts in Classroom Interaction

This research deals with politeness strategies used in directive speech acts in classroom interaction. It specially focused on types of politeness strategies which were used by teachers and students in directive speech acts, how and why those types were realized the way they were. The approach used in this research was based on politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The data were the transcriptions of the recorded observation and interview taken by using audio visual recorder in the classroom interaction of SMAN 1 Talawi, Batu Bara. The findings showed that all types of politeness strategies were applied in directive speech acts in classroom interaction. However, they were not used by all participants. Off record was not used in student to student interaction. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was bald on record. It was used because of the limited vocabulary of the students when they speak English, because of efficiency, to avoid the misinterpretation on the participants, to show the teacher’s power when they commanded the students to do something and to show their firmness when they forbad or admonished the students not to do something. Keywords: Directive Speech Acts; Classroom Interaction; Politeness Strategies

Politeness Strategies in Political Language

This study deals with politeness strategies in political language. The aim of the study is to describe how Indonesian politicians realize politeness in their language. The subject was taken nine parties who have representatives. They come from different parties: Democrat, Golkar, PDIP, PKS, PPP, PKB, PAN, Gerindra and Hanura. Data were classified and verified with reference to the criteria of politeness strategies as determined by Brown & Levinson (1987); cover the bald on record strategy, positive strategy, negative strategy and off-record strategy. The finding show that there were four types of politeness strategies used by Politicians in different of types of illocutionary acts; positive strategy, bald on record strategy, negative strategy, and off-record strategy. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive strategy. The most dominant type was due to fact that speakers in interaction try to get closer the hearers. They use the group identity marker in addressing someone so there is no distance relationship between the speaker and hearer. They also gave the reasons when they speak in order to satisfy the hearer. Key words: politician; political language; politeness strategy

Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony

This study deals with Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony. The objectives of the study were to identify types of Politeness strategies and the pattern of strategies used in Javanese wedding ceremony. The approach used in this study are based on Politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record, Positive politeness, Negative politeness and Off-record strategy. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcriptions of recorded observation and interview. The data were taken from observation using audio visual recorder in Javanese wedding ceremony of Dina Wagiani and Oman Syahputra especially in some events which were Peningsetan (17th March 2012), Midodaremi (14th April 2012), Panggih (15th April 2012) dan Sungkeman (15th April 2012) that are held in Medan located at Jl. Marelan II Pasar IV, Kelurahan Rengas Pulau, Kecamatan Medan Marelan. The finding showed that all the types of Politeness strategies were applied in Javanese wedding ceremony. The percentage of positive politeness was 54.21%, bald- on record was 33.16%, negative politeness was 8.95% and off-record was 3.68%. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive politeness strategy. It was used because Javanese people try to satisfy the hearer and avoid conflicts with other people. They also applied it to make both families get closer each other, so there was no distance between them. They endeavor to maintain social harmony and solidarity between bride‘s family and bridegroom‘s family during wedding ceremony.

Politeness Strategies in English Business Letters: a Comparative Study of Native and Non-Native Speakers of English

Abstract This study investigated the use of politeness strategies in a corpus of English business letters written by Iranian non-native speakers in comparison with business letters written by English native speakers. The positive and negative politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson’s (1978) theory were employed. A corpus of 46 business letters written by non-native employees of four companies and 46 letters written by native speakers who were in correspondence with these companies were analyzed to examine their use of politeness strategies. Th e results collected from the analysis of letters written by nonnative parties as senders were compared to those written by native speakers as receivers in response. Th e findings showed that although both parties used both types of politeness strategies in their letters, non-native participants employed both types (negative and positive politeness strategies) more than native speakers, especially positive politeness strategies, which were found to be used more frequently than negative ones. Additionally, the results demonstrated that social distance plays an important role in the employment of different strategies, particularly in choosing the type of salutation, which is an act requiring the positive politeness strategy to reduce face threatening act. Th us, more frequent use of positive politeness strategies by non-native speakers could be an effect of this factor.

Resource Tangibility and Foreign Firms’ Corporate Political Strategies in Emerging Economies: Evidence from India

Foreign firms operating in emerging economies are increasingly exploiting and becoming dependent on locally existing intangible resources such as intellectual skills, technological know-how and reputation. Political strategies are used to absorb the external constraints associated with this external dependence. Little is known about the different types of political strategies used by foreign firms in emerging economies and the factors that determine this choice. We draw on Resource Dependence theory to argue that this choice will be influenced by the degree to which foreign firms depend on tangible vs. intangible resources. Using a sample of 105 foreign subsidiaries in India, we find that foreign firms that depend on local intangible resources are more likely to use information-based political strategies, but less likely to provide direct financial incentives to policymakers; whereas firms that depend on local tangibles are less likely to use information-based strategies. Foreign firms that depend on both tangible and intangible resources are more likely to use the constituency building strategy. Our findings enhance our understanding of the factors affecting foreign firms’ political strategy in emerging economies.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY TOBA BATAK SELLERS IN SAMOSIR

ABSTRACT This study deals with politeness strategies used by toba batak sellers in Samosir. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the types of politeness strategies were used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir, (2) to investigate the type of politeness strategy was mostly used describe the reasons, (3) to describethe roles of politeness to Toba Batak society, and (4) to describe the implication of politeness strategies. The data of this study were the language of conversation between Toba Batak sellers and their buyers. This study applied descriptive quantitative method. The findings show that there are four types of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak Sellers in Samosir, namely: Bald on record4 utterances (2.53%), Off record17 utterances (10.75%), Positivepoliteness 129 utterances (81.64%) and Negativepoliteness 8 utterances (5.06%). Positivepoliteness is the most dominant type of Politeness Strategies used by Toba Batak sellers in Samosir. Keyword : Politeness Strategies, Toba Batak Sellers, Samosir.

Politeness Strategies and Gender Differences in Javanese Indirect Speech Acts

The objectives of this study were to identify types of politeness strategies, to examine the differences of politeness patterns used by different gender and to see how the politeness strategies imply in the culture of “indirectness” a culture of Javanese who avoid being direct to utter something which were reflected in Javanese indirect speech acts in request. The approach used in this study are based on politeness theory of Brown & Levinson (1987); Bald-on record, Positive, Negative, and Off Record. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcription of recorded observation and interview using audiovisual recorder in Javanese social interaction in doing business transaction at “PasarRebo”, a traditional market in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. The politeness strategies used were bald-on record strategy, positive politeness strategy and negative politeness strategy. Different strategies were performed by different gender; male dominantly used bald-on record strategy while female dominantly used positive politeness strategy. The realization of Javanese indirect speech acts used by female established an indirect correlation to politeness strategies and the culture of “indirectness” in Javanese. The realization of these politeness strategies by the speakers were aimed to minimize Face Threatening Acts to endeavor a harmony in social interaction. Keywords: Gender; Indirect speech act; Politeness strategiesement if they were taught by using TBL model.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN A LETTER TO JULIET MOVIE

ABSTRACT The study deals with the types of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . The objectives of study are to find out type of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie, to derive the dominant type of politeness strategy that is produced by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie and to elaborate the context of politeness strategies used by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . The data are dialogue of the main character in a letter to Juliet movie . This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative design and only focused on the main character. The research findings are positive and negative politeness strategies. There are fifteen strategies of positive politeness and twelve strategies of negative politeness in a letter to Juliet movie. The most dominant politeness strategy uttered by the main character in a letter to Juliet movie was positive politeness strategy. Among them is intensify interest to hearer is dominant type of positive politeness strategy. This type of politeness strategy occurred since character mostly just shared about her experience and inform to other. Keywords : Politeness strategies, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies