Types Of Love Research Articles

Gender differences in self-estimated types of love for self and others

Empirical work about love has primarily considered the love of one individual for another. This work uses a novel method to study estimated types of love for self and others based on passionate and companionate theory, and triangular love theory. Two hundred and fifty participants (161 females and 89 males) rated self-estimates and other’s estimates (romantic partners and parents) of global love and several love types. Women self-estimated passionate love, companionate love, intimacy, and commitment more than men did. Gender differences in estimated love types for romantic partners, fathers, and mothers were not evidenced. As regards self-partner differences respondents rated their romantic partners similarly to themselves. Regarding generational differences, children assessed themselves greater in all love types than their parents, except in commitment. Passionate love and commitment significantly predicted global love for self, partners, and parents. Suggestions and limitations are offered.

REPRESENTATION OF LOVE IN THE GODFATHER

Research done in Italian prisons showed that the convicted mafia members exhibited significant antisocial traits but their capacity for emotional connection is higher than other imprisoned offenders in Italy. In another research, Schimmenti (2014) concluded that mafioso is more sensitive, family orientated, and less selfish than other murderers. In popular culture particularly in movies, mafioso is portrayed as callous and remorseless. Knowing that they can have emotional relationships, this study analyzes the types of love that are revealed in 'The Godfather', a mob movie that was nominated for 28 Oscars and won 9. The Ancient Greek has four different words for love: Agape, Eros, Philia, and Storge. This concept of love is popularized by CS Lewis and will be used as the basis of analysis. This research focused on the main character, Michael Corleone, and examined which type of love he expressed and to whom it poured out: His own family or his mafia family. The movie portrayed that Michael was only capable of loving his father and his daughter. He could express Storge yet was unable to have affection towards his wife (Eros) thus automatically did not have the capacity to love unconditionally (Agape). He also had a hard time to have close relationship with anyone and did not love his brothers or sister, either (Philia).

Gender Role Conflict, Gay Identity, Relationship Love Types and Relationship Satisfaction in Greek Gay Men: A Path Model

We examined the relations between Gender Role Conflict (GRC) patterns, Gay Identity, Relationship Satisfaction (RS) and three of Sternberg’s Relationship Love Types (Fatuous Love, Infatuation, Companionate Love). Self-identified gay men ( n = 232) completed an online survey. A path model showed that Companionate Love Type mediated effects upon RS. Specifically, (a) the negative effects of GRC patterns, Restricted Emotionality, Restricted Affectionate Behaviour Between Men and Success, Power, and Competition, (b) the negative effect of the Gay Identity dimension, Internalized Homonegativity and (c) the negative effect of Infatuation and the positive effect of Fatuous love. Conclusively, GRC and Gay Identity seem to negatively affect the emotional exchange and communication between partners and their overall subjective evaluation of the relationship. Acceptance and empowerment by the significant other or negotiating one’s role in the relationship may be a better “territory” of confronting and managing Gay Identity and GRC issues in ameliorating one’s relationship.

Toward consistent reporting of sample characteristics in studies investigating the biological mechanisms of romantic love.

In this non-systematic review, we consider the sample reporting practices of 42 studies up to and including 2021 investigating the biological mechanisms of romantic love (i.e., 31 neuroimaging studies, nine endocrinological studies, one genetics study, and one combined neuroimaging and genetics study). We searched scientific databases using key terms and drew on our and other authors' knowledge to identify studies that investigated the mechanisms associated with romantic love using neuroimaging, endocrinological, and genetic methods. Only studies with a group or entire sample experiencing romantic love were included. The aim was to collate all relevant studies and determine the comparability of studies and ability to assess the generalizability of findings. We summarize how these studies report sex/gender, age, romantic love, relationship duration/time in love, and sample descriptors. We then outline the case for promoting comparability and the ability to determine generalizability in future studies. The findings indicate a limited ability to compare studies' samples or make an assessment of the generalizability of findings. Existing studies are not representative of the general population in a particular country or globally. We conclude by presenting ideas about how best to report sex, age, romantic love characteristics, relationship status, time in love, relationship duration, relationship satisfaction, type of unrequited love, sexual activity, cultural characteristics, socio-economic status, student status, and method-relevant descriptors. If our ideas are adopted, in part or in whole, we expect the comparability of studies to increase. Adopting our ideas will also make it easier to make an assessment of the generalizability of findings.

Eros and Thanatos in the Poetry of Josip Osti

The work is focused on Josip Osti's book On the Cross of Love, in which the author searches for answers to the universal question of the intertwining of love (as the awakening and celebration of life - eros) and dying, i.e. death (as the end - Thanatos). Through poetry, Osti talks about human nature, about the fact that we are all, no matter how different from each other, made of the same elements: mortality, but also a renewing love for life and other people. This is a book about a man as he should be, a book about diversity, which opposes uniformity, accepting (and coming to terms with) the World. Two key questions come to mind while reading this book: is Osti's center of love a refuge from loneliness, and is it possible for death to be the trigger of new love? Is love how one can reach a sublime state of happiness and fulfillment? We try to offer possible answers to these questions as well as show the types of love the book is about. And all those answers in our research are sublimated into one: the collection of poems On the Cross of Love appears as an Orphean parable about the inseparability of Eros and Thanatos.

What makes people feel loved? An exploratory study on core elements of love across family, romantic, and friend relationships.

With research long focusing on distinct characteristics of different love types, little is known about love as a general feeling across relationship contexts. To explore the core elements of love as perceived by laypeople and whether these elements weigh differently in different relationships, grounded theory was used to analyze open-ended responses from 468 individuals about their feeling loved in family, romantic, and friend relationships. Results indicated that the feeling of love is an interpersonal process in which one receives positive responsiveness from the other and experiences an authentic connection with the other, consistently across conditions and time (i.e., in a sense of stability); three core elements were shared across family, romantic, and friend relationships. Chi-square independence tests revealed differentiated weights for love elements in three relationships, which corresponded to the prototypical love definition in family, romantic, and friend relationships. Findings suggested an integrated theoretical conceptualization of love as a shared feeling and asset across relationships, which provided important insights on love conceptualization, assessment, and study design, as well as implications for the treatment of dysfunctional relationships, best practices in daily interpersonal interactions, and improvement in intervention and therapy.

Pláticas as a methodological praxis of love

In this paper, I explore how pláticas allowed for my former high school students and I to conceptualize love. This work is a response to overwhelming statistics regarding child trauma and literature that named loving relationships as a pivotal but under-conceptualized intervention. Specifically, we participated in three different iterations of pláticas: communal, peer, and individual. Through our plática structures and commitments to safety, accountability, and joy, we were able to conceptualize love and ultimately argue that based on the similarities between the five tenets of Chicana Feminist pláticas and our definition of love, that pláticas can not only serve as a methodological praxis that challenges centuries of epistemological and methodological harm but also serve to foster the type of love that is integral to the well-being of our communities.

Conceptions of love in middle age literature: case of Aucassin and Nicolette

The present study deals with the conceptions of love in medieval literature, more specifically with the case of Aucassin and Nicolette. The aim is to highlight the various facets of love that the two heroes Aucassin and Nicolette have shown in the narrative. In order to re-store the quintessence of the results of this study, we had to apply a mixture of three approaches, on the one hand the prospective and descriptive approaches, and on the other hand the socio-critical approach. The results obtained clearly showed the physiognomy and the polysemy of love expressed by the two young lovers Aucassin and Nicolette. These two linked destinies have expressed different types of love: a juvenile or infantile love, thwarted by their parents, an idyllic, a fairy or a dreamlike one, a fictitious love and a chivalrous one, an inseparable and initiatory love-sickness, a love-folly, a possible love.

The meaning of love and its bittersweet nature

Love is the core of human experience and central to our meaning in life and wellbeing, yet it is also a complex concept full of ambiguity and contradiction. The main purpose of this paper is fourfold: Firstly, we want to clarify questions such as ‘What is the meaning of love?’ and ‘Why is meaning of love so important to us?’ Secondly, we want to explain why love is both suffering and essential for our happiness and mental health. Thirdly, we identify the major types of love and clarify which types are constructive and which are destructive. We also identify the key dimensions of true love. Finally, we emphasise that love does not always mean happiness; rather, it is meant to be a school to teach us important lessons and to make us complete. Therefore, we need to embrace suffering and at the same time cultivate the constructive types of love to improve our mental health and to make the world a more compassionate place.

Представление о любви в древнегреческой философии и его отражение в произведениях русской классической литературы

This article is devoted to the study of the theme of love in ancient Greek philosophy, as well as its reflection in the works of Russian classical literature. While in the Russian language, one capacious word is used to denote a whole range of human feelings and emotions - "love", in the Greek lan The idea of love in ancient Greek philosophy and its reflection in the works of Russian classical literature.guage there are several words describing different types of love at once. Eros, Philia, Mania, Stroge, Ludus, Pragma, Agape - each of these terms carries a specific understanding of a particular shade of love experienced by a person. And sometimes these shades can contain completely opposite meanings. The article examines the types of love in ancient philosophy, reveals their characteristic features and differences. The author also analyzes the works of Russian classical literature, interprets the feelings of the heroes of the works according to the ancient classification of the concept of love.

LOVE AMONG OLDER AFRICAN AMERICAN COUPLES: AN ACTOR PARTNER INTERDEPENDENCE MODEL ANALYSIS

Abstract Older women are often described as being asexual and uninterested in sex or intimacy (McHugh & Interligi, 2015). Thus, most research examining older couples describes those couples as primarily enjoying companionate or compassionate love – a type of love reflecting care and concern for another person (Allen et al., 2018). Unlike companionate or compassionate love, passionate love refers to a “state of intense longing for union with another” (Hatfield & Rapson, 1993, p. 67). Relatively little is known about passionate love and older couples (Hatfield & Rapson, 1993); moreover, far less is known about passionate love among African American older couples. Using data collected from African American couples (332 couples aged 20 to 39 and 90 couples aged 40 to 79), Actor-Partner Interdependence Models were used. For both age groups, 20 to 39 and 40 to 79, husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality were significantly associated with each other at Time 1. Husbands’ and wives’ reports of passionate love (assessed at Time 2) were not significantly associated with each other – for either age group under study. Cross paths (partner effects) were not significant for either of the two age groups; wives’ marital quality (Time 1) did not significantly predict husbands’ passionate love (Time 2), nor did husbands’ marital quality (Time 1) predict wives passionate love (Time 2). It is important to note that the older and younger age groups exhibited a similar pattern of results, suggesting that passion and physical intimacy may operate in similar ways for both.

Investigating the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Types of Love in Married Employees

Purpose: In this research, have role of attachment styles in the types of love in married welfare workers of the city Tehran has been investigated. Methodology: The current research method was quantitative and correlational. The statistical population of this research includes all married welfare employees of Tehran province and the research sample in this research concludes 300 married women and men who were employees of human welfare organization of Tehran. The sampling method was random sampling. Two questionnaires were used in this research. One of the questionnaires is the Love Attitude Questionnaire (LAS) (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1986) and the second questionnaire is the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAS) (Hazen & shaver, 1987). The obtained information was analyzed using SPSS statistical software and various statistical methods such as correlation coefficients, chi-square, analysis of variance F and gamma correlation coefficients, and multivariate regression. Findings: The findings showed that there was no gender difference in the type of Eros love between women and men. The most kind of love Both in women and in men, is in Eros love. Ludu0s love can be explained by secure affectionate style. There is also a relationship between Storg’s love and avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Pragma love cannot be predicted through attachment styles and gender, and the relationship between the two was not found. Anxious and insecure- ambivalent attached style can predict the love of Mania. The relationship between attachment styles and Agape love showed that the anxious- ambivalent insecure attachment style can predict agape love. Conclusion: The results obtained from the findings of the current research on the relationship between attachment styles and agape love showed that the anxious- ambivalent insecure attachment style can predict agape love, so people who have an anxious- ambivalent attachment style are more likely to have a tendency to have agape love.

Tholkappiyam's Theory of Love-Theme

To understand the status of life messages in Tamil grammar, the information on the studies of premarital relationships and female chastity through Agatthinai constitutes the best data in this article. In grammatical texts, there is an abundance of information on premarital relationships and female chastity in the love-theme (Agapporul) subject areas. Literature involves grammar within itself. Grammar texts are interpreted as describing the nature of literary material. Literary principles can be seen more clearly and easily in grammar texts than in broader literature. It becomes important to look at the theory and explanations of the agathinai messages as stated in the grammar books before examining them from the literature. The primary purpose of this article is to see how Tholkappiyar formulated the principles and definitions of the Agatthinai. How the ancient Tamils followed these premarital relationships and female chastity ideas can be used for future research. In that Tholkapiyam, love-theme (Agapporul), a treatise that deals with the traditions of love-theme (Agathinai), events related to love, kinds of Agathinai depending on types of love, people of Agathinai, the structure of Agathinai songs, etc., are mostly spoken of in Porulathikaram (the part that deals with the subject matter). It is not known to what extent they have been followed in Sangam literature. The purpose of prioritizing the Sangam literature here is that Tolkappiyar has grammaticalized the messages that appeared before and after the Sangam literature. Thus, the Sangam literature contains all of the thoughts on life that are not known in Tolkappiyam

Erich Fromm's Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychology of Character in Mu'tamar Al-Hub's short story "In a Love Banquet" by Taufiq Al-Hakim

The short story entitled Mu'tamar Al-Hub by Taufiq Al-Hakim is a short story that contains the theme of love. The short story is interesting because it contains different views on the understanding of love. This study examines the psychology of the character in the short story which focuses on the characteristics of each character's love. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with the psychoanalytic theory of Erich Fromm. In this study, researchers found two divisions of the psychology of love in the short story character Mu'tamar Al-Hub. That is, found four forms of essential elements of love and five forms of objects of love. First, the researcher found the psychology of journalist characters who showed an attitude of concern, and responsibility and included in the type of erotic love. Second, the psychology of the musician character shows responsibility and the type of love in the form of motherly love. Third, the psychology of the poet’s character shows the respect and love included in the category of brotherly love and erotic love. Fourth, the psychology of the female character shows that there are aspects of her knowledge and love character in the form of self-love

The Qualities of Romantic Relationships and Emotional Creativity of Hetero- and Homosexual Couples Representatives - Do They Love Differently in the Female Sexual Minority?

Studies of the characteristics of hetero- and homosexual couples relationships are fragmentary. Modern Ukrainian society remains insufficiently aware of this issue, which leads to the stigmatization of a person because of his sexual orientation. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between emotional creativity and the quality of love relationships in hetero- and homosexual couples. The sample consisted of 20 heterosexual and 20 homosexual female couples (60 women and 20 men) aged 18-40. R. Sternberg's "Triangular Scale of Love", J. Avrill's questionnaire "Emotional Creativity", S. Khedrik's and K. Khedrik's "Psychological Types of Love" questionnaire, T. Rumyantseva's "Circle of Relationships" projective method (2006) were used for diagnosis. It was found out that regardless of sexual orientation, partners in romantic relationships are characterized by the same pronounced emotional creativity and have the similar quality of love relationships. It was determined that love-friendship prevails in all pairs, they also have partially symbiotic relationships, which are more pronounced in some heterosexual couples. Homosexual couples are characterized by more symmetrical relationships, although, as in heterosexual couples, there is a reaction of alienation in response to an attempt to build a symbiotic relationship by another partner. The revealed connections of emotions novelty with love obsession in lesbians and love pragmatism in heterosexual couples indicate the specificity of this emotional creativity component manifestation depending on the sexual orientation of the couples.

Commonalities and differences between schemas of five types of love

AbstractThe present study sought to map schemas of five types of love and characterize their commonalities and differences in the Brazilian context. Two studies were carried out sequentially. In Study 1, 537 adults answered open‐ended questions about friends' love, romantic love, parental love, filial love, and self‐love. Responses for descriptions of the different types of love were grouped into 29 thematic categories. In Study 2, we tested the degree of representativeness of these 29 categories for the five types of love. Five hundred thirteen adults from all regions of Brazil participated. Results from two studies showed that each type of love has peculiarities that distinguish them from the others and that “understanding” is the common core of all types of love.

The Neurobiological Basis of Love: A Meta-Analysis of Human Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Maternal and Passionate Love.

Maternal and passionate love are both crucial for reproduction and involve attachment behaviors with high rewards. Neurobiological studies of attachment in animal and human neuroimaging studies have suggested that the coordination of oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic pathways, coupled with the dopaminergic reward system, contribute to the formation and maintenance of maternal and passionate love. In the present study, we carried out a quantitative meta-analysis of human neuroimaging to identify common and dissociable neural substrates associated with maternal and passionate love, using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach. The ALE results showed significant activation of the brain regions in the left ventral tegmental area (VTA), right thalamus, left substantia nigra, and the left putamen for maternal love, but in the bilateral VTA for passionate love. The meta-analytic neuroimaging evidence suggests the greater involvement of cognitive–affective regulation in maternal attachment and the greater desire to combine liking and wanting in romantic love behaviors. The conjunction analysis highlights the functional convergence of the VTA across the two types of human love, indicating a shared neurobiological mechanism of maternal and passionate love with evolutionary roots. Our findings suggest that the processing of both maternal and passionate love involve the affective and motivational regulation associated with dopaminergic systems; our neuroimaging evidence supports the notion that maternal and passionate love share a common evolutionary origin and neurobiological basis in the human brain.

Reflexion as the Factor in Shaping Attitudes Towards Love and Sex at Adolescence

IntroductionВuilding psychologically close relationships with the partner is an important task of development in adolescence. Dysfunctional relationships is a source of stress, can lead to mental disorder. Reflection is a mental (rational) process aimed at analyzing, understanding, realizing oneself: one’s own actions, behavior, speech, experience, feelings, states; reflexion is a condition of orientation in interpersonal relations, formation of attitudes, perceptions, values, refinement and formation of self and partner image.ObjectivesThe aim was to study the reflection role in of the romantic relationship attitudes formation at adolescence.MethodsThe techniques were completed by 84 students 17-21 age (M = 19.23; SD=1,21; M/F= 83.3 / 16.7 %) 1. Attitudes About Love and Sex by C. Hendrick and S. Hendrick (Ekimchik, 2007) 2. Differential Test of Reflection (Osin, Leontiev, 2014) 3. Reflexivity Questionnaire (Karpov, 2004).ResultsThe dominant types of reflection are «Systemic reflection» and «Reflexivity of future activity» (A.V. Karpov), which correlates with age-related developmental tasks. «Reflexivity of communication and interaction with others» is found at a rather low level. Cluster analysis highlighted three groups of respondents with different types of reflection: «reflexive» (40 %), «dreamers» (36 %), «communicative» (24 %). The most pronounced types of love are Eros and Agape. There are significant differences in the expression of the love style in three groups of respondents (H-criterion Kraskel-Wallis).ConclusionsReflexion features are a factor in the formation of the cognitive-behavioral component of a love in adolescence. Optimal type of reflexion creates conditions for prevention of destructive relationships in youth.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Non-harmonious love

ABSTRACT A common approach in the philosophy of love defines love as caring about one another and promoting one another's interests, aims and values. The view faces several problems and has been re-formulated to avoid them. However, here I argue that a larger re-formulation of the definition of love is needed in order to accommodate three instances of what I call 'non-harmonious' relationships. I identify three types of non-harmonious love (featuring problematic interests, opposing interests and neutral interests the lovers do not care about) and ultimately claim that our definition of love must incorporate conflict and self-interest, and we should then abandon the excessive focus on the sharing of values.

Love in Aladdin Movie Directed by Guy Ritchie

Love is an emotion or positive feeling like affection, sacrifice, and trust contained in human beings aimed at other human or other objects that are around it. In other words, love is sharing affection, struggle, and complement each other. The purpose of this research are to identify characteristics of love, types of love, and moral message in Aladdin Movie directed by Guy Ritchie. This research used descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The data are the scenes and the dialogs of the main character that contains the characteristic of love, types of love. The result of this study reveal that: (1) There are 3 characteristics of love in Aladdin movie, they are trust, healing, and teamwork. (2) There 7 types of love in Aladdin movie, there are eros, philia, storge, agape, ludus, pragma, and philautia. (3) The moral message contained in the movie; the true love has their ways to find their soul. Aladdin falling in love with Princess Jasmine. Although, there are a lot of problems and in difficult condition, finally, Aladdin got the Princess Jasmine’s love.