Type Of Livelihood Research Articles

Migration and erosion in tidal and river channels in Bangladesh

Environmental stressors and natural disasters are changing the physical landscapes in many countries worldwide. In this paper, we ask whether and how erosion affects internal and international migration in Bangladesh. Building on prior studies, we use data from 3,600 households in 18 research sites to investigate how erosion in tidal and river channels is related to the risk of making a first internal or international trip, net of extreme weather conditions and other relevant attributes. Findings reveal that the relationship between erosion and the likelihood of making a first domestic or international trip is moderated by livelihood type and landownership. As erosion worsens, the odds ofmaking a first domestic trip rise for non-agricultural non-landowning household heads and decline for landowners working in agriculture. Estimated lifetime probabilities of making a first domestic trip are higher than those of making a first international trip, with non-agricultural non-landowners having the highest probabilities and agricultural landowners having the lowest. Together, the evidence suggests that shifts in physical landscapes, especially erosion, are tightly linked to out-migration through ties to land.

Evaluation and influencing factors of ecological resilience in tourism villages from farmers’ perspectives: a case study of Chinese minority settlement areas

Rural social-ecological systems have been significantly impacted by the development of rural tourism, creating substantial challenges for the synergistic development of rural ecological restoration and agricultural workers’ household livelihoods. In alignment with the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration action plan, it is crucial to understand the ecological resilience of tourism villages from the perspective of farmers to achieve sustainable development. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted in this study to gather livelihood data from farmers in tourism villages in Xiangxi, China, a region primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities. A measurement index system for the ecological resilience of rural tourism was constructed based on the three dimensions: pressure, state, and response. A comprehensive index method was employed for quantitative evaluation, and influencing factors were analyzed using an obstacle model. The results show that farmers’ livelihoods can be divided into four types: tourism-led, labor-led, agriculture-led, and part-time tourism-based. Their ecological resilience indices are 0.4516, 0.4177, 0.4001, and 0.4590, respectively, representing an overall intermediate level. There are differences in various indices for different livelihood types, with the highest stress index observed in labor-led farmers (0.1655), the highest state index in agriculture-led farming households (0.1585), and the highest response index in tourism-led farming households (0.1766). Common obstacles to the ecological resilience of farmers and their villages include the number of family members engaged in tourism work, the area of forest land, and the farmers’ understanding of ecological policies affecting them. Additionally, core family members’ education levels and the area of homesteads emerged as important obstacle factors. Based on these research findings, recommendations are proposed to enhance the ecological resilience of rural farmer households in the tourism villages of ethnic minority areas. The aim is to provide valuable case studies for promoting the sustainable development of rural tourism in underdeveloped regions worldwide.

Changes in livelihood assets due to the intervention of a development project: A case study at Khutamara Union, Bangladesh

Presently, any development initiatives without considering sustainability can barely be imagined. There has been a paradigm shift in the focus of the development partners from the mere development to sustainable development. However, the role of development partners in bringing sustainability in livelihood assets of the rural community has long been questioned. Hence, this study aims to explore the sustainability in the form of changes in livelihood assets of a local community in Bangladesh. This study considers the changes in livelihood assets of the community over the three-time frames - before, during, and after a project implemented by a national NGO called ‘UST’ and subsequently identifies the community’s capacity to sustain the project outcomes after the completion of the project. ‘Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)’ developed by Department for International Development (DFID) was utilized in this study to analyse the vulnerability and livelihood issues of the community members. Data has been collected through focus group discussions, household survey and key informants’ interviews from three distinct villages of ‘Khutamara’ union in the ‘Nilphamari’ district of Bangladesh. The finding of the study states that all the livelihood assets such as the social capital, human capital, natural capital, financial capital, physical capital have positively changed due to the interference of the development partners. This study further finds that even after the completion of project tenure, such positive trends continue to exist among the community members indicating sustainable development. Moreover, political capital- a new type of livelihood has also emerged because of the project implementation which was not quite evident before the inception of the project. In addition, this study explored the unique phenomenon of the Shabolombee Gram, where the transformation altering farmers’, livelihoods does not come from the government or the private sector but originates from a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). Therefore, the government and its development partners may adopt and incorporate the Modified Sustainable Livelihood Framework (MSLF) to ensure the sustainable development.

Evaluation of rural ecological resilience from the perspective of communities and farmers: a study on Laochehe ethnic minority village in China

The ecological problems of tourism villages in the context of globalization cannot be ignored. Rural tourism has destroyed the rural ecological environment, and it is of great significance to explore the ecological resilience of tourism villages to achieve sustainable development. This study introduces an analytical framework with which to assess the ecological resilience of rural tourism locales, focusing on micro-level perspectives involving communities and farmers. Ecosystem service values and a comprehensive index are utilized as proxies to characterize ecological resilience, and its evolutionary characteristics and mechanisms are investigated. The results are as follows. (1) From the community perspective, rural land use has changed significantly from the agricultural function to the tourism compound function. During this transition, the ecological resilience index has decreased by 2.05 × 106. (2) From the perspective of farmers, the rural ecological resilience index and various dimensional indices have altogether increased. Notably, the transformation capability index has increased by 30.34%, the interference capability index has increased by 21.78%, and the response capability index has increased by 14.72%. The ecological resilience indices for different livelihood types, from highest to lowest, are ranked as follows: tourism-oriented farmers (0.4412), tourism-participating farmers (0.4274), and migrant-oriented farmers (0.4066). (3) Socio-economic factors and farmers’ livelihoods lead to the imbalance of the rural social ecosystem. The adaptive transformation of tourism villages has facilitated the dynamic evolution of ecological resilience. This study contributes to the enrichment of ecological resilience research perspectives and may offer valuable insights for the sustainable development of tourism villages in similarly developing countries around the world.

Local social-ecological context explains seasonal rural-rural migration of the poorest in south-west Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Internal migration is often presented as a response to environmental degradation. Here, using a people-centred perspective, we explore the complexity of the links between climate-induced change, environmental degradation caused by waterlogging and seasonal rural migration. We used an inductive qualitative approach in social sciences, conducting fourteen semi-directed interviews and six focus group discussions in March-April 2022. We related those results to a rainfall analysis on CHIRPS data for 1981-2021and we represented interactions and feedback between changes and livelihoods in a model. A complex picture of the situation is emerging, showing the interweaving effects of non-climatic and climatic changes, their interplay at different scales, their cumulative effects, the interactions between livelihood types and feedback between social and natural systems. Most of the climate-induced changes gradually become noticeable over the past 25 years. Climate data confirm these changes in recent decades, with July being wetter and January being dryer. Villagers reported waterlogging as the most significant change in their community, pointing to its multiple causes, originating in non-local and local, non-climatic anthropic changes, exacerbated by shrimp farm enclosures and worsened by climate-induced changes such as heavier rains, wetter monsoons and cyclones. Tiger prawn farms, reported as a lucrative and local adaptation to waterlogging and salinisation for the ones who can afford it, worsen the situation for the less wealthy, causing waterlogging and salinisation of the adjacent agricultural lands and buildings, the disappearance of traditional fishing and a reduction of the local job market. In addition, erratic rain patterns, droughts and cyclones affect local production and labour markets. COVID-19 lockdowns, by impacting markets and mobilities, further aggravated the situation. Inequality has increased as the range of adaptations of the less wealthy appears limited in this context of multiple crises.

Social and cultural impacts of the Selo hiking trail in Mount Merbabu National Park: a case study on community interaction and sustainable tourism development

Background: Mount Merbabu is one of the natural attractions in Central Java that attracts local and foreign tourists with the Selo Trail as the most popular climbing route for tourists. The number of tourist visits on the Selo Hiking Trail has increased significantly every year. Tourism activities on the Selo Hiking Trail have a social and economic impact on the surrounding community, both directly and indirectly. Methods: This study aims to analyze the social and cultural impacts of climbing tourism activities on the Selo Climbing Trail, Mount Merbabu National Park (TNGMb), Central Java. The analysis method used is descriptive qualitative analysis with a Likert scale. Results: The results showed that tourism development in the Selo Hiking Trail had a significant impact on the level of community cooperation, social values, and livelihoods. The level of cooperation between communities increased, which was reflected in the formation of joint businesses and community activities. The social and cultural values of the community have changed, including the style of language and dress. In addition, there has been an increase in the number of livelihood types and community incomes. However, crime and violence around the tourism area are considered low. Findings: This study concludes that hiking tourism activities on the Selo Hiking Trail have a significant positive impact on the social and economy of the local community, while maintaining the sustainability and wisdom of local culture needs to be a concern in sustainable tourism management.

대졸 청년층의 대학 재학 중 일 경험이 첫 일자리 직무만족도에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study was conducted to verify the effect of in-school work experience on job satisfaction in the first job among college graduates and to explore how the purpose of work experience while in school and the rele-vance of the major affect job satisfaction in the first job.
 Methods To do this, causal forests were applied to the 2020 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) to examine the average treatment effect of in-school work experience on the job satisfaction of the first employment. Additionally, heterogeneous treatment effects were explored based on personal backgrounds, col-lege factors, job preparation, and characteristics of the first job among college graduates. Furthermore, hier-archical regression analysis was applied to control for variables that were significant in the heterogeneous treat-ment effects and to verify the effects of the purpose of work experience and the relevance of the major on job sat-isfaction in the first job.
 Results First, the average treatment effect of work experience during college had a positive effect on job sat-isfaction in the first job. Second, the heterogeneous treatment effect of college location was significant, with some regions showing a decreasing effect of in-school work experience on job satisfaction in the first job. Third, livelihood type work experience has a negative effect on job satisfaction in the first job. Fourth, the relevance of work experience to the major had a positive effect on job satisfaction in the first job.
 Conclusions Based on the findings, implications and policy implications of the study were discussed.

A STUDY ON CULTURAL & INDIGENOUS FISHERY BUSINESS IN BATARDRAVA REGION OF NOGAON DISTRICT OF ASSAM, INDIA

The fishery sector plays an important role in sphere of culture specific business of people of Assam. The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing processing, preserving storing, transporting marketing or selling fish products. Fishes are important element of Assamese life and culture.Those play a pivotal role in the socio-economic development and employment generation in Assam. This study aims to discuss socio-economic profile of indigenous fish cultivators, the different type of livelihood associated with it and the challenges faced by them. The study was conducted in Rowmari, Katahguri, Balijan, TunukaBori, Tuktuki and Silpukhuri villages which are in Batadrava block under Nagaon district.Primary data are collected from 60 respondents through well-structured schedule.The major findings were low literacy rates, Less technical exposure and non- participation of women folks. Further challenges and suggestions are discussed.

Improving Farmer Livelihood Resilience to Climate Change in Rural Areas of Inner Mongolia, China

This study evaluates how resilient farmers’ livelihoods are to climate change and what factors influence this resilience. To measure resilience, we constructed an indicator system based on the livelihood resilience analysis framework. We surveyed 42 experts and 630 farmers after a climate change disturbance in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, from August to October 2021, and analyzed these data using the comprehensive index method. Meanwhile, we used a multiple linear regression model to analyze the key factors affecting farmer livelihood resilience across different livelihood types and towns. We found that farmers who primarily worked in agriculture had the highest resilience scores and that livelihood resilience differed by geographical location; specifically, livelihood resilience gradually declines from southern to northern areas and from forest and forest-grassland to grassland locations. The results also show that education level, agricultural technology training, transportation infrastructure, accessibility of information, awareness of climate change, climate change perception, change in livelihood strategies, family size, and the holding size of the arable area are positively associated with farmer livelihood resilience, while household head age is negatively associated with resilience. We therefore advise that policymakers should diversify agricultural livelihoods, afforest surrounding arable areas, improve transportation infrastructure, increase learning activities and skill training for farmers, and publicize climate change knowledge.

Examining the carbon emission impact of livelihood transitions in pro‐poor tourism

AbstractThis study examines carbon dioxide (CO2) emission changes from livelihood transitions during tourism development to assess the environmental impact of pro‐poor tourism (PPT) in China. The results indicate that livelihood transitions during PPT increased household income but also produced more CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions vary depending on factors including livelihood types after transition, income and household sizes, etc. The CO2 per unit of income from tourism‐based livelihoods is higher than from non‐tourism‐based livelihoods. Different livelihood strategies post transition also affect emissions. Practical suggestions that may mitigate emissions while not compromising residents’ income levels are provided.

Identification of Non-Impact Livelihoods on Mangrove Resources in Can Gio, Vietnam

There are several negative impacts on mangrove resources related to 11 existing livelihoods in Can Gio district, where socio-economic development has created many changes in livelihood conditions and ecological environment of the mangrove forests [1]. As a result, the study focuses on identifying and selecting livelihood types that have no impacts on mangrove resources based on primary data collected from 537 structured questionnaires and 45 in-depth interviews with experts, forest keepers and local households about understanding of the activities of 11 current livelihoods and environmental conditions of the study areas in the past 10 years.Qualitative data analysis, non-impact livelihood scale and AHP analysis allow the analysis and identification of 6 livelihood types appropriate for the goal of avoiding mangrove resource degradation to conserve, maintain, and sustainably develop mangrove ecosystems for Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve.

Assessment of Livelihood Activities of Beneficiaries of Village Alive Development Initiative, Kwara State, Nigeria

The study assessed the livelihood activities of beneficiaries of Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) in Kwara State, Nigeria. It specifically identified the types of livelihood of beneficiaries in the study area and assessed how the programme benefited rural communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaire administered to fifty-seven beneficiaries using three-stage sampling technique. Data generated were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study revealed that the age bracket is uniformly distributed across the age groups with greater proportion (37.78%) of the respondents’ ages falling within the age bracket of above 56years.Majority of the respondents were married (91.11%) and educational exposure (84.4%). Also, about 25% (11) of the respondents earned less than ₦100,000 annually and (77.27%) made use of their personal savings to run their enterprises. The majority of farmers engaged in crop production (77.27%) and plant grains (57.14%) as their major crop produce. Also, majority (72.09%) of the Community farmers had no access to credit facilities and nearly half of the respondents (46.51%) did not practice record keeping. The study further showed that majority (56.1%) adopted the banking savings as their preferred mode of saving and (83.33%) do not belong to any existing groups and cooperatives. (64%) had never participated in any agricultural and rural development project. The study found out that access to credit facilities was the major interest of communities and existing groups were not strong enough to control market or operate as pressure group to influence access to credit facilities. Thus, the study recommends a simple and functional micro credit delivery system to the farmers in order to enable them access loan for their businesses, there should be awareness of the project in order to increase and strengthen their livelihood activities.

Does Livelihood Determine Attitude? The Impact of Farmers’ Livelihood Capital on the Performance of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management: An Empirical Investigation in Yilong Lake Basin, China

Agricultural non-point source pollution is intricately connected to the rural population’s production and lifestyle. The heterogeneous composition of livelihood capital results in varied livelihood types, influencing the farmers’ attitudes and perceptions of the treatment projects. This ultimately causes discrepancies in the farmers’ evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution control. In this study, a participatory evaluation method was employed to evaluate the performance of agricultural non-point source pollution control projects in the Yilong Lake Watershed of Yunnan Province and analyze the underlying reasons for the differing performance evaluations. The findings revealed that pure farmers’ performance evaluation value for agricultural non-point source pollution control projects in Yilong Lake Basin was 0.4811 (with the full mark being 1), with a general evaluation grade. Part-time business households had a performance evaluation value of 0.5969, also with a general evaluation grade, while non-farmers had a performance evaluation value of 0.7057, with a good evaluation grade. The performance evaluation value ranked from highest to lowest is non-farmer > part-time farmer > pure farmer. The main factor affecting the variation in farmers’ performance evaluation is the key index of different livelihood capital. If pollution control projects can promote the adjustment of farmers’ livelihood capital types, it can enhance not only the performance evaluation degree of farmers, but also the sustainability of farmers’ livelihoods and increase their adaptability to livelihood risks. Therefore, pollution control projects should consider farmers’ livelihood capital types and be implemented accurately to improve farmers’ satisfaction and sustainability.

Financial Management with the Sakinah Finance Model for Coastal Communities

The majority of household financial management in the North Coast community is carried out by housewives. North coast communities are closely related to the type of livelihood they have. The treatment of the provision of finance in each household is very varied. This can be seen from the point of view of the amount of income, hobbies, lifestyle and passion that each household has. Communities on the north coast of Java tend to prioritize primary needs over secondary and tertiary needs. The coastal community of Paciran Lamongan village prioritizes managing income, managing needs, managing contingencies, managing dreams and managing surplus/deficit.

How does conservation land tenure affect economic impacts of wildlife: An analysis of subsistence farmers and herders in Bhutan

Protected areas (PA) to conserve wildlife are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation but they can also result in increased human-wildlife conflict (HWC), which poses a serious challenge to jointly achieving sustainable development goals of food security and biodiversity conservation, particular in regions with high conservation values and subsistence farmers. In the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan, expanding PAs and other conservation efforts have led to increased wildlife populations that are causing more damage to crop and livestock and impacting on the livelihoods of subsistence farmers and herders. In this study, we used a social-ecological systems framework to quantify the intensity this impact and associated economic losses with identified wildlife species and compared differences between livelihood types (crop farming versus livestock husbandry) and land tenure (inside versus outside protected areas). Results indicated that Meso-scale wildlife species that are not the focus of conservation caused higher economic losses. Approximately 43% of total economic loss through crop depredation was attributed to wild pig (Sus scrofa) and 56% of the total economic loss through livestock predation was caused by wild dogs (Cuon alpinus). Losses borne by respondents whose livelihoods depend mainly on livestock were significantly higher, with a mean loss equivalent to US$1328 per household per annum, than those depending on crop production (US$171 per household per annum). Economic losses incurred through crop and livestock depredation were significantly higher for the respondents residing inside PAs, which is attributed by those households to a perceived increase in wildlife populations because of conservation policies. Interventions for prevention and mitigation of these impacts should recognize these varying unintended effects of wildlife and be better targeted at groups living in different parts of the landscape. These include expanding compensation scheme to losses caused by wild dogs and pigs, supporting ecotourism ventures within PAs to diversify income options and introducing control measures for these animals.

The influence of tourism development on rural residents' livelihood type and characteristics under the goal of common prosperity

The influence of tourism development on rural residents' livelihood type and characteristics under the goal of common prosperity

Sustainable livelihoods analysis in the Tonle Sap Lake and its floodplain, Cambodia

Tonle Sap Lake is the largest body of freshwater in Southeast Asia, benefiting millions of Cambodians. Yet, the lake is under increasing pressure, causing great concern for hundreds of communities depending on the bounty of its natural resources. This research analyzed types of employment, sustainable livelihood, and provision mechanisms in the fishing communities in Tonle Sap Lake. Household surveys were deployed to collect quantitative data from 505 households, and participatory approaches were applied to collect qualitative data through key informants and group discussions. The research findings supported four main conclusions. First, agricultural jobs remained the dominant mode of employment for the villagers in the communities surrounding the Tonle Sap, followed by fishing. For example, fishing was the mode of work for (33.7%), rice farming for (24.2%), and horticulture for (11.7%). Fishery and rice farming played an essential role in daily livelihoods. Second, however, the villagers' livelihoods were not yet fully sustainable. Their daily income per capita (9,199.7 Khmer Riels) was not significantly lower or higher than the rural poverty line (8,908 Khmer Riels), at t (504) = 0.499, P = 0.618. Moreover, their daily income was significantly lower than the national poverty line (10,951 Khmer Riels) set by the Ministry of Planning in 2021, at t (504) = -2.997, P = 0.003. Third, the villagers’ livelihoods were constrained by limited access to the five livelihood assets, specifically, professional skills and social assets, support mechanisms to create alternative livelihoods, and local livelihood strategies. Fourth, the existing support mechanisms do not function to improve access to the five assets and engender local strategies for reducing vulnerabilities. Some suggestions are given to enhance sustainable livelihoods related to increased access to the five assets. Access to the five assets for sustainable livelihoods is required to establish robust support mechanisms for all the key stakeholders, which include government agencies, NGOs, and communities. Alternative livelihoods were found to be a viable option to decrease the burden on natural resources and improve sustainable livelihoods.

Agricultural Livelihood Types and Type-Specific Drivers of Crop Production Diversification: Evidence from Aral Sea Basin Region

Understanding the factors driving the farmers’ decisions to diversify their crop production is important for management strategies and policies promoting climate-smart agricultural development. Options for diversification and its associated drivers might be shaped by livelihood context, and it remains as a general gap in knowledge. This study aimed to reveal the driving factors behind households’ decisions to diversify their crops in different livelihood contexts. This information could be useful to inform stakeholders on a set of context-fitted options for improving natural resources and rural livelihood resilience to climatic variability and risks. This study applied the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) to guide surveys and multivariate analyses that identified agricultural livelihood context types at the village level, and also evaluated both the common and type-specific drivers encouraging households to diversify their agricultural production in two rural villages in the Aral Sea region. This study objectively identified three distinct agricultural livelihood types and the main factors differentiating these types from each other. When the total sampled population was analyzed, the results indicated that the agricultural experience of the household heads, levels of education, sources of income, number of cattle and land endowments, and proximity to markets were common and significant drivers in diversifying these households’ crop production. Analyzing the decisions behind diversifying crop production for each agricultural livelihood type revealed type-specific drivers of diversification. The findings suggested that considering both common and type-specific drivers of diversification would allow better understanding of household decisions and provide more insights to develop effective policies promoting climate-smart agriculture through diversification, rather than continuing to use the current “uniform blanket” approach.

The Dominant Livelihood Types of Farm Households and Their Determinants in Key Ecological Function Areas

The dominant livelihood types of farm households have become increasingly differentiated in recent years, which has attracted the attention of researchers. Identifying the characteristics and driving factors of household livelihood differentiation is of great significance for revealing man-land relationship and policy making. Based on the interview data of farm households in typical villages in key ecological function areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, we analyzed the pattern of the dominant diversified livelihood types and the livelihood characteristics among different farm households. Then we assessed the driving forces of livelihood diversification by optimal scaling regression. The results indicated that: (1) In the study area, the dominant livelihood types show two trends of agriculturally dominant livelihood (accounting for 53.07%) and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood (accounting for 46.93%). Moreover, farm households in the agro-pastoral areas are mainly agriculturally dominated (accounting for 75.68%), while farm households in the mountainous areas are mainly non-agriculturally dominated (accounting for 66.93%). (2) The labor allocation and income source of different types of farm households are consistent with their dominant livelihood types. The farm households with agriculturally dominant livelihoods have more natural resources than those with non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods. In terms of housing conditions, farm households with agriculturally dominant livelihoods are inferior to those with non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods. (3) The farm labor, dependency ratio, agricultural income, supplemental income and locational conditions have negative impacts on the non-agricultural trend of farm household livelihood decisions, while off-farm labor, non-farm income, education level and the per capita amount of compensation have significant positive impacts on it.

The gendered dimensions of London’s last bubonic plague epidemic 1665–1666

ABSTRACT There was a female bias in deaths during metropolitan London’s last epidemic of bubonic plague. This was unusual for the period and place, for on an annual basis, male deaths typically exceeded female deaths, a pattern that included prior plague years. This study examines this gender bias in mortality during the 1665–1666 epidemic through statistical analyses and a review of prior studies. Analyses of mortality data obtained from the London Bills of Mortality for the epidemic and the period reveal how unlikely female deaths exceeding male deaths was for early modern London. The historical studies are consulted to gain insights into insights into differential exposure to the disease based on gender. Greater female vulnerability accounts for the anomalous parity of female and male deaths. Increased deaths from childbed during the plague year drove the convergence of female and male deaths, and plague was likely a contributing factor in these deaths. Moreover, gendered divisions of labour based on the types of livelihoods afforded women compared to men, as well as the tasks assigned to recipients of public relief during the epidemic, resulted in greater exposure of women to plague. These drove up the proportion of female deaths during the plague year.