Types Of Fabrics Research Articles

Matrix deformation of marls in a foreland fold-and-thrust belt: The example of the eastern Jaca basin, southern Pyrenees

In this study, we used the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) to investigate the matrix strain record of two calcareous shale formations, the Eocene Larrès and Pamplona Marls, along the eastern Jaca foreland fold-and-thrust belt (Southern Pyrenees). More than 1000 unoriented fragments, collected from 62 sites along 4 sub-parallel sections in the footwall of the regional Oturia thrust and through local Yebra anticline, were measured. The analysis of the degree of anisotropy (P’) and shape parameter (T) allowed to identify four types of magnetic fabrics. Type II fabrics associated with poorly deformed rocks are characterized by a relatively high anisotropy and an oblate shape. In contrast, type III fabrics, associated with strongly fractured rocks are characterized by the lowest anisotropy and a triaxial shape. Type IV and type V fabrics are characterized by increasing anisotropy and shape parameters, and are associated with the development of a weak to a slaty cleavage in rocks. The distribution of the magnetic fabric is roughly similar along the four studied sections. In the footwall of the Oturia thrust, magnetic fabrics evolve from the type V to type II over a 1000 m-long interval. By contrast, the distribution of magnetic fabric is roughly symmetric across the Yebra anticline, evolving from a dominating type II fabric in both limbs to mixed type III-type V fabrics within the 1 km-large hinge zone. The succession of the magnetic fabrics is interpreted as recording various degrees of matrix strain in response to thrusting and folding. The correlation of magnetic fabrics between the four sections highlights some along-strike variations in the extension of fabric domains that are interpreted as reflecting the local influence of 2nd-order factors, such as the syn-tectonic sedimentation. Results are integrated within the tectono-sedimentary framework of the studied area to propose a model of matrix strain related to the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of a foreland fold and thrust belt.

Programming mechanics in knitted materials, stitch by stitch

Knitting turns yarn, a 1D material, into a 2D fabric that is flexible, durable, and can be patterned to adopt a wide range of 3D geometries. Like other mechanical metamaterials, the elasticity of knitted fabrics is an emergent property of the local stitch topology and pattern that cannot solely be attributed to the yarn itself. Thus, knitting can be viewed as an additive manufacturing technique that allows for stitch-by-stitch programming of elastic properties and has applications in many fields ranging from soft robotics and wearable electronics to engineered tissue and architected materials. However, predicting these mechanical properties based on the stitch type remains elusive. Here we untangle the relationship between changes in stitch topology and emergent elasticity in several types of knitted fabrics. We combine experiment and simulation to construct a constitutive model for the nonlinear bulk response of these fabrics. This model serves as a basis for composite fabrics with bespoke mechanical properties, which crucially do not depend on the constituent yarn.

Reducing the carbon footprint of the textile sector: an overview of impacts and solutions

The clothing, footwear, and household textiles sectors play a significant role, providing employment opportunities on a global scale. However, they are also associated with a considerable consumption of natural resources, leading to high levels of water pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. The carbon footprint (CF) of textiles depends generally on fabric types and production processes. Natural fibers such as cotton, wool, and silk, generally have a lower CF when compared to synthetic fabrics such as polyester and nylon, requiring more energy and chemicals during production. In addition, fabrics manufactured through eco-friendly methods, such as closed-loop systems and sustainable production processes, have a significantly lower CF than those produced using conventional means. Accordingly, there is a perceived need for comprehensive studies that investigate the environmental and climate implications of the textile sector. Considering these concerns, a study was undertaken on the topic, encompassing a literature review and data collection so as to present an overview of the environmental impacts and CF associated with the textile sector. The results from the research show that the resource consumption associated with the textile sector, particularly its CF, demands urgent action in order to reduce its impacts. Also, actionable measures are needed so as to reduce the CF of the textile industry. These are described in the paper, along with the obstacles that need to be overcome so as not only to reduce the CF of this sector, but also to pursue the objectives outlined in the sustainable development goals.

Синтез механизма привода ремиз

Introduction. Domestic enterprises in various industries use a variety of process equipment, including weaving machines. Modern weaving machines have several unique features, including a close relationship between technical condition, productivity, and product quality. Weaving machines are widely used in the textile industry in Russia and other countries. To produce cotton, silk, wool, linen, and other types of fabrics, appropriate machines are designed, including shuttle, shuttleless, pneumatic, and hydraulic machines. One of the most crucial parts of the machine is the heddle lifting mechanism, which determines the weave pattern and the quality of the fabric produced. The purpose of the work is to reduce the dimensions of the loom by changing the design parameters of the heddle lifting mechanism. The research methods are based on the theory of machines and mechanisms. They enable the development of a method for synthesizing the heddle lifting mechanism and designing a device with reduced dimensions. The paper presents the synthesis and analysis of the Assur group algorithm, which can determine the kinematic characteristics of the mechanism. Results and discussion. Following the proposed methodology, the mechanism design was modified by removing the fixing device from the lever mechanism operating area. This allowed for a reduction in interaxial distances and a change in the kinematic scheme. As a result of the new position of the fixed axes, some levers, the connecting rod, and the angle of the double-arm lever were also altered. The synthesis of the mechanism is proposed to begin with the last Assur group, setting it a specific value for the G-point motion equal to 75 mm. (motion of the fourth heddle shaft). As a limitation, the equality of arcs (chords) E´E = F´F ` was accepted. By assigning these values to the input element for the second-class first-type Assur group and bearing in mind the accepted conditions, the motions for point D were obtained. Thus, the value of the swing angle  of the roller shaft equal to 22.46° was obtained, which is 27.44 mm along the chord. Applying the interpolation principle, we found the initial motion value of 28 mm. Since the loom is planned to produce interlacing fabric patterns using 10 heddles, the design provides for a variable parameter that allows changing the motion of the heddles depending on their location in the depth of the machine. This role was assigned to the lever B03D. A cam pair synthesis was performed after determining the maximum and minimum values of the center of the roller motion. In total, 5 types of laws of motion were considered: straight-line, harmonic, double harmonic, power-law, cycloidal ones. For the center of the roller, the cycloidal law of motion was selected since it better corresponds to the specified conditions. The synthesis's accuracy was confirmed by the constructed cam profile and conducted kinematic studies for the Assur groups.

CNN Classifier Parameter Optimization with Genetic Algorithms: A Case Study of Indonesian Batik Patterns

Batik is one of Indonesia’s most famous and commonly encountered cultural heritage sites. Batik is a type of Indonesian specialty cloth where the pattern is drawn on the cloth using wax. The number of batik pattern varieties produced by Indonesia introduces challenges in recognizing and differentiating between batik patterns. Various previous works have been done to research how to use computer vision to recognize and differentiate between batik patterns. Some of the methods used in previous works involve convolutional neural networks; previous studies use pre-trained models or manually design the model, which may not be suitable for recognizing batik patterns. This study focuses on developing a convolutional neural network model optimized and designed automatically using genetic algorithms using more unique images than previous works. Genetic algorithms have been proven in previous works from other fields to produce better models compared to pre-trained and manually designed models. The experiment results show that a model design using genetic algorithms outperforms pre-trained models by a significant margin. The model automatically achieved an accuracy of 0.8654 with a parameter ∼1% of the VGG-19 model, whereas the VGG-19 model achieved an accuracy of 0.7596.

The Influence of Textile Type, Textile Weight, and Detergent Dosage on Microfiber Emissions from Top-Loading Washing Machines.

The use of washing machines to wash textiles gradually breaks down synthetic fibers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyester (PES) in diverse clothing materials, a process that is growing in notoriety because it generates microplastics (MPs). In this study, we investigated the emission of microfibers, including both microplastic fibers (MPFs) and natural fibers (MFs), from top-loading washing machines. Our investigation focused on four popular textiles with prevalent weave structures (plain, satin, and twill): (i) PES, (ii) tetron cotton (TC), (iii) chief value cotton (CVC), and (iv) cotton (CO) fabrics. This study also examined the effects of textile weight and detergent dosage on MF emissions. After washing, MFs were collected through filtration, and their concentrations were determined using micro-Fourier Transform Interferometry (μFTIR). The results showed varying concentrations of MFs in the washing effluent depending on the type of textile. Specifically, CVC exhibited the highest emission at 4022 particles/L, followed by TC, PES, and CO at 2844 particles/L, 2382 particles/L, and 2279 particles/L, respectively. The hydrophobic nature of PES makes this type of textile prone to rapid degradation in detergent-rich environments, leading to high MF emissions. Additionally, the mechanical properties of textiles, such as tensile and bending strengths, may play a crucial role in the generation of MFs in washing machines. Textiles made of CO with twill weaves demonstrated superior strength and correlated with lower emissions of MFs. In comparison, textiles made of CVC and satin weave exhibited lower mechanical properties, which could explain their high emissions of MFs. Finally, the MF emissions of textiles composed of PES and TC, which are plain weaved, could be attributed to their intermediate mechanical properties compared with those of CVC and CO.

FORMATION AND WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT OF CONTINUOUS TEXTILE ORNAMENT

The article discusses the main properties and features of continuous textile ornament, formed in the process of its changes during the change of historical periods. On the basis of concrete examples, the methods of its production are described, and the principles of its plastic organisation are outlined. Special attention is paid to the search for imagery in a continuous ornament based on the plastic connections of compositional construction. The text of the article analyses in detail the plant ornament of modernity, in which a continuous ornament is externally manifested in the form of an endless interweaving of leaves, shoots and flowers on the surface of the fabric, creating images of a blooming meadow, impenetrable swamps or jungles. The modern continuous ornament is considered in the context of stylistic changes of postmodernism and possibilities of computer technologies. The possibilities of improving continuous ornament by using new types of artificial and synthetic fabrics with effects arising from the peculiarities of weaving technologies are determined.

Novel Fabrication Method for Pressure-Sensing Polymeric Optical Fiber (POF) Fabric with Non-Direct-Contact Conductive System

Considering the current limitations of intelligent interactive in electronic integration and luminescent modes, this paper proposes a novel fabrication method for pressure-sensing POF fabrics with a non-direct-contact conductive system. In this system, conductive materials are concealed in the fabric structure to avoid direct contact with the human body. It was enabled by integrating layered weave structure, POFs, conductive yarns, and fabric patches within the fabric. Laser engraving was also applied on the fabric surface to achieve intricate pattern design. Experimental tests were conducted on sensing and luminescent properties of this POF fabric. The circuit module and software were developed to support the interactive function. The potential application of this fabric in the interior components of intelligent cockpits was envisioned. The research results show that the POF fabric integrated with conductive yarns and conductive fabric patches has good pressure sensitivity, enabling control of the fabric’s luminescent color by pressing the fabric surface. The non-direct-contact conductive system developed in this study offers the advantage of electrical signal stability by avoiding interference from human body resistance and grounding conditions. The development of this type of interactive luminescent textile holds promising prospects for application and development in various fields, including intelligent cockpits.

Analysis of Education and Knowledge’s Relationship on Worker Behavior in Waste Processing and Disposal in The Sasirangan Home Industry in Banjarmasin

Sasirangan is a typical cloth from the South Kalimantan which is produced by the Banjarist people in home industries. The production of sasirangan has a very positive impact on the welfare of Banjarist people. However, the processing and liquid waste resulting from the production process can have a negative impact on workers' health and the environment because it contains synthetic dyes and heavy metals. This is caused by poor worker behavior in processing and disposing of liquid waste from sasirangan cloth. Worker behavior can be related to worker education and knowledge. This research aims to analyze the relationship between education, knowledge and the behavior of sasirangan workers in processing and disposing of waste in the home-based sasirangan industry in Banjarmasin. This research is an analytical observational study with a cross sectional approach, carried out at 3 (three) sasirangan production locations: Sungai Jingah, Seberang Masjid Village and Surgi Mufti subdistricts. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 30 workers. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and statistical analysis using the Chi Square test with the alternative Fisher Exact Test. The results of data analysis show the p value of the education variables (p=0.032) and knowledge (p=0.049). There is a significant relationship between education and knowledge and worker behavior in processing and disposing of waste in the sasirangan home industry in Banjarmasin. This is in accordance with Lawrence Green's theory, the better the worker's education and knowledge, the better the worker's behavior. The existence of a significant relationship between education and knowledge and workers' behavior in processing and disposing of waste in the sasirangan home industry in Banjarmasin requires follow-up in the form of efforts to increase education and knowledge regarding the processing and disposal of sasirangan waste for workers in the sasirangan home industry in Banjarmasin.

FabricFolding: learning efficient fabric folding without expert demonstrations

AbstractAutonomous fabric manipulation is a challenging task due to complex dynamics and potential self-occlusion during fabric handling. An intuitive method of fabric-folding manipulation first involves obtaining a smooth and unfolded fabric configuration before the folding process begins. However, the combination of quasi-static actions like pick & place and dynamic action like fling proves inadequate in effectively unfolding long-sleeved T-shirts with sleeves mostly tucked inside the garment. To address this limitation, this paper introduces an enhanced quasi-static action called pick & drag, specifically designed to handle this type of fabric configuration. Additionally, an efficient dual-arm manipulation system is designed in this paper, which combines quasi-static (including pick & place and pick & drag) and dynamic fling actions to flexibly manipulate fabrics into unfolded and smooth configurations. Subsequently, once it is confirmed that the fabric is sufficiently unfolded and all fabric keypoints are detected, the keypoint-based heuristic folding algorithm is employed for the fabric-folding process. To address the scarcity of publicly available keypoint detection datasets for real fabric, we gathered images of various fabric configurations and types in real scenes to create a comprehensive keypoint dataset for fabric folding. This dataset aims to enhance the success rate of keypoint detection. Moreover, we evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed system in real-world settings, where it consistently and reliably unfolds and folds various types of fabrics, including challenging situations such as long-sleeved T-shirts with most parts of sleeves tucked inside the garment. Specifically, our method achieves a coverage rate of 0.822 and a success rate of 0.88 for long-sleeved T-shirts folding. Supplemental materials and dataset are available on our project webpage at https://sites.google.com/view/fabricfolding.

Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry wallettes strengthened using TRC overlay under out-of-plane load

The objective of this study is to assess the out-of-plane flexural responses of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry wallettes externally strengthened with textile reinforced concrete (TRC) overlay. This method can be applied as a retrofitting technique for existing AAC masonry walls or as a constructive technique for new constructions. Sixteen AAC masonry specimens (shear span ratio = 5) were subjected to monotonic four-point bending loads. The design variables were the textile types and number of textile layers (reinforcement ratio). The load–deflection responses and corresponding flexural performances of specimens were assessed to quantify the influences of different test parameters. Results showed that the higher tensile strength of TRC would change the failure mode of AAC masonry wallettes from bending to shear. Finally, according to the different failure pattern observed in the tests, flexural and shear models available in the literatures were examined to assess their applicability to predict the load-carrying capacity of AAC masonry wallettes strengthened with TRC.

Fabric and Fluid Inclusions Characterization of a Stalagmite from Eastern Spain: A Precondition for Noble Gas Analysis by Step-Crushing Methodology

Fluid inclusions in stalagmites are becoming increasingly important for paleoclimate research. Within this framework, noble gas thermometry, based on noble gases dissolved in water from fluid inclusions, provides quantitative estimations of cave air paleotemperature. Two major issues of Noble Gas Temperature (NGT) determination on speleothems are (1) the potential lack of enough water for the analysis and (2) the presence of trapped gas not dissolved in water that can be released during the analysis from biphasic or all-gas fluid inclusions, as its contribution to the bulk noble gas signal can hinder NGT results. Although the step-crushing method helps to reduce the second issue, it also decreases the amount of water available for the calculations. In order to obtain reliable NGT results with low uncertainties, a major challenge is still to reach a balance between sufficient water for analysis and a small amount of “atmospheric” gas. The difficulty is that the extraction process cannot be standardized since it strongly depends on the type of sample. The objective of this work is to investigate how the characteristics of the speleothem can determine the adequacy of the extraction process. For this purpose, we consider a stalagmite from a Mediterranean cave that consists of columnar elongated calcite and contains a significant quantity of fluid inclusions, which suggests good potential for NGT analysis. Results, however, were poorly satisfactory. Trying to understand the source of the problems, an integrated study of petrography and petrophysical features was performed. The samples were found to be different depending on the stage of coalescence of crystals and thus separated into “open” and “closed” fabrics. Classic petrographic analysis and non-destructive (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques were used to characterize the type and amount of fluid inclusions present in both types of fabrics. The study indicates that the closed fabric (total coalescence of calcite crystals) has most water trapped in water-filled, small intracrystalline fluid inclusions that usually contain very little gas. This fabric is very suitable for NGT determination, but since the amount of water is quite small, the sample should be crushed in only one step with a large number of beats to break all the inclusions. In contrast, samples with open fabric (partial coalescence of calcite crystals) contain a higher amount of water and, also, gas-filled large intercrystalline fluid inclusions. For this fabric, step-crushing of the sample is necessary. However, the low amount of water left for the second and third crushings could lead to flawed NGT results. Thus, we suggest modifying the method to get rid of part of the gas in the first crushing while leaving enough water for the following steps. This work shows the importance of characterizing speleothems and fluid inclusions, including their petrography and petrophysical characteristics, before starting NGT analysis, allowing the selection of the most favorable samples and the customization of the step-crushing procedure.

Dual circular complementary split ring resonator based metamaterial sensor with high sensitivity and quality factor for textile material detection

In this paper, a novel metamaterial sensor with excellent sensitivity and quality factor for microwave sensing applications is presented. The designed metamaterial sensor is assembled on a 1.575 mm thickness of low-cost dielectric substrate material (Rogers RT5880), and the copper is used as a resonator. Computer Simulation Technology version 2019 (CST-2019) software is employed to design and analyze the proposed metamaterial sensor. In addition, the Advanced Design System version 2016 (ADS 2016) software is used to validate the CST simulated model. Subsequently, the simulated results were validated using laboratory measurements. The optimized cell is small; its dimension is 10 × 10 mm2, and the obtained resonances are 3.85 and 6.85 GHz with notches of −26.29 and −40.03 dB, respectively. The textile material is detected by the resonance frequency change, and this frequency is dependent on the material’s permittivity values. To test the developed sensor’s sensing capabilities, three types of textiles—wool, fleece, and denim—are used. The effective medium ratio, sensitivity, and Q-factor of the structure are evaluated, and the obtained values are 8.96, 14.57%, and 345, respectively. The sensor for detecting textile materials works in the S and C bands. The resonances are shifted 530 MHz between the air and wool, 420 MHz between the air and fleece, and 640 MHz between the air and denim. The simulated outcomes and laboratory results almost matched. The projected sensor can be employed in the apparel sector to identify textile materials because it is small, inexpensive, has a high quality factor, and has high sensitivity.

Quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests on aramid and carbon fiber woven composites featuring a nanoparticle‐enriched high‐density polyethylene matrix

AbstractNanoparticles are known to enable the modification of the properties of the material they are integrated into. In the context of ballistic protection, previous works have demonstrated that graphene and Montmorillonite (MMT) particles included in high‐density polyethylene (HD‐PE) and used as a matrix enable an increase in the ballistic performance, of consolidated woven aramid fabrics. Furthermore, the ballistic performance has been reported to be influenced by the in‐plane shear properties of the impacted materials. In this context, quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests have been conducted on two types of reinforcements, aramid, and carbon woven fabrics, consolidated by a high‐density polyethylene matrix enriched by graphene, MMT and a mix of graphene and MMT nanoparticles. The conducted investigations provide for the first time in the literature the results of high‐rate in‐plane shear tests on aramid woven reinforcement consolidated with nanoparticle‐enriched and not enriched high‐density polyethylene composites. Despite the use of the same reinforcement and enriched matrix material as in previous works of literature, no significant differences in terms of in‐plane shear behavior have been observed for any of the different types of nanoparticles integrated into the matrix. Nevertheless, the obtained results demonstrate a clear strain rate sensitivity of the tested materials.Highlights Aramid and carbon fabrics were consolidated with nanoparticle‐enriched HD‐PE Quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests were conducted No influence of the nanoparticles could be identified A clear strain‐rate sensitivity could be identified for both composites

Investigations for the development of smart trousers for paraplegic wheelchair users. Part 1 – Design recommendations for smart trousers to improve the thermal comfort of the legs of paraplegics

In this article, a study was conducted on the design of smart trousers to improve the thermal comfort of the legs of paraplegics. It was based on the survey of paraplegics about the thermoregulation of their legs in cold environments, the warming of the legs during and after outdoor activities, the type of clothing for outdoor activities and the need for smart heating clothing for the lower extremities. The skin surface temperatures on the legs of fully mobile people and paraplegics were measured in a neutral state to find out to which temperature the microclimate inside the trousers can be warmed and the smart trousers can be used safely. The survey of paraplegics was conducted nationwide and included sixty-one adult male and female subjects. Skin surface temperatures were measured at eight measurement points on the right and left leg and performed on eighteen participants. After evaluating all the results of this study, recommendations for the design of smart heating trousers were proposed. The results of this part of the research can provide designers with important information about the specific requirements for smart heating trousers and enable them to design and develop products that meet real needs and are safe for paraplegic wheelchair users. Furthermore, this work aims to raise awareness of the needs of wheelchair users that enable them to integrate into the social environment on an equal footing.

Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures.

It is commonly acknowledged that polymer composites in service are often subjected to not only intricate mechanical loads but also harsh environmental conditions. The mechanical and thermal properties of five particular composites are explored here. The composites are composed of laminates of glass cloth type "E" sheet infilled with a duroplastic matrix. This is a thermoset polymer-epoxy resin with different molecular weights. The composites were fabricated by IZOERG company, which is based in Poland. The final articles were 1.5 mm thick by 60 cm long and 30 cm wide, with the glass layers arranged parallel to the thickness. Young's modulus and tensile strength were measured at room temperature. Using the thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA), the values of the storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined, and the damping factor was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). It was revealed that the nature of changes in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of composite materials depends on the type of epoxy resin used. Thermal expansion is a crucial parameter when choosing a material for application in cryogenic conditions. Thanks to the TMA method, thermal expansion coefficients for composite materials were determined. The results show that the highest value of the coefficient of thermal expansion leads the laminate EP_4_2 based on brominated epoxy resin cured with novolac P. Duroplastic composites were characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the results are interesting for developing cryogenic applications, including electric motors, generators, magnets, and other devices.

A five-stage framework for sustainability certification for fashion brands: Can a standardised approach work in the fashion industry?

ABSTRACT Sustainability certification is one means to address environmental and social issues present in fashion supply chains, whilst bridging the knowledge gap between brands and consumers. However, despite increased urgency to improve social, ethical and environmental practices in this industry, little is understood about how ethical fashion brands currently utilise sustainability certification, in an increasingly saturated, and often unregulated, labelling environment. This study examines choice of sustainability certifications, certification process, and use of labelling, by a range of Australasian fashion brands who promote sustainability as a core part of their customer-facing image. The research identifies a five-stage framework for sustainability certification, as well as indicating failures of current systems relative to user needs. The study develops and offers a proposal for a standardised taxonomy of fashion sustainability labelling that could be adapted, irrespective of firm size, sales revenue of garment and textile types.

Pacific seafloor in the 40–52 Myr old portion of the Molokai to Murray corridor

A detailed study of the character of 40–52 Myr old Northeast Pacific seafloor illustrates how volcanism that occurs outside a spreading center axial zone contributes to the morphology of a region. A compilation of new and pre-existing multibeam sonar data forms the basis of our study, which lies within the spreading corridor bounded by Molokai and Murray fracture zones and does not include a major volcanic chain. The broad structure is consistent with constant crustal thickness and lithospheric cooling with age, and our analyses focus on the deviations from this ‘reference’ model. We find three types of volcanic features where typical abyssal hill fabric is generally not observed: 1) volcanic ridges that have a length of 30–120 km and a height of 1–2 km; 2) moderate seamounts that have a diameter of 8–15 km and a height of several 100's m; and 3) fields of very small seamounts, which extend several 10's km and are more common at ∼25% coverage than in other Pacific regions away from major volcanic chains. Gravity analysis suggests that the volcanic ridges and a few of the moderate seamounts are associated with local crustal thickening whereas the fields of very small seamounts do not display a distinct mass anomaly. Quantifying the distribution of past volcanism in this section of the Pacific plate during its evolution after initial accretion helps illustrate the degree of off-axis magmatism. Although we interpret the volcanic ridges as presently inactive, their formation on lithosphere older than at least a few Myr likely had an impact on the local seismic structure.

Contribution on Modeling of Bagged Denim Fabric Behavior After Mixed Washing Using PCA and Regression Techniques

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effect of mixed washing treatment on the bagging behavior of denim fabrics. Six types of denim fabrics were washed under different conditions. Then, the bagging test was applied. Furthermore, the most influential factors of this treatment on the bagging ability of denim fabric were discussed using the main effect plots. This method shows that the quantity of pumice stone, the quantity of enzyme and the fabric are the most influencing factors. The increase in the amount of enzyme or pumice stone increases the occurrence of the bagging problem. Since the fabric is the dominant factor for all bagging properties, the characterization with Kawabata instruments of treated and untreated fabrics was performed. Then, we used the principal component analysis method to select the most important parameters. A reduction of 52.78% in parameters was achieved. Finally, the linear regression models were obtained to predict the bagging properties. The regression coefficients (R2) range between 96.85% and 99.43% and the adjusted R2 is between 92.34% and 98.13%, which confirms the efficiency of our models. These models are crucial for the manufacturers of washing denim since they could help the industrials to predict denim fabric’s bagging behavior after mixed washing.

Ultraviolet resistance on weft knitted fabric coated by benzotriazoles

Ultraviolet resistance upon four different types of weft knitted fabrics including Lacoste, Single Jersey, Rib and Interlock were experimentally measured and evaluated by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy under effects of gauge, specific weight, fiber composition and finishing agent as benzotriazole derivatives. The results showed that ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of Interlock sample reached the highest value at 42.7. Simultaneously, the higher gauge of Single Jersey knitted fabrics was, the better its ultraviolet protection exhibited. Also, insertion of polyester fibers or spandex fibers into cotton knitted fabrics with a certain ratio strongly increased UPF values. Notably, all UPFs of coated fabrics with a given content of benzotriazole were significantly improved and almost coated samples could undergo several washing cycles and still retain their inherent breathability. This work demonstrated that cotton knitted fabrics coated with benzotriazoles were excellently enhanced ultraviolet protection. Especially, the UPF values on Interlock or Rib specimens as well as Single Jersey samples blended with polyester/spandex fibers were found to be higher than 15.