Types Of Dental Stem Cells Research Articles

Identifying Dental Pulp Stem Cell as a Novel Therapeutic trategy for Digestive Diseases.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as potential therapeutics for various diseases. In contrast to other sources of MSCs, dental stem cells (DSCs) have received increased attention due to their high activity and easy accessibility. Among them, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) exhibit superior self-renewal, multipotency, immunomodulatory, and regenerative capacities. Following their inspiring performance in animal models and clinical trials, DPSCs show pharmacological potential in regenerative medicine. In this review, we have generalized the sources, heterogeneity, and biological characteristics of DPSCs, as well as compared them with other types of dental stem cells. In addition, we summarized the application of DPSCs in digestive diseases (such as liver, esophageal, and intestinal diseases), highlighting their regenerative and pharmacological potential based on the existing preclinical and clinical evidence. Specifically, DPSCs can be home to injured or inflamed tissues and exert repair and regeneration functions by facilitating immune regulation, anti-inflammation, and directional differentiation. Although DPSCs have a rosy prospect, future studies should handle the underlying drawbacks and pave the way for the identification of DPSCs as novel regenerative medicine.

Research and development of microenvironment's influence on stem cells from the apical papilla - construction of novel research microdevices: tooth-on-a-chip.

Stem cells are crucial in tissue engineering, and their microenvironment greatly influences their behavior. Among the various dental stem cell types, stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) have shown great potential for regenerating the pulp-dentin complex. Microenvironmental cues that affect SCAPs include physical and biochemical factors. To research optimal pulp-dentin complex regeneration, researchers have developed several models of controlled biomimetic microenvironments, ranging from in vivo animal models to in vitro models, including two-dimensional cultures and three-dimensional devices. Among these models, the most powerful tool is a microfluidic microdevice, a tooth-on-a-chip with high spatial resolution of microstructures and precise microenvironment control. In this review, we start with the SCAP microenvironment in the regeneration of pulp-dentin complexes and discuss research models and studies related to the biological process.

A Review of Stem Cell Attributes Derived from the Oral Cavity

Oral cavity stem cells (OCSCs) have been the focus of intense scientific efforts due to their accessibility and stem cell properties. The present work aims to compare the different characteristics of 6 types of dental stem cells derived from the oral cavity: dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC). Using immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, we analysed the cells for stem cell, differentiation, adhesion, and extracellular matrix markers; the ability to proliferate in vitro; and multilineage differentiation potential. Markers such as vimentin, CD44, alkaline phosphatase, CD146, CD271, CD49f, Oct 3/4, Sox 9, FGF7, nestin, and BMP4 showed significant differences in expression levels, highlighting the heterogeneity and unique characteristics of each cell type. At the same time, we confirmed that all cell types successfully differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, or adipose lineages, with different readiness. In conclusion, our study reveals the distinct properties and potential applications of various dental-derived stem cells. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of OCSCs and their significance in future clinical applications.

Crucial Triad in Pulp-Dentin Complex Regeneration: Dental Stem Cells, Scaffolds, and Signaling Molecules

BACKGROUND: Pulp damage can lead to dentinogenesis impairment, irreversible pulpitis, or pulp necrosis. Despite being the most used endodontic procedure to treat damaged pulp, root canal therapy only results in nonvital teeth which are prone to fractures and secondary infection. Pulp-dentin regeneration has a potential to regenerate structure similar to normal pulp-dentin complex, and can be achieved by combining dental stem cells, scaffold, and signaling molecules. This article reviews the role of various types of dental stem cells, scaffolds, signaling molecules, and their combinations in regenerating pulp-dentin complex.CONTENT: Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC), stem cell from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), and dental follicle stem cell (DFSC) were reported to regenerate pulp-dentin complex in situ. SHED might be more promising than DPSCs and DFSCs for regenerating pulp-dentin complex, since SHED have a higher proliferation potential and higher expression levels of signaling molecules. Scaffolds have characteristics resembling extracellular matrix, thus providing a suitable microenvironment for transplanted dental stem cells. To accelerate the regeneration process, exogenous signaling molecules are often delivered together with dental stem cells. Scaffolds and signaling molecules have different regenerative potential, including induction of cell proliferation and migration, formation of pulp- and/or dentin-like tissue, as well as angiogenesis and neurogenesis promotion.SUMMARY: Combinations of dental stem cells, scaffold, and signaling molecules are important to achieve the functional pulp-dentin complex formation. Current trends and future directions on regenerative endodontics should be explored. The right combination of dental stem cells, scaffold, and signaling molecules could be determined based on the patients’ characteristics. Incomplete pulp-dentin regeneration could be overcome by applying dental stem cells, scaffold, and/or signaling molecules in multiple visits.KEYWORDS: pulp-dentin regeneration, regenerative endodontics, dental stem cells, scaffold, signaling molecules

The Role of Epigenetic in Dental and Oral Regenerative Medicine by Different Types of Dental Stem Cells: A Comprehensive Overview.

Postnatal teeth, wisdom teeth, and exfoliated deciduous teeth can be harvested for dental stem cell (DSC) researches. These mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate and also consider as promising candidates for dental and oral regeneration. Thus, the development of DSC therapies can be considered a suitable but challenging target for tissue regeneration. Epigenetics describes changes in gene expression rather than changes in DNA and broadly happens in bone homeostasis, embryogenesis, stem cell fate, and disease development. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the regulation of cell fate is mainly governed by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Tissue engineering utilizes DSCs as a target. Tissue engineering therapies are based on the multipotent regenerative potential of DSCs. It is believed that epigenetic factors are essential for maintaining the multipotency of DSCs. A wide range of host and environmental factors influence stem cell differentiation and differentiation commitment, of which epigenetic regulation is critical. Several lines of evidence have shown that epigenetic modification of DNA and DNA-correlated histones are necessary for determining cells' phenotypes and regulating stem cells' pluripotency and renewal capacity. It is increasingly recognized that nuclear enzyme activities, such as histone deacetylases, can be used pharmacologically to induce stem cell differentiation and dedifferentiation. In this review, the role of epigenetic in dental and oral regenerative medicine by different types of dental stem cells is discussed in two new and promising areas of medical and biological researches in recent studies (2010-2022).

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Based Treatment in Dental Medicine: A Narrative Review.

Application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in regenerative therapeutic procedures is becoming an increasingly important topic in medicine. Since the first isolation of dental tissue-derived MSC, there has been an intense investigation on the characteristics and potentials of these cells in regenerative dentistry. Their multidifferentiation potential, self-renewal capacity, and easy accessibility give them a key role in stem cell-based therapy. So far, several different dental stem cell types have been discovered and their potential usage is found in most of the major dental medicine branches. These cells are also researched in multiple fields of medicine for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized dental MSC sources and analyzed their treatment modalities with particular emphasis on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA).

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Dental Stem Cells and Tooth Banking among Dental Professionals: A Questionnaire-based Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Stem cell therapy is new revolutionary technique which can repair many defects of human body. There are two sources of stem cells, one is embryonic and postnatal. Postnatal sites are the ones from which procuring stem cells is easiest. Dental stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth are also obtained from these sources. Dental health professionals must have understanding about dental stem cells for its application. Hence, there is need to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of dental professionals regarding dental stem cells. Aim: To evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding dental stem cells and tooth banking among dental professionals of Gujarat. Materials and Methods: The study was a questionnaire based cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India from December 2020 to March 2021. Total of dental health professionals participated including undergraduate (interns) and postgraduate students, dental practitioners and faculty members of dental colleges. Participants received the questionnaire in the form of a google form through email and whatsApp. The data was analysed using percentages of total and Chi-square test for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 711 participants, 410 were students, 44 faculties, 207 practitioners and 50 faculties and practitioner both. Among the faculty, knowledge on types of dental stem cells was significantly associated with the years of experience (p-value <0.001). Among the students, first year postgraduate students and interns had significantly less knowledge regarding various applications of dental stem cells (p-value <0.001). Among them, 52.9% participants were aware of stem cell banks in India and 55.5% were aware of names of stem cell banks. Participants suggested that seminars, journals, academic curriculum, conferences or Continued Dental Education (CDE), and advertisement and public notice all should be used to increase awareness of dental stem cells among dental professionals. Conclusion: There was adequate awareness among dental health professionals regarding dental stem cells and their applications but were unaware about tooth banking and its procedure. The study also found that there was lack of knowledge regarding steps of preservation of dental stem cells and their ethical concerns. Therefore, the topic of dental stem cells should be included in dental curriculum.

Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration.

Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development. The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects. With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering, dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue. This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration, which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Dental Pulp and Periodontal Stem Cells: Differences in Morphology, Functionality, Osteogenic Differentiation and Proteome.

Dental stem cells are heterogeneous in their properties. Despite their common origin from neural crest stem cells, they have different functional capacities and biological functions due to niche influence. In this study, we assessed the differences between dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC) in their pluripotency and neuroepithelial markers transcription, morphological and functional features, osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation and proteomic profile during osteogenic differentiation. The data were collected in paired observations: two cell cultures, DPSC and PDLSC, were obtained from each donor. Both populations had the mesenchymal stem cells surface marker set exposed on their membranes but differed in Nestin (a marker of neuroectodermal origin) expression, morphology, and proliferation rate. OCT4 mRNA was revealed in DPSC and PDLSC, while OCT4 protein was present in the nuclei of DPSC only. However, transcription of OCT4 mRNA was 1000–10,000-fold lower in dental stem cells than in blastocysts. DPSC proliferated at a slower rate and have a shape closer to polygonal but they responded better to osteogenic stimuli as compared to PDLSC. RUNX2 mRNA was detected by qPCR in both types of dental stem cells but RUNX2 protein was detected by LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomics only in PDLSC suggesting the posttranscriptional regulation. DSPP and DMP1, marker genes of odontoblastic type of osteogenic differentiation, were transcribed in DPSC but not in PDLSC samples. Our results prove that DPSC and PDLSC are different in their biology and therapeutic potential: DPSC are a good candidate for osteogenic or odontogenic bone-replacement cell-seeded medicines, while fast proliferating PDLSC are a prospective candidate for other cell products.

STRO-1 positive cell expansion during osteogenic differentiation: A comparative study of three mesenchymal stem cell types of dental origin

ObjectiveAlthough the osteogenic differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells of dental origin is well established, the roles of different marker proteins in this process remain to be clarified. Our aim was to compare the cellular and molecular changes, focusing in particular on mesenchymal stem cell markers, during in vitro osteogenesis in three dental stem cell types: dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). DesignHuman DFSCs, PDLSCs and DPSCs were isolated, cultured and their osteogenic differentiation was induced for 3 weeks. Mineralization was assessed by von Kossa staining and calcium concentration measurements. The expression of mesenchymal and osteogenic markers was studied by immunocytochemistry and qPCR techniques. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the frequency of STRO-1 positive cells were also quantified. ResultsThe three cultures all showed abundant mineralization, with high calcium content by day 21. The expression of vimentin and nestin was sustained after osteogenic induction. The osteogenic medium induced a considerable elevation of STRO-1 positive cells. By day 7, the ALP mRNA level had increased more than 100-fold in DFSCs, PDLSCs, and DPSCs. Quantitative PCR results indicated dissimilarities of osteoblastic marker levels in the three dental stem cell cultures. ConclusionsDFSCs, PDLSCs and DPSCs have similar functional osteogenic differentiation capacities although their expressional profiles of key osteogenic markers show considerable variations. The STRO-1 positive cell fraction expands during osteogenic differentiation while vimentin and nestin expression remain high. For identification of stemness, functional studies rather than marker expressions are needed.

Therapeutic Functions of Stem Cells from Oral Cavity: An Update.

Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions. Recently, a variety of adult stem cells from the oral cavity have been discovered, and these dental stem cells mostly exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental MSCs can be applied for the replacement of dental and oral tissues against various tissue-damaging conditions including dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancers, as well as for systemic regulation of excessive inflammation in immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and updated the types of dental stem cells and their functions to exert therapeutic efficacy against diseases.

HPL promotes osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in 3D scaffolds.

Human platelet lysate (hPL) has been considered as the preferred supplement for the xeno-free stem cell culture for many years. However, the biological effect of hPL on the proliferation and differentiation of dental stem cells combined with the use of medical grade synthetic biomaterial is still under investigation. Thus, the optimal scaffold composition, cell type and specific growth conditions, yet need to be formulated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regenerative potential of dental stem cells seeded on synthetic scaffolds and maintained in osteogenic media supplemented with either hPL or xeno-derived fetal bovine serum (FBS). Two types of dental stem cells were isolated from human impacted third molars and intact teeth; stem cells of apical papilla (SCAP) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Cells were expanded in cell culture media supplemented with either hPL or FBS. Consequently, proliferative capacity, immunophenotypic characteristics and multilineage differentiation potential of the derived cells were evaluated on monolayer culture (2D) and on synthetic scaffolds fabricated from poly ’lactic-co-glycolic’ acid (PLGA) (3D). The functionality of the induced cells was examined by measuring the concentration of osteogenic markers ALP, OCN and OPN at different time points. Our results indicate that the isolated dental stem cells showed similar mesenchymal characteristics when cultured on hPL or FBS-containing culture media. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and H&E staining revealed the proper adherence of the derived cells on the 3D scaffold cultures. Moreover, the increase in the concentration of osteogenic markers proved that hPL was able to produce functional osteoblasts in both culture conditions (2D and 3D), in a way similar to FBS culture. These results reveal that hPL provides a suitable substitute to the animal-derived serum, for the growth and functionality of both SCAP and PDLSCs. Thus the use of hPL, in combination with PLGA scaffolds, can be useful in future clinical trials for dental regeneration.

Dental Tissue-Derived Stem Cells as a Candidate for Neural Regeneration

In recent years, stem cell therapy tried to improve the life of patients that suffer from neurodegenerative disease, like Alzheimer's disease. Although teeth are non-essential for life, but the dental tissues are an important source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for neural regeneration. The studies showed that dental stem cells (DSCs) have the potential to differentiate into several cell types that among the most important is neural progenitor. In this review article, discusses the types of dental stem cells and then focused on application of dental stem cells on neural regeneration.

A Simplified and Systematic Method to Isolate, Culture, and Characterize Multiple Types of Human Dental Stem Cells from a Single Tooth.

This chapter describes a simplified method that allows the systematic isolation of multiple types of dental stem cells such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), and stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) from a single tooth. Of specific interest is the modified laboratory approach to harvest/retrieve the dental pulp tissue by minimizing trauma to DPSC by continuous irrigation, reduction of frictional heat from the bur rotation, and reduction of the bur contact time with the dentin. Also, the use of a chisel and a mallet will maximize the number of live DPSC for culture. Steps demonstrating the potential for multiple cell differentiation lineages of each type of dental stem cell into either osteocytes, adipocytes, or chondrocytes are described. Flow cytometry, with a detailed strategy for cell gating and analysis, is described to verify characteristic markers of human mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells (MSC) from DPSC, PDLSC, or SCAP for subsequent experiments in cell therapy and in tissue engineering. Overall, this method can be adapted to any laboratory with a general setup for cell culture experiments.

Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Neurogenesis.

Recent advances in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapy are bringing promising perspectives for the use of stem cells in clinical trials. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of multilineage differentiation and available in numerous sources in the human body. Dental pulp constitutes an attractive source of these cells since collecting mesenchymal stem cells from this site is a noninvasive procedure which can be done following a common surgical extraction of supernumerary or wisdom teeth. Thus tissue sacrifice is very low and several cytotypes can be obtained owing to these cells' multipotency, in addition to the fact that they can be cryopreserved and stored for long periods. Mesenchymal stem cells have high proliferation rates making them favorable for clinical application. These multipotent cells present in a biological waste constitute an appropriate support in the management of many neurological disorders. After a brief overview on the different types of dental stem cells, this chapter will focus on the characteristics of dental pulp stem cells, their handling and applications in neural tissue engineering, as well as neural induction protocols leading to their potential therapeutic use in the management of neurological diseases.

Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry.

The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) has been found to occur during inflammatory procedures, during cell ischemia, and in various crucial developmental processes such as cell differentiation and along cell signaling pathways. The most common sources of intracellular RONS are the mitochondrial electron transport system, NADH oxidase, and cytochrome P450. In this review, we analyzed the extracellular and intracellular sources of reactive species, their cell signaling pathways, the mechanisms of action, and their positive and negative effects in the dental field. In dentistry, ROS can be found—in lasers, photosensitizers, bleaching agents, cold plasma, and even resin cements, all of which contribute to the generation and prevalence of ROS. Nonthermal plasma has been used as a source of ROS for biomedical applications and has the potential for use with dental stem cells as well. There are different types of dental stem cells, but their therapeutic use remains largely untapped, with the focus currently on only periodontal ligament stem cells. More research is necessary in this area, including studies about ROS mechanisms with dental cells, along with the utilization of reactive species in redox medicine. Such studies will help to provide successful treatment modalities for various diseases.

Application of dental stem cells in regenerative medicine

Recent discoveries in the field of stem cells place dental professionals at the forefront of helping their patients with potentially life-saving therapies derived from a patient's own stem cells obtained from deciduous or permanent teeth. Stem cells have opened doors of great hope in that these cells produced in large quantities through cell cultures could be injected into failing tissues and organs, which would replace these damaged cells with fresh ones. The emerging field of personalized medicine has focused on the ability of stem cells to grow and regenerate tissues using a patient's own stem cells for biologically compatible therapies and individually tailored treatments. This review discusses the information available on the different types of dental stem cells (DSCs) and their potential role in both dental and medical regenerative therapies.

Dental stem cells--characteristics and potential.

Soft dental tissues have been identified as easily accessible sources of multipotent postnatal stem cells. Dental stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into at least three distinct cell lineages: osteo/odontogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic. They express various markers including those specific for MSC, embryonic stem cells and neural cells. Five different types of dental stem cells have been isolated from mature and immature teeth: dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla and dental follicle progenitor cells. Dental stem cells may be used in dental tissue engineering including dental, enamel and periodontal tissue regeneration. They could also be used as a promising tool in potential treatment of neurodegenerative, ischemic and immune diseases.

Biological Characteristics of Dental Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering

Scientists have recently focused their attention on adult stem cells as new and more effective treatments for different diseases and disabilities. In fact, it is known that stem cells are capable of renewing themselves and that they can generate multiple cell types. Today, there is new evidence that stem cells are present in far more tissues and organs than once thought and that these cells are capable of developing into more kinds of cells than previously imagined. In this chapter, we focus the attention on teeth as source of stem cells. In particular, we describe the characteristic of the different types of dental stem cells and their use in tissue engineering.

Dental Stem Cells and Their Potential Role in Regenerative Medicine

Advances have been made in identifying dental stem cells and their differentiation potential. Five different types of dental stem cells have been isolated from dental soft tissues: dental pulp, apical papilla, dental follicle and periodontal ligament. The characteristic features of these cells have been explored. They express various arrays of biomarkers including those specific for mesenchymal and/or embryonic stem cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that these stem cells varied in their proliferation and differentiation potential. Recent studies have demonstrated their wide range of plasticity and their potential use for regenerative medicine and dentistry. This article summarizes information available on the different types of dental stem cells and discusses their potential use in regenerative medicine.