Abstract
Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions. Recently, a variety of adult stem cells from the oral cavity have been discovered, and these dental stem cells mostly exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental MSCs can be applied for the replacement of dental and oral tissues against various tissue-damaging conditions including dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancers, as well as for systemic regulation of excessive inflammation in immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and updated the types of dental stem cells and their functions to exert therapeutic efficacy against diseases.
Highlights
Tissue-specific adult stem cells (ASCs) are the specialized cell population responsible for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration throughout the lifetime
When dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are co-cultured with patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TGF-β could inhibit the proliferation of PBMCs [121,122]
Fas ligand (FasL) and IL-10 have been suggested as major gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs)-derived factors of T cell inhibition, while others have revealed the importance of PGE2, a lipid immune-mediator of both innate and adaptive immune system, and other secretory factors including IL-6 and GM-CSF on immunomodulatory properties of GMSCs [124,125]
Summary
Tissue-specific adult stem cells (ASCs) are the specialized cell population responsible for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration throughout the lifetime. It is widely accepted that MSCs are less immunogenic than other ASCs since they express a low level of MHC antigens and immune cell co-stimulatory molecules [6,7] In these aspects, MSCs have drawn great interest in the fields of stem cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine. Dental MSCs share common MSC-related features with regards to self-renewal, extensive proliferation, mesenchymal differentiation capacity, and surface marker expression, while they exhibit distinctive biological actions depending on their origins [11]. They seem to enhance mineral deposition during odontoblast formation and stimulate the neovascularization process within the dental pulp defect. This paper summarizes the latest representative studies showing their regenerative- and immunomodulatory actions in non-dental immunogenic diseases, as well as dental disorders
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