Types Of Compatibilizers Research Articles

상용화제의 종류가 선형 PPS/PET 블렌드의 물성에 미치는 영향

비혼화성인 선형의 폴리페닐렌설파이드(PPS)와 상용 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트(PET)의 블렌드 물성에 미치는 상용화제의 구조에 따른 영향을 조사하였다. 머독 혼련 스크류가 장착된 단축 압출기를 통하여 제조한 블렌드를 성형하여 그 특성들을 살펴보았다. 물성과 경제성을 고려하여 PPS/PET(40/60)을 기초 블렌드로 선정한 후 여기에 도메인 크기감소와 계면접착력 향상을 위하여 상용화제로 styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene(SEBS), modified SEBS(m-SEBS), modified polystyrene(m-PS) 등을 사용하였다. 이들을 기초블렌드에 첨가하여 삼원블렌드를 제조한 후 열적, 유변학적, 기계적 특성을 측정하고 모폴로지를 관찰하였다. 기계적 물성은 각각 m-SEBS와 m-PS 첨가량 1 phr 부근에서 최대값을 보였는데 그 값이 이론적인 혼화성계의 값에 거의 근접하였으며 m-PS가 가장 뛰어난 성능을 보였다. m-SEBS와 m-PS는 선형 PPS와/또는 PET와의 부분적인 반응을 통해 상용성을 증대시켜서 더 큰 효과를 보인 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 삼원블렌드는 경제성있는 PPS 알로이로서 적용이 가능하리라 사료된다. The effect of compatibilizer types on the properties of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends was investigated. The blends were extruded by a single screw extruder attached with a Maddock mixing zone and their molded properties were examined. As a basic blend composition, a linear PPS/PET (40/60) blend was selected based on cost efficiency. Three types of compatibilizer, SEBS, modified SEBS, and modified PS were added to the basic blend to improve the properties. The thermal, rheological, mechanical properties and the morphology of the ternary blends were analyzed. The maximum mechanical properties of blends was found at 1 phr of m-SEBS or m-PS content, whose values were almost the same as the theoretical values of miscible blend system. It seemed to by the case that the partial reaction between compatibilizer and the basic blend caused the enhancement of compatibility between linear PPS and PET phases. These ternary blends would be applicable as economic linear PPS alloys.

Blends of recycled polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: comparing the effect of reactive compatibilizers on mechanical and morphological properties

Blends of recycled polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) were prepared and some mechanical and morphological properties were investigated. To compatibilize these blends, ABS-g-(maleic anhydride) (ABS-g-MA) and (ethylene–vinyl acetate)-g-(maleic anhydride) (EVA-g-MA) with similar degree of grafting of 1.5% were used. To compare the effect of the type of compatibilizer on mechanical properties, blends were prepared using 3, 5 and 10 phr of each compatibilizer. A co-rotating twin-screw extruder was used for blending. The results showed that ABS-g-MA had no significant effect on the tensile strength of the blends while EVA-g-MA decreased the tensile strength, the maximum decrease being about 9.6% when using 10 phr of this compatibilizer. The results of notched Charpy impact strength tests showed that EVA-g-MA increased the impact strength of blends more than ABS-g-MA. The maximum value of this increase occurred when using 5 phr of each compatibilizer, it being about 54% for ABS-g-MA and 165% for EVA-g-MA. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the particle size of the dispersed phase was decreased in the continuous phase of PC by using the compatibilizers. Moreover, a blend without compatibilizer showed brittle behaviour while the blends containing compatibilizer showed ductile behaviour in fracture. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Rheology‐morphology correlation in PET/PP blends: Influence of type of compatibilizer

Rheological and morphological properties of melt processed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polypropylene (PP) blends are presented. Two types of compatibilizer namely, PP‐g‐MA <MA= maleic anhydtide> and Elvaloy PTW, an n‐butyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate ethylene terpolymers, were incorporated at different levels to the PET/PP blend system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dispersed particle sizes were smaller in PET‐rich blends than PP‐rich blends. With increasing compatibilizer level, the refinement of morphology was observed in both the systems. However, the blends compatibilized with PTW showed a more refined (smaller) particle size, and at high PTW content (10 wt%), the morphology changed towards monophasic. The significant changes in morphology were attributed to the highly reactive nature of PTW. Investigation of rheological properties revealed that the viscosity of the PET/PP blends followed typical trends based on mixing rule, which calculates the properties of blends based on a linear average. Incorporation of PP‐g‐MA into the blends resulted in a negative deviation in the viscosity of the system with respect to that of the neat blend. With increasing PP‐g‐MA level, the deviation became more pronounced. Although incorporation of the compatibilizer into the PET/PP blends refined the morphology, it led to a drastic drop of viscosity, which could be attributed to inherently lower molecular weight of the compatibilizer. In the case of the blends compatibilized by PTW, a strong positive deviation in rheological properties was observed that confirmed the stronger interaction between the blend components due to reactive compatibilization process, which led to the more refined morphology in this series of blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:25–30, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Poly(Lactic Acid)/Polycaprolactone Blends Compatibilized with Block Copolymer

This research focused on using a block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) as a new type of compatibilizer in poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blends. The blends were prepared at 80/20 by a melt blending method, and concentrations of the block copolymer were varied from 0-10 phr. The resultant products were characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties. It was found that the compatibilized blends exhibited a significant enhancement in tensile strain at break compared to that of the neat PLA/PCL blend, in which the highest strain was obtained at 7.5 phr of block copolymer. Tensile stress of the blends was however declined slightly.

Effect of the Compatibilizer on Clay Dispersion in Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites were prepared via a melt mixing technique. Two types of compatibilizers, namely poly (ethyleneco-octene) (EOC-g-MA) and polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), were selected to facilitate the nanocomposite formation. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with rheological analysis were used for studying the dispersion state of clay layers in these nanocomposites. The results showed with the introduction of EOC-g-MA to PP/clay, clay was dispersed better than the presence of PP-g-MA.

Comparison of Theory with Experimental Data for Nanoclay-Filled TPU/PP Blend

The mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polypropylene (PP) blends were investigated with special reference to the effect of type of polyurethane (ester- or ether-based), blend ratio, compatibilizer, and sequence addition of nanoclay. Tensile strength, stress at different elongations, flexural modulus, and abrasion resistance were analyzed and correlated with morphology. Blends of nanoclay filled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polypropylene (PP) of various compositions were evaluated by dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and dissipation factor (tan δ), at a frequency of 10 Hz over a temperature range from −100 to 200 °C. Finally different theoretical models were used to compare the experimental results with theoretical predictions.

Toughening of ethylene-propylene random copolymer/clay nanocomposites: Comparison of different compatibilizers

Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer (PPR)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride (POE-g-MA) and three maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylenes (PP-g-MA) with different melt flow indexes (MFI), were used to improve the dispersion of organic clay in matrix. On the other hand, the effects of organic montmorillonite (OMMT) content on the nanocomposite structure in terms of clay dispersion in PPR matrix, thermal behavior and tensile properties were also studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that the organic clay layers are mainly intercalated and partially exfoliated in the nanocomposites. Moreover, a PP-g-MA compatibilizer (compatibilizer B) having high MFI can greatly increase the interlayer spacing of the clay as compared with other compatibilizers. With the introduction of compatibilizer D (POE-g-MA), most of the clays are dispersed into the POE phase, and the shape of the dispersed OMMT appears elliptic, which differs from the strip of PP-g-MA. Compared with virgin PPR, the Young’s modulus of the nanocomposite evidently increases when a compatibilizer C (PP-g-MA) with medium MFI is used. For the nanocomposites with compatibilizer B and C, their crystallinities (X c) increase as compared with that of the virgin PPR. Furthermore, the increase of OMMT loadings presents little effect on the melt temperature (T m) of the PPR/OMMT nanocomposites, and slight effect on their crystallization temperature (T c). Only compatibilizer B can lead to a marked increases in crystallinity and T c of the nanocomposite when the OMMT content is 2 wt%.

Influence of processing variables on the mechanical behavior of HDPE/clay nanocomposites

Nanocomposites were processed using the technique of melt intercalation, starting from a concentrated polar compatibilizer/organoclay (PE-g-MA/organoclay) prepared in an internal mixer. The concentrate was incorporated into the matrix of HDPE by two methods: I) counter-rotating twin-screw extruder and II) co-rotating twin-screw extruder, using two screw profiles (ROS and 2KB90). After extrusion, the specimens of the extruded composites were injection molded. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to analyze the degree of expansion of the prepared clays. To analyze the degree of exfoliation of obtained nanocomposites, XRD and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) were used. The influence of processing variables on mechanical properties was studied through the behavior of the modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposite systems. By XRD and TEM, it was seen that the clay was well dispersed in the matrix and the presence of intercalated and partially exfoliated hybrid structure for nanocomposites was observed when the systems were prepared in counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. A similar behavior was observed in the use of screws (2KB90 or ROS) of the nanocomposites, with a reduction in modulus and tensile strength. Although the mixing process by extruding be the most common industrial practice, and also it is the preferred strategy for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites, much of the literature was directed to the study of chemical modification of clay, type and level of compatibilizer, in order to maximize the compatibility between clay and the polymeric matrix. On the other hand, studies about the role of the processing and configurations of screws are relatively scarce. The main motivation of this work was to expand and to contribute to spread a better understanding of the effects of processing to obtain polymer nanocomposites.

Effect of different types of organoclays and compatibilizers on the properties of polystyrene‐based nanocomposites

AbstractPolystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in the presence of elastomeric impact modifiers. Three different types of organically modified montmorillonites; Cloisite® 30B, 15A, and 25A, were used as reinforcement, whereas poly [styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS‐g‐MA) and poly(ethylene‐b‐butyl acrylate‐b‐glycidyl methacrylate) (E‐BA‐GMA) elastomeric materials were introduced to act as impact modifier. Owing to its single aliphatic tail on its modifier and absence of hydroxyl groups, Cloisite® 25A displayed the best dispersion in the polystyrene matrix, and mostly delaminated silicate layers were obtained in the presence of SEBS‐g‐MA. This was attributed to the higher viscosity of SEBS‐g‐MA compared with both E‐BA‐GMA and poly(styrene‐co‐vinyloxazolin) (PS). In addition, the compatibility between SEBS‐g‐MA and PS was found to be better in comparison to the compatibility between E‐BA‐GMA and PS owing to the soluble part of SEBS‐g‐MA in PS. The clay particles were observed to be located mostly in the dispersed phase leading to larger elastomeric domains compared with binary PS/elastomer blends. The enlargement of the elastomeric domains resulted in higher impact strength values in the presence of organoclay. Good dispersion of Cloisite® 25A in PS/SEBS‐g‐MA blends enhanced the tensile properties of this nanocomposite produced. It was observed that the change in the strength and stiffness of the ternary nanocomposites mostly depend on the type of the elastomeric material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Comparative study of maleated and glycidyl methacrylate functionalized terpolymers as compatibilizers for low‐density polyethylene–wood flour composites

AbstractTwo types of terpolymers, maleic anhydride (MA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) functionalized, are used as compatibilizer in low‐density polyethylene–wood flour composites. The type and amount of compatibilizer on the tensile, impact, morphological, and water absorption properties of composites are investigated. The effect of preimpregnation with a compatibilizer solution is also studied. The MA functionalized compatibilizer increases the mechanical properties of composites, when it is used either directly or with preimpregnation. GMA functionalized compatibilizer is not as effective as MA functionalized compatibilizer giving rise to small improvements in properties. An important point is doubling of the modulus with MA preimpregnated compatibilizer. With both compatibilizers the water absorption value of composites are reduced and the preimpregnation with both compatibilizers do not change the total amount of absorbed water with respect to the non‐preimpregnated ones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Effect of blending way on β-crystallization tendency of compatibilized β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the β-crystallization tendency in the β-nucleated iPP blends. The β-nucleated iPP/compatibilizers blends, β-nucleated iPP/PET blends and its compatibilized versions with four kinds of compatibilizers (PP-g-MA, PP-g-GMA, POE-g-MA, and EVA-g-MA) were prepared by different blending ways. The effect of compatibilizers and blending ways on the non-isothermal crystallization and melting characteristics and the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative content of the β-phase were characterised by the k β values determined on the basis of the wide angle X-ray diffractogram. The results indicated that the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP blends depends on the kinds of compatibilizer. Addition of PP-g-MA significantly reduced the β-crystallization tendency of β-nucleated iPP, while PP-g-GMA, POE-g-MA, and EVA-g-MA have little effect on it. In the compatibilized β-nucleated iPP/PET blends, the blending ways, which controlled the dispersion of β-nucleating agent, influences the β-crystallization tendency intensively. The high β-crystallization tendency and β-crystal content were obtained for compatibilized β-nucleated iPP/PET blends prepared firstly at high temperature and β-nucleating agent added into blends at low temperature; however, the type of compatibilizers has little effect on β-crystallization tendency and melting behavior of blends.

Improvement in toughness and heat resistance of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend through twin‐screw blending: Influence of compatibilizer type

AbstractThe thermal mechanical properties and morphological changes of modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer blends based on the equal weight fraction of each component were investigated. Several blend samples were prepared by melt processing with a twin screw extruder using both poly(butylene succinate‐co‐lactate) (PBSL) and epoxy (EP) as compatibilizers for the PLA/PC binary system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of PLA/PBSL and PC/PBSL binary blends showed that individual components were immiscible. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of these blends revealed the domain size of PBSL was ∼ 0.5–1 μm in PLA/PBSL blend, and reduced to around 0.1 μm in PC/PBSL blend. The notched Izod impact strength (IS) of PLA/PC/PBSL ternary blends increased with PBSL content up to 10 phr PBSL due to enhanced interfacial interaction and proper domain size of the dispersed phase on the basis of DMA, DSC, and SEM analysis. The heat deflection temperature (HDT) showed a maximum at 5 phr PBSL, and it dropped with increasing PBSL content which is a ductile polymer. However, the HDT of PLA/PC/EP ternary blends increased considerably with 10 phr EP due to rigid interphase formation, and it increased further with 1 phr quaternary amine catalyst, however, the IS dropped nearly the same as that of unmodified PLA/PC blend. To take advantage of the two compatibilizers, PBSL and EP were added to the PLA/PC blend at 10 phr each plus 1 phr catalyst and both IS and HDT were improved significantly over unmodified PLA/PC pair. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Effect of Methyl Methacrylate Graft Acrylonitrile–Butadiene-Styrene on Morphology and Properties of Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile–Butadiene-Styrene Blend

In order to improve the compatibility of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile– butadiene–styrene (ABS), a new type of reactive compatibilizer, methyl methacrylate graft acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (MABS) tetramer, was synthesized. The structure and properties of PC/ABS (70/30) blend with various MABS ratios were studied in terms of their mechanical and morphological properties. The results indicated that with the addition of MABS, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PC and ABS phases were closer to each other. Addition of MABS decreased the domain size of the ABS dispersed phase, making the dispersed phase well distributed, and the interfacial cohesiveness was enhanced. Notched impact strength and elongation at break of the PC/ABS (70/30) blend increased remarkably with the addition of MABS, with a small drop in the tensile strength.

PP/Wasted PET Fabric Composites Compatibilized by two Different Methods: Mechanical Properties, Morphology and Thermal Stability

The composites of polypropylene (PP) and wasted PET fabric (WF) were prepared by extrusion blending and injection molding, and then, the interface of the composites was modified by two different types of compatibilizers, i.e., maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MA) and the mixture of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St). The mechanical properties, morphology and thermal stability of these composites were studied.

Oxygen Gas and Water Vapor Permeability of Biaxially Stretched Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate)/Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) Blend Films

In this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) (PETI)/EVOH (95/5 w/w) blends have been prepared with different types of compatibilizers using a co-rotating intermeshing twin screw extruder. Cast films have been stretched simultaneously and biaxially 2 and 3 times their original dimensions. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, oxygen gas and water vapor permeability analyzers have been employed for establishing the relationships among biaxial orientation, crystallinity, morphology, and chemistry on oxygen gas and water vapor permeability. The lowest oxygen gas and water vapor permeability values have been obtained when employed hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene as the compatibilizer.

Preparation and characterization of foamed polyurethane/silicone rubber/graphite nanocomposite as radio frequency wave absorbing material: The role of interfacial compatibilization

A novel method for the preparation of radio frequency (RF) wave absorber polyurethane foam (PU) has been developed by impregnation of PU foam in n-hexane solution of room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber (SR) hybridized with graphite nanosheets (GNs) called doping solution. Extent of the GNs dispersion was optimized by the incorporation of a specific type of bifunctional compatibilizer. Insulator to conductive transition threshold as well as electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites was shown to be dependent upon the compatibilizer functionality. All PU/SR/GN nanocomposites generated from bifunctional compatibilizer exhibited higher electrical conductivity with enhanced permittivity implying enhanced formation of conductive networks by GN platelets. Permittivity of the PU/SR/GN nanocomposite based on bifunctional compatibilizer showed to be higher than uncompatibilized counterpart. Electromagnetic reflection loss behavior of the PU/SR/GN nanocomposites exhibited a non-linear correlation with the electrical conductivity. Although all PU/SR/GN prepared nanocomposites exhibited electromagnetic wave reflection loss behavior, but this revealed to be affected by the GN level as well as the size and dispersion state of the graphite nanosheets.

The Research on the Interfacial Adhesion of Polypropylene-Magesium Hydroxide Composite Modified by Different Compatibilizers

In order to investigate the effect of interfacial adhesion on phase morphology, crystallization behavior and tensile property of magnesium hydroxide filled polypropylene (PP/MH) composites, PP blends with compatibilizers, compatibilised and uncompatibilised PP/MH composites were prepared in this work. Three different types of compatibilizers namely, polypropylene grafted-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), ethylene-octene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (POE-g-MA) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (EVA-g-MA) were used to control the interfacial adhesion among the components. SEM analysis revealed the formation of an encapsulation structure in PP/compatibilizer/MH composites. The interfacial tension (γAB) and wetting coefficient (ωα) results also confirmed the formation of encapsulation structure in these ternary composites. Addition of compatibilizers improved the interfacial adhesion between PP matrix and MH particles and resulted in improvement in tensile strength.

Improved Properties of CENR/PP Blends by Using Compatibilizers for Promoting the Interfacial Adhesion between Phases

The influence of different types of compatibilizers on property improvement of the CENR/PP TPVs was investigated. The compatibilized TPVs exhibited superior tensile and dynamic-viscoelastic properties as well as better phase morphology than those of the uncompatibilized TPV. This contributed to compatibilizer reduced the interfacial tension and enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the phase boundaries. In this study, we found that the PP-g-Ph compatibilizer provided the CENR/PP TPVs with the best overall properties.

Melt mixed compatibilized polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. II. Dispersion vs. thermal properties, optical transmittance, and fracture behaviors

Compatibilized polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites using two different types of maleated compatibilizers, polyolefin elastomer-grafted maleic anhydride (POE- g-MA) and PP-grafted maleic anhydride (PP- g-MA), to improve the dispersion of various amounts of commercial organoclay (Closite 20 A) were prepared via a melt-mixing technique. The optical transmittance for the POE- g-MA compatibilized nanocomposites was lower than that of PP- g-MA compatibilized cases, although POE- g-MA greatly increased the interlayer spacing of the clay compared with PP- g-MA. The optical transmittance of POE- g-MA compatibilized cases increased with increasing clay content, as a result from a preferentially POE- g-MA adsorbed onto the surface and edge of clay moiety. PP- g-MA compatibilized system conferred higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, or cutting strength through crystalline yielding effect even at the nanofracture zone of deformation, but lower tear strength than POE- g-MA compatibilized system. The current results suggested that high extent of exfoliation may not guarantee high transparency or strength varied with different deformation behaviors.

Reactive Compatibilization of Polylactide, Thermoplastic Starch and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biodegradable Ternary Blend Films

Biodegradable blend films of polylactide (PLA), thermoplastic starch (TPS), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were prepared through reactive modification. Three types of compatibilizers, methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), maleic anhydride (MA), and MA-g-PE, were studied. PLA and PBAT were blended in the presence of the compatibilizer to improve and evaluate the interfacial interaction. PBAT content was varied from 0 to 20 wt%, while compatibilizer content was differed from 0 to 5 wt% based on PBAT amount. For ternary blending, PLA, TPS, and PBAT were melt-blended with and without compatibilizer in a twin screw extruder using glycerol and tapioca starch as plasticizer and filler, respectively. The effects of type and content of compatibilizer and blend compositions on the physical, thermal, morphological, and tensile properties of the films were investigated. The results showed that the blend films with MDI had appropriate physical, thermal, and tensile properties. The presence of small amount of MDI enhanced the thermal and tensile properties of the films compared to the uncompatibilized films. This can be explained by a uniform morphology of the dispersed phase in the PLA matrix.