Types Of Words Research Articles

INTERFERENSI BAHASA MELAYU MALAYSIA DALAM BERBAHASA INDONESIA MANTAN TKI DI DUSUN TANAH EJA KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA

This study aims to: (1) describe the phonological interference form of speech of former migrant workers in Tanah Eja Hamlet, Bulukumba Regency; and (2) describe the form of semantic interference of former migrant workers' speech in Tanah Eja hamlet, Bulukumba Regency. This type of research is qualitative research. This research was conducted in Tanah Eja hamlet, Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. The focus of this research and the limitations of this research include tuturain kaita that experience interference, then studied in the semaintic category that is only related to lexical meaning. As for the phonological category, three types of phonological interference will be focused, namely phonological interference, phoneme changes, phoneme addition, and phoneme reduction / removal interference. The source of this research data was obtained by dairi haisil waiwaincairai laingsung maintain TKI in Tainaih Ejai Kaibupaiten Bulukumba hamlet. Data collection techniques through interview techniques, voice recording techniques, listening techniques and recording techniques. The research instrument consists of the main instrument is the researcher himself and supporting instruments include voice recorders, respondent biodata questionnaires, and interference data tables.The results revealed that from the results of direct interview research 15 respondents contained a total of 35 words phonological interference. The most abundant and frequent data is the category of changes in vowel phonemes in the middle of words. In addition, respondents were shown to experience semantic interference by obtaining 15 forms of conversation and 28 types of words that experienced interference, this conversation was quoted during structured and semi-structured interviews of former migrant workers in Tanah Eja hamlet.

Flexible letter-position coding in Chinese-English L2 bilinguals: Evidence from eye movements.

Theories suggest that efficient recognition of English words depends on flexible letter-position coding, demonstrated by the fact that transposed-letter primes (e.g., JUGDE-judge) facilitate written word recognition more than substituted-letter primes (e.g., JUFBE-judge). The multiple route model predicts that reading experience should drive more flexible letter-position coding as readers transition from decoding words letter-by-letter to recognising words as wholes. This study therefore examined whether letter-position is coded flexibly in second-language English sentence reading for native Chinese speakers, and if this is influenced by English proficiency. Eye movements were measured while 54 adult native Chinese speakers read English sentences including either a real word (e.g., cheaply), a transposed-letter nonword (e.g., "chepaly"), or a substituted-letter nonword (e.g., "chegely"). Flexible letter-position coding was observed in initial and later processing stages-reading times were longer for substituted-letter than transposed-letter nonwords. In addition, reading times were longer in both initial and later processing stages for transposed-letter nonwords than real words, indicating that, despite encoding letter-position flexibly, readers processed letter-position. Although pre-registered frequentist analyses suggested that English proficiency did not predict overall reading times, Bayes Factors indicated that there was evidence for such a relationship. It is therefore likely that this proficiency analysis suffered from low power. Finally, neither frequentist nor Bayes Factor analyses suggested that English proficiency influenced the difference in reading times between different target word types, i.e., the nature of letter-position coding. Overall, these results suggest that highly proficient L2 learners code letter-position flexibly.

TDCS of right-hemispheric Wernicke’s area homologue affects contextual learning of novel lexicon

Numerous studies have shown robust evidence of the right hemisphere’s involvement in the language function, for instance in the processing of intonation, grammar, word meanings, metaphors, etc. However, its role in lexicon acquisition remains obscure. We applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right-hemispheric homologue of Wernicke’s area to assess its putative involvement in the processing of different types of novel semantics. After receiving 15 min of anodal, cathodal, or sham (placebo) tDCS, three groups of healthy participants learnt novel concrete and abstract words in the context of short stories. Learning outcomes were assessed using a battery of tests immediately after this contextual learning session and 24 h later. As a result, an inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS and a facilitatory effect of anodal tDCS were found for abstract word acquisition only. We also found a significant drop in task performance on the second day of the assessment for both word types in all the stimulation groups, suggesting no significant influence of tDCS on the post-learning consolidation of new memory traces. The results suggest an involvement of Wernicke’s right-hemispheric counterpart in initial encoding (but not consolidation) of abstract semantics, which may be explained either by the right hemispheres direct role in processing lexical semantics or by an indirect impact of tDCS on contralateral (left-hemispheric) cortical areas through cross-callosal connections.

Demystifying wine expertise through the lens of imagination: Descriptions and imagery vividness across sensory modalities

For most untrained novices, talking about wine or imagining the smells and flavours of wine is difficult. Wine experts, on the other hand, have been found to have better imagery for wine, and are also more proficient in describing wine. Some scholars have suggested that imagery and language are based on similar underlying processes, but no conclusive evidence has been found regarding mental imagery and language production. In this study, we examined the relationship between imagery and language use in both novices and experts. In an online experiment, wine experts and novices were asked to imagine the colour, smell, taste and mouthfeel of wines in different situations, and were asked to rate the vividness of the imagined experience as well as describe it with words. The results show that experts differ from novices on a number of linguistic measures when describing wine, including the number of words used, the type of words used, the concreteness of those words, and the adjective to noun ratio. Similarly, imagery for wine was more vivid in wine experts compared to novices in the modalities of smell, taste, and mouthfeel, in alignment with previous work. Surprisingly, we found that no single linguistic variable significantly predicted the reported vividness of wine imagery, neither in experts nor in novices. However, the linguistic model predicted imagery vividness better using data from experts compared to novices. Taken together, these findings underscore that imagery and language are different facets of wine cognition.

The influence of Pesian language on the Basrah Accent in the present and past

منذ القَدمِ تأثرتِ اللغة العربية والأدب العربي باللغة والثقافةِ الإيرانية، واستَمر هذا التأثر فِي العصور ولاسيّما في العصر العباسي، وظهر جلياً فِي النصوص التاريخية والعلمية والأدبية، ومن مظاهر هذا التأثير في الثقافة البصرية. والألفاظ المعرَّبة كثيرة تلفت الانتباه. موضوع هذا البحث هو التقصي وكشف معدل الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة والأكثر تأثيراً في هذه المدينة العريقة والمجاورة، لمدينة خرمشهر الإيرانية، ومعرفة أنواع هذه الألفاظ، وذلك بالاستعانة بالمنهج الفنيّ اللغويّ والإحصائيّ، ومراجعة تلك النصوص، واستخراج الألفاظ الفارسية منها. إنًّ أكثر هذه الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة بسيطة بعيدة عن التعقيد اللفظيّ کما إنّ أكثرها تقرئ بألفاظ مرکبة

한국형 과도한 남성성 척도 타당화

Objectives The purpose of this study was to validate the unmitigated agency scale into the Korean version.
 Methods The KUAS was constructed through adaptation and reverse translation of the unmitigated agency scale. The preliminary study examined the mean, standard deviation, and preference of sentence types and word types among 55 men aged 20-29. This study conducted exploratory factor analysis on 212 men aged 20 to 29. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on 200 men aged 20 to 29, and discriminant validity, and criterion val-idity were confirmed. Reliability was confirmed through test-retest with 40 people.
 Results Through exploratory factor analysis, 8 items for 1 factor were confirmed and verified through confirmatory factor analysis. The overall internal consistency was .86, and the correlation coefficient for retest reliability was .83. Variant validity and criterion validity were found to be appropriate.
 Conclusions This study provided a reliable and valid scale to measure unmitigated agency, the negative aspect of masculinity in gender roles. It laid the foundation for viewing the multifaceted aspects of gender roles.

Impacts of workplace verbal aggression classified via text mining on workers' mental health.

Exposure to workplace aggression adversely affects workers' health; however, little is known regarding the impact of specific types of verbal content. We aimed to examine the relationship between exposure to several types of aggressive words at work and the victim's depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance using text mining. We conducted a longitudinal survey with 800 workers in wholesale and retail companies; of which, 500 responded to the follow-up survey. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were filled out by the participants, and their responses were analysed by logistic regression to evaluate the risk of depression or sleep problems. We collected exact aggressive words encountered at work over the past year as a dependent variable and classified it into four types using text mining, such as words criticizing one's performance. The follow-up rate was 63%. Exposure to words threatening one's life showed a significant relationship with the risk of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 13.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.76-110.56). The exposure to words criticizing one's job performance is significantly related to the risk of sleep disturbance (OR = 5.56, 95% CI = 2.08-14.88). These findings suggest that different contents of verbal aggression can have different impacts on workers' health. This indicates that not only overtly threatening and abusive language but also words related to one's performance can be a risk factor for workers, depending on how they are delivered. To mitigate the adverse effects, promoting effective communication and cultivating psychological detachment from work may be beneficial.

Exploring cross-linguistic differences in parental input and their associations with child expressive language in ASD: Bulgarian versus English comparison.

Parental input plays a central role in typical language acquisition and development. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by social communicative and language difficulties, parental input presents an important avenue for investigation as a target for intervention. A rich body of literature has identified which aspects of grammatical complexity and lexical diversity are most associated with child language ability in both typical development and autism. Yet, the majority of these studies are conducted with English-speaking children, thus potentially overlooking nuances in parental input derived from cross-linguistic variation. To examine the differences in verbal parental input to Bulgarian- and English-speaking children with ASD. To examine whether aspects of verbal parental input found to be concurrent predictors of English-speaking children's expressive language ability are also predictors of the expressive language of Bulgarian-speaking children with ASD. We compared parental input to Bulgarian-speaking (N=37; 2;7-9;10 years) and English-speaking (N=37; 1;8-4;9 years) children with ASD matched on expressive language. Parent-child interactions were collected during free play with developmentally appropriate toys. These interactions were transcribed, and key measures of parental input were extracted. English-speaking parents produced more word tokens and word types than Bulgarian-speaking parents. However, Bulgarian parents produced more verbs in relation to nouns and used more statements and exclamations but asked fewer questions than English-speaking parents. In addition, child age and parents' use of questions were significant concurrent predictors of child expressive vocabulary. This is one of the first studies to conduct a cross-linguistic comparison of parental input in ASD. The differences found emphasize the need to further study parental input to Bulgarian children and adapt naturalistic parent-mediated interventions to the local language and its specific characteristics. What is already known on the subject A rich body of literature has identified the specific aspects of grammatical complexity, lexical diversity, and question-asking that are concurrently and longitudinally associated with the language ability of children with typical development and of children with ASD. Yet, the majority of these studies are conducted with English-speaking children. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge The present study finds that there are specific differences in verbal parental input to Bulgarian- and English-speaking children with autism in terms of lexical composition and question-asking. Bulgarian parents used more verbs than nouns, and the opposite pattern was found for English-speaking parents. In addition, Bulgarian parents asked fewer questions but used more statements and exclamations. Nevertheless, parental question use was significantly correlated with children's language ability across both groups, suggesting that question-asking should be further examined as a potential target for parent-mediated language interventions for Bulgarian children with autism. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Most language and social communication interventions for autism are designed and piloted with English-speaking children. These interventions are often simply translated and used in different countries, with different populations and in different contexts. However, considering that one of the defining characteristics of autism is language difficulty, more studies should examine (1) how these language difficulties manifest in languages other than English, and (2) what characterizes verbal parental input in these other contexts. Such research investigations should inform future language and social communication interventions. The present study emphasizes the cross-linguistic differences between Bulgarian- and English-speaking parents' verbal input to their children with autism.

Swear Words From the Indramayu Javanese-Indonesia in the Novel Aib dan Nasib

Swear words are impolite words or words that make other people offended or get angry. Every region has its’ own particular swear words, especially in Indramayu. The swear words used by the Javanese people of Indramayu have various types and functions. Therefore, this study describes the types and functions of Indramayu Javanese swear words in the novel Aib dan Nasib by Minanto. The result reported nine types of swear words in the novel Aib and Nasib by Minanto. They are 1) excretion in the word of tahi; 2) death in the word of mampus; 3) body function term in the word of kontol, memek, endas, kuping; 4) religious term in the word of dedemit, setan; 5) mother in law in the word of telembuk, lonte, perung, jalang; 6) sex term in the word of ngentot, rabenan; 7) animal term in the word of kirik, ketek; 8) imbecilic term in the word of dungu, goblok, koplok, cecunguk, campleng; 9) general term in the word of, sinting, lancang, bangsat. Meanwhile, the functions of those swear words in the novel Aib dan Nasib by Minanto are: to create attention; to discredit; to provoke; to create interpersonal identification; and to provide catharsis.

THE TRANSLATION OF TABOO UTTERANCES IN FIFTY SHADE OF GREY MOVIE SUBTITLE

The purpose of this research is to find out analysis translation about taboo words in the movie. Taboo words is word or group of wourds that contain ambiguous or exactly inappropriate meaning. Taboo word may be not used or heard for under age. Furthermore, Taboo words might be very dangerous and inappropriate in our country, Indonesia. Whilst there are almost every western movie contains the taboo words. Maybe the purpose is to adjust with the plot or the theme of the story and to adapt with their culture or to make the movies looks natural. The movie transcript and subtitle that used is ‘Fifthy Shades of Grey”, because this movie is about a man named Grey who have a sadistic in sex, so that obviously, this movie contains so many taboo words. In this research, the methods that it used is observation and analysis of the transcript from English (SL) into Indonesia (TL), especially non-participant observation methods. Taboo words is devided into 10 types and it would be explained and there are some examples for each type. Overall, the purpose of this study is to analyse the types of taboo words and to find out how taboo words are translated from SL to TL.

Enhancing Young EFL Learners' Vocabulary Learning Through Contextualizing Animated Videos

Practicing target language contextually integrated with animated video in the classroom influences the way students use the language in their everyday situations. Contextualized animated videos as learning media based on young learners’ characteristics can be appropriate for stimulating them to acquire vocabulary. This study attempts to examine the effectiveness of utilizing animated videos as learning media in learning vocabulary for enhancing young EFL learners' engagement in classroom activities. The study used experimental research in which participants from two groups (experimental and control) were involved. The context-based learning strategy is utilized to introduce new vocabulary items to the participants in the control group. While the new vocabulary items were presented to the experimental group's participants through context-based learning integrated with animated videos. The analysis of the data revealed that the participants who underwent vocabulary learning through context-based learning integrated with an animated video in the vocabulary learning treatment significantly outperformed those who underwent vocabulary learning through the context-based learning method. Integrating animated videos into vocabulary teaching proves its effectiveness with the four word classes of the content word type. It was very effective in learning verbs and adverbs compared to being learned via a context-based learning strategy separately. Hence, integrating animated videos is not just appropriate to facilitate vocabulary learning for young learners but also increases their motivation to engage in classroom learning.

Generate fuzzy string-matching to build self attention on Indonesian medical-chatbot

Chatbot is a form of interactive conversation that requires quick and precise answers. The process of identifying answers to users’ questions involves string matching and handling incorrect spelling. Therefore, a system that can independently predict and correct letters is highly necessary. The approach used to address this issue is to enhance the fuzzy string-matching method by incorporating several features for self-attention. The combination of fuzzy string-matching methods employed includes Jaro Winkler distance + Levenshtein Damerau distance and Damerau Levenshtein + Rabin Carp. The reason for using this combination is their ability not only to match strings but also to correct word typing errors. This research contributes by developing a self-attention mechanism through a modified fuzzy string-matching model with enhanced word feature structures. The goal is to utilize this self-attention mechanism in constructing the Indonesian medical bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (IM-BERT). This will serve as a foundation for additional features to provide accurate answers in the Indonesian medical question and answer system, achieving an exact match of 85.7% and an F1-score of 87.6%.

Determining the Word Types Named by 36 -71 months old Typically Developing Children and Error Analysis in Naming

Sözcük bilgisi, dil gelişiminin önemli bir temel taşıdır. Bir sözcüğün çocuğun dağarcığına katılımını takip etmek anneler veya bakıcılar için erken yaşlarda kolay olabilir; ancak sözcük edinimi hızlandıkça sözcüklerin edinim yaşlarını not almak zorlaşacaktır. İleri yaşlarda ise sözcük bilgisi hakkında bilgi veren objektif testlerden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu testler uygulanırken katılımcılara farklı sözcük türlerinden (ad, eylem, sıfat vb.) resimler gösterilerek adlandırmaları istenir. Mevcut araştırma, tipik dil gelişimi gösteren 36-71 ay arasındaki çocukların resim adlandırma becerilerini ortaya koymayı ve adlandırma sırasında yaptıkları hataları analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmada, 8-36 ay arası çocuklardaki sözcük gelişimini ebeveyn beyanına göre değerlendiren Türkçe İletişim Gelişimi Envanteri’nin (TİGE) Türkçeye uyarlanması sürecinde belirlenen ve resimlendirmeye uygun sözcükler ‘adlandırma sözcükleri’ olarak seçilmiştir. Seçilen 140 sözcüğün ait olduğu TİGE kategorileri ‘hayvanlar, taşıtlar, oyuncaklar, yiyecek ve içecekler, giysiler, vücut bölümleri, küçük ev eşyaları, mobilyalar ve odalar, evin dışı, insanlar, eylem sözcükleri, tanımlamaya yardımcı sözcükler ve yer bildiren sözcüklerdir. Çalışmaya tipik dil gelişimi gösteren 68 çocuk katılmıştır. Üç farklı yaş grubunda (36-47; 48-59; 60-71 ay) incelenen tipik dil gelişimi gösteren çocuklardan toplanan verilere bakıldığında, tüm semantik kategorilerinden alınan adlandırma puanlarının yaş ile arttığı ve çocuklarının adlandırma performanslarının birbirinden anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Çocukların isim ve eylemleri sıfat ve diğer sözcük türlerinden daha fazla doğru adlandırdığı saptanmıştır. Bu farklılık tüm karşılaştırmalarda daha büyük yaş grubu lehinde gözlenmektedir. Her yaş grubunun hangi kategoriden daha çok sözcük adlandırdığı belirlenmiş; ek olarak, çocukların adlandırma hataları analiz edilmiş ve örnekleri ile sunulmuştur.

An Analysis of Slang Words Found in Anne Marie’s Song Lyrics

This study aims at finding out the types of slang words found in Anne Marie's song lyrics and to analyze the meaning of those slang words. The data of this study were taken from the song lyrics by Anne Marie. This study chose Anne Marie’s song lyrics as data source because there are many slang words found in song lyrics. This study used the theory proposed by Kipfer and Chapman (2007:8) to classify the types of slang words and the theory proposed by Leech (1981) to analyze the meaning used. This study applied observation method in collecting the data of slang words. Qualitative method was used in analyzing the data. This study used formal and informal methods in presenting the finding. Based on the data analysis, there are 17 data of slang words found in Anne Marie’s song lyrics. Those slang words are classified into primary and secondary slang. The dominant type of slang found was primary slang with 16 data. Based on the theory of types of meaning by Leech (1981), there are two types of meaning exist in those slang words, such as; conceptual meaning and social meaning. Conceptual meaning occurred with 16 data and followed by social meaning with 1 data. Conceptual meaning dominantly appeared in Anne Marie’s Song lyrics.

How are mental state references represented in English and Japanese picture books? An analysis of the frequency of emotional and cognitive words and their relation to the self or others

AbstractThe text of picture books is a fertile source through which young children learn about mental states. By focusing on English and Japanese books (N = 100; for children aged 3–5 years) as respective representatives of independent and interdependent cultures, the present study examined the cultural differences in the use of two types of mental state language: emotion and cognition. While our findings revealed no cultural differences in emotional word tokens or types, cognitive word tokens and types were higher in English picture books than in Japanese ones. Importantly, English picture books exhibited more self‐oriented mental state references, while Japanese picture books had more other‐oriented mental state references. Our study suggests that mental state references in picture books reflect culture‐specific characteristics.

KATA TABU DALAM DIALOG TOKOH PADA FILM BETTER DAYS 《少年的你》

Film is one of the literary works in the form of audio-visual, serving as a medium to convey messages depicted through both sound and images, along with all its supporting elements. The term 'taboo' is one of the sociolinguistic studies that we often hear; generally, taboo words go against the prevailing norms and moral values. In this research, the author aims to explore what kind of taboo words are present in the film 'Better Days' (《少年的你》) and classify them according to their types. The goal is to identify the types of taboo words used in the dialogue between characters, using the taboo word classification according to The Jay.

What distinguishes emotion-label words from emotion-laden words? The characterization of affective meaning from a multi-componential conception of emotions.

Past research that distinguishes between affective and neutral words has predominantly relied on two-dimensional models of emotion focused on valence and arousal. However, these two dimensions cannot differentiate between emotion-label words (e.g., fear) and emotion-laden words (e.g., death). In the current study, we aimed to determine the unique affective characteristics that differentiate emotion-label, emotion-laden, and neutral words. Therefore, apart from valence and arousal, we considered different affective features of multi-componential models of emotion: action, assessment, expression, feeling, and interoception. The study materials included 800 Spanish words (104 emotion-label words, 340 emotion-laden words, and 356 neutral words). To examine the differences between each word type, we carried out a Principal Component Analysis and a Random Forest Classifier technique. Our results indicate that these words are characterized more precisely when the two-dimensional approach is combined with multi-componential models. Specifically, our analyses revealed that feeling, interoception and valence are key features in accurately differentiating between emotion-label, emotion-laden, and neutral words.

Unveiling factors influencing judgment variation in sentiment analysis with natural language processing and statistics.

TripAdvisor reviews and comparable data sources play an important role in many tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), providing a data basis for the identification and classification of subjective judgments, such as hotel or restaurant reviews, into positive or negative polarities. This study explores three important factors influencing variation in crowdsourced polarity judgments, focusing on TripAdvisor reviews in Spanish. Three hypotheses are tested: the role of Part Of Speech (POS), the impact of sentiment words such as "tasty", and the influence of neutral words like "ok" on judgment variation. The study's methodology employs one-word titles, demonstrating their efficacy in studying polarity variation of words. Statistical tests on mean equality are performed on word groups of our interest. The results of this study reveal that adjectives in one-word titles tend to result in lower judgment variation compared to other word types or POS. Sentiment words contribute to lower judgment variation as well, emphasizing the significance of sentiment words in research on polarity judgments, and neutral words are associated with higher judgment variation as expected. However, these effects cannot be always reproduced in longer titles, which suggests that longer titles do not represent the best data source for testing the ambiguity of single words due to the influence on word polarity by other words like negation in longer titles. This empirical investigation contributes valuable insights into the factors influencing polarity variation of words, providing a foundation for NLP practitioners that aim to capture and predict polarity judgments in Spanish and for researchers that aim to understand factors influencing judgment variation.

A study of paraphrase meta-language in linguistic domains in the age of artificial intelligence

Abstract This study delves into paraphrase meta-language for linguistic domains in the age of artificial intelligence. The study includes text preprocessing, text representation based on vector space modeling, statistical disambiguation, feature selection, and LDA topic modeling application. The research results show that these methods can effectively extract and understand paraphrased meta-language. The thematic distribution and dynamic changes of paraphrased meta-language are revealed by LDA modeling analysis in 4623552 Twitter data and 532565 linguistic documents. In addition, this study empirically analyzes paraphrase meta-language based on lexical understanding and finds that the average correctness of the annotators meets the expected range in all types of polysemous words. In the era of artificial intelligence, the study of paraphrase meta-language can bring new insights to linguistics, especially showing its value in understanding and processing large-scale linguistic data.

Limitations in Medical Research: Recognition, Influence, and Warning.

As the number of limitations increases in a medical research article, their consequences multiply and the validity of findings decreases. How often do limitations occur in a medical article? What are the implications of limitation interaction? How often are the conclusions hedged in their explanation? To identify the number, type, and frequency of limitations and words used to describe conclusion(s) in medical research articles. Search, analysis, and evaluation of open access research articles from 2021 and 2022 from the Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery and 2022 Surgical Endoscopy for type(s) of limitation(s) admitted to by author(s) and the number of times they occurred. Limitations not admitted to were found, obvious, and not claimed. An automated text analysis was performed for hedging words in conclusion statements. A limitation index score is proposed to gauge the validity of statements and conclusions as the number of limitations increases. A total of 298 articles were reviewed and analyzed, finding 1,764 limitations. Four articles had no limitations. The average was between 3.7% and 6.9% per article. Hedging, weasel words and words of estimative probability description was found in 95.6% of the conclusions. Limitations and their number matter. The greater the number of limitations and ramifications of their effects, the more outcomes and conclusions are affected. Wording ambiguity using hedging or weasel words shows that limitations affect the uncertainty of claims. The limitation index scoring method shows the diminished validity of finding(s) and conclusion(s).