Type Of Surface Treatment Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of hybrid fibers based on graphene oxide-wood flour for advanced applications

The performance of composites reinforced with natural fibers increases depending on the nature of the fibers and the type of surface treatment applied to the fibers. To improve the interfacial properties of the naturel fibers, one of natural fibers was selected (Wood Flour (WF)) and we introduced Graphene oxide (GO). The hydrogen bonding interactions between the Wood Flour and the GO facilitate the dispersion of the latter on the surface of the fibers to gives composite fibers (WF/GO). Several characterization techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to study the structural, thermal stability and morphological properties of the prepared hybrid composite. Morphological analysis revealed that the applied surface treatment of the Wood Flour (WF) was efficient where a good distribution of the GO sheets on the fiber interface is detected.

Experimental Study on the Bond Performance between Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar and Unsaturated Polyester Resin Concrete

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bar-reinforced unsaturated polyester resin concrete (UPC) can solve the problem of rebar corrosion in ordinary reinforced concrete members. However, it has not been widely used in engineering practice because there have been few studies conducted on the bond behaviors of FRP bar and UPC, and the interaction mechanisms between FRP bar and UPC have not been well understood. A series of pull-out tests are conducted on FRP bar-UPC specimens to study the bond behaviors between these two materials. Parametric studies are also carried out to investigate the effects of FRP bar diameter, fiber type, type of surface treatment, concrete cover thickness, and interfacial bond length between the two. Three failure modes of the specimens are observed from pull-out tests, i.e., FRP bar pull-out, tensile failure of FRP bar, and UPC split. A new constitutive model is, therefore, proposed to predict the bond stress of FRP bar and UPC in the residual stage, and the proposed model is finally verified by test data reported in this study.

Evaluation of the holding strength according to the cements used and the type of surface treatment of a single zirconium crown

Introduction: The long-term success of zirconium-based restorations depends on the adhesion between the zirconium and the composite cement. Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the retention strength of zirconium crowns according to the type of surface treatment and the cement used. Material s and Methods: The results of testing the strength of adhesion between 228 samples of zirconium crowns and tooth tissue were assessed. Mechanical tensile tests were performed using a universal testing machine. Tensile strength was assessed using five different cements. According to the surface treatment of the zirconium crown, the samples were divided into three groups: control group—without treatment, sandblasting, and coating with tribochemical silica. The results were statistically processed with SPSS v.20.0 using variance analysis, comparison, and correlation. Results: The analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the force required for the detachment of the zirconium crown of the samples (p <0.001) and the surface treatment (p <0.001), as well as for the interaction of the considered cements and the surface treatment (p <0.001). Conclusion: Al 2 O 3 sandblasting is a good surface treatment to improve the adhesion between composite cement and zirconia. Although some studies have shown that sandblasting with Al 2 O 3 is potentially detrimental to the mechanical properties of the material, this is one of the best surface treatments involving CoJet to improve the adhesion between the composite cement and the zirconium. Composite cement with an MDP primer is the recommended cement for monolithic zirconia crowns.

Effect of different surface treatment on the repair bond strength of feldspathic porcelain.

Considering the use of silane-containing universal adhesives to enhance the repair bond strength of porcelain restorations, a question arises whether the application of these adhesives eliminates the need for a separate application of silane or not. This study aimed to assess the effect of various kinds of surface treatment, including hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, the application of bis-silane and the use of universal adhesives, on the repair bond strength of feldspathic porcelain. In this experimental in vitro study, 70 porcelain disks were fabricated and divided into 7 groups (n = 10) for the following types of surface treatment: C (control group) – HF etching + silane + Porcelain Bond; HSB – HF etching + Single Bond; HSSB – HF etching + silane + Single Bond; HAB – HF etching + All Bond; HSAB – HF etching + silane + All Bond; HFB – HF etching + FuturaBond®; and HSFB – HF etching + silane + FuturaBond. After applying different kinds of surface treatment, the specimens were light-cured and the Filtek® Z250 composite was bonded to the treated surfaces. The specimens were incubated in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, and then underwent 5,000 thermal cycles. The repair bond strength of porcelain was measured and the mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope. Data was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Differences between the groups in the porcelain repair bond strength were significant (p < 0.0001). Bond strength for Single Bond (p < 0.001) and All Bond (p < 0.001) along with silane was significantly higher than for the application of these adhesives without a separate silane application step. This difference was not significant for FuturaBond. Mixed failure was the dominant mode of failure in all groups. The application of silane, irrespective of the use of universal adhesives with or without silane, increased the porcelain repair bond strength. Thus, a separate silane application step following HF etching and the use of universal adhesives with or without silane can enhance the repair bond strength of feldspathic porcelain.

Improvement of Steels' Corrosion Resistance in Liquid Lead and Lead-Bismuth by Coatings—Review

Abstract Heavy liquid metal (HLM) cooled systems are under wide investigation and development. The technology needs to study the materials corrosion, which has a different progress than corrosion caused by aqueous media. Improvement of the corrosion resistance can be achieved by alloying the bare material, but the degradation of steels continues with less or more intensity. Deposition of protective barrier may reduce the metals dissolution and diffusion of liquid lead into the steel substrate. Different types of surface treatment and coatings composition were evaluated to find out the most convenient solution for the steel's protection.

GluBam beams: Influence of the roughness of the bamboo laminas on the shear stress and the sliding modulus of bonded joint

The objective of this work is to determine the influence of the roughness of the laminas on the shear stress and sliding modulus of a bamboo–bamboo glued bond. Six types of surface treatments were made on bamboo laminas. For each surface treatment the surface roughness, the rupture shear stress, and the sliding modulus were obtained. It was concluded that to obtain a GluBam beam with high performance, a surface treatment with a roughness index around 1.85 is required. However, for conventional GluBam beams, the surface of the laminas may be only machined, with a roughness index of around 4.60.

Bond strength of artificial teeth to thermoplastic denture base resin for injection molding.

This research was conducted to investigate the bond strength between artificial teeth and a thermoplastic denture base resin for injection molding with different surface preparations for use in flexible resin removable partial dentures. Composite resin denture teeth and acrylic denture resin teeth were bonded to three types of thermoplastic denture base resins for injection molding (polyamide, polyester, and polycarbonate) and a conventional heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin (control). The ridge lap surfaces of the artificial teeth were classified into four groups based on the type of ridge lap surface treatment applied (n=10): no treatment, ethyl acetate, small T-shaped tunnel, and large T-shaped tunnel. The specimens were tested for bond strength. The results showed that the ethyl acetate treatment was ineffective for enhancing the bond strength (p>0.05) between the artificial teeth and thermoplastic denture base resin for injection molding, whereas the T-shaped tunnel was quite effective in this regard (p<0.05).

In Vivo Study for Clinical Application of Dental Stem Cell Therapy Incorporated with Dental Titanium Implants.

The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of dental-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (d-hMSCs) in response to differently surface-treated implants and to evaluate the effect of d-hMSCs on local osteogenesis around an implant in vivo. d-hMSCs derived from alveolar bone were established and cultured on machined, sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA)-treated titanium discs with and without osteogenic induction medium. Their morphological and osteogenic potential was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) via mixing of 5 × 106 of d-hMSCs with 1 mL of Metrigel and 20 μL of gel-cell mixture, which was dispensed into the defect followed by the placement of customized mini-implants (machined, SLA-treated implants) in New Zealand white rabbits. Following healing periods of 2 weeks and 12 weeks, the obtained samples in each group were analyzed radiographically, histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically. The quantitative change in osteogenic differentiation of d-hMSCs was identified according to the type of surface treatment. Radiographic analysis revealed that an increase in new bone formation was statistically significant in the d-hMSCs group. Histomorphometric analysis was in accordance with radiographic analysis, showing the significantly increased new bone formation in the d-hMSCs group regardless of time of sacrifice. Human nuclei A was identified near the area where d-hMSCs were implanted but the level of expression was found to be decreased as time passed. Within the limitations of the present study, in this animal model, the transplantation of d-hMSCs enhanced the new bone formation around an implant and the survival and function of the stem cells was experimentally proven up to 12 weeks post-sacrifice.

Experimental Study on the Novel Interface Bond Behavior between Fiber‐Reinforced Concrete and Common Concrete through 3D‐DIC

A novel method was proposed to improve the bond behavior of new‐to‐old concrete interface, which was beneficial to introduce the fiber‐reinforced concrete only at the old concrete interface. This study investigated the effect of the fiber addition, strength grade of new concrete, interfacial angle, and surface treatment types on the bond behavior in terms of the new‐to‐old concrete through the axial tensile tests. The three‐dimensional digital image correlation technique (3D‐DIC) and scanning electron microscope were adopted to evaluate the variation of specimen surface strain distributions and microstructure of fiber‐reinforced concrete and bond interface between new‐to‐old concrete. The experimental results indicated that interfacial angle and surface treatment type were significantly promoted bond behaviors, while the specimen cooperating with steel fibers had the highest bond strength. Besides, the maximum strain locations obtained from 3D‐DIC method were the same as the location of the specimen failure, which indicated the 3D‐DIC method can be adopted to forecast the structural failure. The microcrack strain located in the major crack was decreased with the development of the major crack. Ample crystals and Ca(OH)2 were generated in the interface between the new‐to‐old concrete to weaken the bond strength. Moreover, this paper provided the mechanics‐driven and machine learning method to predict the bond strength. This study provides a new interface bonding method for the fabricated and large span structure to effectively avoid cracking of new‐to‐old concrete.

Comparison of Surface Treatments of Endosteal Implants in Ovariectomized Rabbits.

The aim of this work was to evaluate osseointegration of endosteal implants with two different surface treatments at early stages (~3 weeks) in the tibia of healthy and ovariectomized rabbits. The study comprised 10 adult New Zealand female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus; 6 months and 3.0 ± 0.5 kg). Five animals were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy to mimic osteoporotic-like conditions, and the remaining rabbits (n = 5) served as the healthy control group. After 3 months, specimens from the ovariectomized and control groups were subject to implant placement in both tibiae, using two different types of surface treatment. A total of 36 implants were placed, n = 18 acid-etched and n = 18 anodized. After 3 weeks, euthanasia of the animals was performed, and samples were obtained for processing. Bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy were quantified to evaluate the osseointegration parameters around the implant surface and within the thread area, respectively, and nanoindentation tests were performed to determine elastic modulus and hardness of the new bone. Both analyses were performed on the entire implant (total), as well as individually within the cortical and bone marrow cavity area. All animals were evaluated with no signs of infection or postoperative complications. The total bone-to-implant contact and bone area fraction occupancy results, independent of surface treatment, yielded significant differences between the ovariectomized and control groups (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). In the marrow cavity, analyzing the surface treatments independently as a function of bone condition, the only differences detected were in the anodized treatment (P = .04). Regarding the elastic modulus, differences were detected only with the anodized implants between the ovariectomized and control groups (P = .015). At 3 weeks after implant placement, there were better osseointegration values of the implants in the healthy control group compared with the ovariectomized group independent of surface treatment. Also, specifically in the medullary region of the rabbit tibia, the acid-etched implants had more uniform osseointegration values in conditions of low-quality bone in comparison to the anodized implants, histomorphometrically and biomechanically.

How to Control Powder Alignment to Maximize Functionality and Performance of Color Cosmetics and Sunscreen

Control of powder alignment is essential for maximizing the functionality of color cosmetics and sunscreens. Various surface treatments were applied to nanosized titanium dioxide to modify their surface characteristics. Such modifications can be used to control the behavior of dispersions in cosmetics, enabling them to align uniformly. The powders were mixed with solvents and applied to a cellulose triacetate film. The features of powder alignment on the film were evaluated using several approaches. When the type of surface treatment changed by varying the weight ratio, there was no significant correlation between its alignment and treatment. However, when we focused on the pseudo-HLB each treated pigment, their alignments were correlated. It was confirmed that the powders subjected to the appropriate surface treatment combinations from the pseudo-HLB standpoint made it possible to align uniformly and create a smooth coating film. As a result, it has a high UV-shielding ability. The surface-treated powders in this study were found to change the UV shielding ability and surface roughness of the layer formed when they were formed by spreading the sample powder dispersion and drying of the film. It was suggested that the pseudoHLB, which is calculated based on the chemical structure after the surface treatment process, is useful for choosing the optimum surface treatment to create a uniformly aligned pigment layer.

TREATMENT OF METAL PICKLING EFFLUENT AND RECOVERY OF THE METAL

Metal pickling is a type of surface treatment, where the surface of the ferrous metals, copper, and aluminium alloys are treated with acidic media to get rid of inorganic contaminants, rust or scale formed. Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are popularly used for this purpose. This causes the industry to produce highly acidic metal pickling effluent which cannot be disposed directly without treatment as it is hazardous. Hence, to treat this metal pickling effluent, three methods are used which are by using hydrating lime, soda ash and the distillation method. These three methods are discussed in detail in this paper to prove which is the most cost effective and efficient method for large scale as well as small scale industries.

Evaluation of Bond Strength of Two types of Resins with Different Viscositiest to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic after Two Types of Surface Treatments. (In vitro study)

Evaluation of Bond Strength of Two types of Resins with Different Viscositiest to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic after Two Types of Surface Treatments. (In vitro study)

Pottery of the late 16th — first quarter of the 18th c. from the Sofia yard of the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town: comparative morphological analysis

The article presents morphological analysis of ceramic complexes from excavations in 2006 and 2017 in the city of Tobolsk. The pottery came from two areas: the Tobolsk Kremlin and the Upper town (9 Oktyabrskaya st.). Within this research, we aimed to conduct comparative analysis of morphology of the tableware from these sites to assess its similarities. From the two areas, 2261 ceramic fragments have been analyzed, and 200 vessels (counted by rims) from the late 16th c. — first quarter of the 18th c. layers have been identified. By the production technology, the dishes are non-glazed, made mainly on the pottery wheel. Hand-made ceramics have also been found in small quantity (less than 2 %). The assemblage is dominated by pot-like dishes (94.5 %). The proportion of cupped dishes is small. Other types of dishes (large pot, washbasin pot) have been found in single numbers. Based on the appearance of rims and necks, three types of pots and five types of bowls have been identified. Comparison has been made between the diameter of the mouth and the type of pot. Further examined were the frequency of occurrence of dishes with different colors and type of surface treatment, dimensions of bottoms, frequency of adding of sand to the surface of the pottery wheel. The assemblages have been compared to the late medieval ceramics of the northern, north-western and central regions of Russia, as well as the Urals and Siberia. Comparisons have been also made with the results of other studies of the Tobolsk ceramics. Statistics show that the pottery complexes are very similar to each other, both in large groups (pot-shaped and cup-shaped ware) and by other parameters (color and type of surface treatment, rim shape, mouth and bottom size, the ratio between types and diameters of pot mouths). Differences have been identified in the proportion of higher quality light gray dishes, being 2.5 times larger in the territory of the Upper town than in the Sofia yard. The difference is also expressed in proportions of the three types of pots. Type I prevails in the territory of the Upper town, and types II and III — in the Sofia court. Bowl-shaped dishes are diverse (3 types) and are present in both parts of the town. The quality light gray and black-glazed vessels of this type have been classified as tableware, partially for the lack of traces of soot. With this classification, the proportion of bowls defined as tableware constitutes 3 %. Comparison of the assemblages with the late medieval pottery from other regions of Russia revealed close analogies. But in terms of the general range of dishes, Tobolsk stands behind the cities of the European part of the country.

Bond strength of three chairside crown reline materials to milled polymethyl methacrylate resin

Statement of problemInformation on the bond strength of milled polymethyl methacrylate interim restorations when relined with chairside reline materials is lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the shear bond strength of various combinations of 3 different chairside reline materials bonded to milled polymethyl methacrylate blocks with 3 different types of surface treatments. Materials and methodsUniform blocks (10×10×22 mm) were milled from tooth-colored polymethyl methacrylate disks (Vivid PMMA; Pearson Dental Supply Co). The surface treatments tested were airborne-particle abrasion with 50-μm particle size aluminosilicate, application of acrylic resin monomer (Jet Liquid; Lang Dental Manufacturing Co) for 180 seconds, and airborne-particle abrasion with monomer application. The control groups were blocks with no surface treatment. The chairside reline materials tested were Jet acrylic resin (Jet Powder; Lang Dental Manufacturing Co), bis-acryl resin (Integrity; Dentsply Sirona), and flowable composite resin (Reveal; Bisco). All materials were applied through a Ø1.5×3-mm bonding ring. Ten specimens for each of the 12 groups were tested in a universal testing machine. Load was applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Fracture surfaces were then analyzed for cohesive versus adhesive or mixed failure. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc analysis (α=.05). ResultsThe mean shear bond strength values ranged from 1.77 ±0.79 MPa to 28.49 ±5.75 MPa. ANOVA revealed that reline material (P<.05), surface treatment (P<.05), and their interactions (P<.05) significantly affected the shear bond strength among the experimental groups. The strongest combination was Jet acrylic resin applied on specimens treated with airborne-particle abrasion and monomer. All 3 failure modalities (adhesive, cohesive, and mixed modes) were observed. ConclusionsOf the materials tested, the most reliable material to bond to milled polymethyl methacrylate was Jet acrylic resin, and the bond strength values were increased substantially when the milled polymethyl methacrylate surface was airborne-particle abraded and monomer was applied.

Retention strength of ball-attachment titanium post for removable partial denture or overdenture

Aim: To evaluate the retention of an endodontic titanium postwith a spherical head for removable partial denture or overdentureattachment according to surface treatment type. Methods: Sixtyhealthy single-rooted teeth, sectioned at the enamel/cementumjunction, were treated endodontically and steadily fixed in theembedding acrylic resin. The titanium posts were subdivided intofour groups: control, no surface treatment (Ctrl); posts with macroretentivegrooves (MR); air abrasion of the post surface (AB); andposts with macro-retentive grooves and air abrasion of the postsurface (MR+AB). The posts were luted in the root canal usingself-adhesive dual resin cement. Pull-out testing was performedusing a universal testing machine until complete detachment wasachieved. After pull-out testing, the metallic posts were examinedunder an optical microscope and the failures were classifiedbased on the cement distribution pattern on the extracted posts:0, no cement left on the post (cement/post failure); 1, postsurface partially covered by adhered cement (post/cement anddentin/cement mixed failure); 2, post surface completely coveredby cement (dentin/cement failure). The retention data wereanalyzed by one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni–Dunn test (p&lt;0.05)and Weibull analysis. Results: AB showed the highest retentionvalue (485.37±68.36), followed by MR+AB (355.80±118.47), MR(224.63±42.54) and Ctrl (113.12 ± 51.32). AB and MR showedthe highest Weibull moduli. Conclusions: The data indicatedthat air abrasion alone could significantly increase the retentionof titanium posts/attachments for use with overdentures orremovable partial denture.

Surface Treatments Effect on Carbon Fiber Composite-Different Alloy Adhesion Performance

Carbon fiber reinforced composites have a wide range of uses, especially in aviation and aerospace, marine and automotive. The adhesion properties of these high-tech materials with other materials are critical. Adhesive selection, surface treatment type and surface preparation procedures control adhesion performance. In this study, the effect of surface treatments that increase adhesion strength in carbon fiber composite (CFRP) structures was investigated. In order to improve the adhesion properties of carbon fiber composite materials with different metals, mechanical and physical surface treatment techniques have been used. 7075 aluminum alloy (Al) and 304 stainless steel alloy (SS) were subjected to sandblasting and plasma activation processes after surface cleaning in experimental studies. After surface activation processes, the surface wetting angle was measured and adhesion tests were carried out. In experimental results, it has been observed that plasma and sandblasting processes increase adhesion strength by 30-50%.

Effect of Surface Treatment and Cutting Orientation to the Changes in Stents Surface Roughness

During the implantation process, an expandable balloon stent undergoes a change in mesh shape with a high strain rate. Permanent mesh shape changes to the stents indicate plastic deformation has occurred. On a micro-scale, plastic deformation has significant influence when interacting with the soft tissue of human blood vessels. This experimental study aims to investigate the effect of surface treatment and cutting orientation on the changes in surface roughness that definitely occurs when a stent deployed. To study the effect of surface treatment, two types of surface treatment were applied after surface polishing, i.e. etching and electropolishing. Surface polishing is carried out to enable microscopic observation. As for examining the effect of cutting orientation, the plate is cut in lateral and longitudinal orientation against the predicted-rolling direction of 316L sheet-type of stainless steel. An intermittent tensile test is conducted to obtain information about the changes in surface roughness. The surface observation is carried out three times on a similar surface of testpiece after reaching plastic deformation. The experimental study shows that the orientation of raw material has an insignificant effect on the changes in stent surface roughness. As for the surface treatments, electropolishing tended to decrease the tensile property of material.

Flexural strength of CAD-CAM and conventional interim resin materials with a surface sealant

Statement of problemThe flexural strength of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) and conventional interim resin materials when they are used with a surface sealant is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the flexural strength of different CAD-CAM polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based polymers and conventional interim resin materials, autopolymerized bisacrylate composite resin and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) with and without a surface sealant after thermocycling. Material and methodsFourteen rectangular-shaped specimens (25×2×2 mm) were fabricated from 5 different interim resin materials, 3 different CAD-CAM PMMA-based polymers: Polident-PMMA, Telio CAD, M-PM-Disc; 2 different conventional interim resin materials, and 1 autopolymerized bisacrylate composite resin: Acyrtemp and 1 PEMA resin: Bosworth Trim according to ISO 10477:2018. Two different types of surface treatments (n=7), conventional polishing and surface sealant application, were applied to 1 surface of the specimens. Ten thousand thermocycles were applied in distilled water for all specimens (5 °C and 55 °C). A 3-point bend test was used to measure the flexural strength of specimens in a universal testing device at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. The flexural strength data (σ) were calculated in megapascals (MPa) and analyzed by using a 2-way ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparisons and independent t test analysis were done (α=.05). ResultsAccording to the 2-way ANOVA, material type (P<.001) significantly affected the flexural strength. Surface treatment type (P=.818) had no significant effect on flexural strength, and no significant interaction was found between material type and surface treatment type (P=.111). CAD-CAM PMMA-based polymers had significantly higher flexural strength than the conventional interim resin materials. However, no significant difference was found within groups of the same type. Also, no significant difference was found in flexural strength values between the conventional polishing and surface sealant groups within each interim resin material (P≥.162). ConclusionsThe flexural strength of CAD-CAM PMMA-based polymers was higher than the flexural strength of conventional bisacrylate composite resin and PEMA interim resin materials after thermocycling. The surface treatment type (conventional polishing and surface sealant application) was not found to affect the flexural strength of CAD-CAM PMMA-based polymers, conventional bisacrylate composite resin, or PEMA interim resin materials.

Effect of Remineralizing Agents and Resin Infiltration on Resistance to Demineralization of Artificial Enamel Lesions

objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different remineralizing agents and resin infiltration on resistance to demineralization of artificial enamel lesions using a pH cycling model. Materials and Methods: A total of 63 anterior bovine teeth were randomly assigned to nine groups (n=7). Artificial white spot lesions were created on the labial enamel surface using the demineralizing solution for all groups except for sound enamel group. Different surface treatments were then performed; G1: Artificial saliva, G2: Clinpro White Varnish™, G3: Tooth Mousse®, G4: MI Paste Plus®, G5: Artificial saliva/ ICON®, G6: Clinpro White Varnish™/ICON®, G7: Tooth Mousse®/ ICON®, G8: MI Paste Plus®/ ICON®, G9: sound enamel. All treated artificial enamel lesions were subjected to pH cycling. The whole nine groups were then submitted to cross-sectional microhardness using Vicker’s microhardness test, each specimen was measured at five predetermined depths. ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results: Two-Way ANOVA revealed that the type of surface treatment had a significant effect. Meanwhile, depth of measurement had no significant effect on cross-sectional microhardness of artificial enamel lesions. Conclusion: Remineralizing agents are effective in resisting demineralization in treated artificial enamel lesions and their effect is not potentiated by ICON® treatment. Clinical significance: One-month daily application of MI Paste Plus® was efficient to restore and maintain microhardness of enamel.