Sprinkler Type Research Articles

Dependence of the volume stability on the expansion rate of low-expansion foam

In this work, we analyzed and summarized the results of experimental studies of the characteristics of air-mechanical foam generated on the deflector type sprinklers and in the foam generating devices with mesh using three brands of general purpose foam concentrates, one brand of special purpose foam concentrate and one brand of foam concentrate used to extinguish fires as a wetting agent. As a result of the analysis, a linear dependence of the volume stability on the expansion rate of the foam was established, and the influence of physical characteristics (wetting ability, surface tension and dynamic viscosity) and the jet speed of the foam concentrate solution on the proportionality coefficient of the established dependence was determined. This dependence relates the stability and expansion rate of foam not only when using deflector type sprinklers for automatic extinguishing systems, but also using nozzles of fire barrels and other foam-generating devices that allow the generation of low-expansion air-mechanical foam, and does not depend on the geometric dimensions of the devices used. The resulting equation makes it possible to determine the stability of foams using the value of their expansion rate. It will help to reduce the time and money spent on experimental determination of the foam stability.

Development and experimental study of a kind of fluidic sprinkler

In this paper, a new variety of fluidic sprinkler was introduced and its working principle was presented. An auto-testing system of water distribution was established. The technology using rain-collection as an implement used RS485 assembly line for installation. Angle and frequency of step-by-step are effective driving moment operation of the fluidic sprinkler. The water distribution of fluidic sprinkler types 10 to 50 under relevant operating pressures was pointed out. Experimental results demonstrated that the fluidic sprinklers have complied with the national standards in flow, uniform coefficient, range and so on, which was supposed to be substitute samples for impact sprinkler in the future.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ РОБОЧИХ ОРГАНІВ ДОЩУВАЛЬНИХ МАШИН ЯК ЗАСІБ ПОКРАЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ДОЩУ ТА МІНІМІЗАЦІЇ ЙОГО ВПЛИВУ НА ФІЗИЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ТА СТРУКТУРУ ҐРУНТУ

The article presents the results of research on the impact of qualitative and structural characteristics of artificial rain created by sprinklers and ways and means of minimizing its negative impact on the soil by using modern low-pressure sprinklers. The purpose of the research is to study the design features of different types of sprinklers, and the practice and effectiveness of their use in the conditions of irrigated agriculture in Ukraine. Methods and materials. The study of structural and technological features of the working bodies of sprinklers, the practice of their application, and the determination of the main indicators of the quality of the generated rain were carried out in the economic conditions of their operation during the tests. When assessing the quality of work, the intensity of rain, the average diameter of the drops created, the coefficient of effective watering along the sprinkler belt of the tested machines, the specific power of rain, and the comparison of these indicators when using different types of sprinklers were determined according to the standardized methods of the relevant regulatory documents: SOU 74.3-37-152, DSTU ISO 11545. Results. Modern sprinklers are equipped with highly efficient sprinklers with a large capture area and low energy impact on the soil, taking into account all components of the impact of the quality and structure of artificial rain. At low-pressure values, such sprinklers provide a low intensity of rain due to a large spray area, good uniformity, and optimal droplet sizes. The use of these working bodies provided a solution to the problem of minimizing the negative impact of irrigation on the ecology of the environment. The high efficiency of the use of modern sprinklers was confirmed by tests of machines equipped with similar working bodies, according to the results of which a decrease in the intensity of rain and its energy impact on the soil was noted due to the low-working pressure, large coverage area, a nominal spectrum of droplet size and speed of their fall. Conclusions. The use of low-pressure sprinklers makes it possible to reduce the energetic impact of rain on the soil, which ensures the preservation of its structure and reduction of erosion processes, ensures high uniformity of irrigation at low pressure in the irrigation network, reduces moisture loss from the influence of air temperature and wind, and irrigation costs due to the reduction of pressure in irrigation network. Keywords. sprinklers, intensity of rain, size of drops, sprinklers, uniformity of watering, water erosion of the soil, pressure.

ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА РАССТАНОВКИ ДОЖДЕВАТЕЛЕЙ НА ВОДОПРОВОДЯЩЕМ ПОЯСЕ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНОЙ МАШИНЫ

Purpose: to develop software for the process of arranging sprinklers on the water-conducting belt of a sprinkler to improve the irrigation quality. Materials and methods. As a theoretical basis for creating software, the traditional methods of algorithmization and programming based on the processes of algorithm design for solving the problem of calculating the optimal spacing and flow-pressure characteristics of deflector nozzles on the water-conducting belt of sprinklers, respectively, formalized in the form of a scheme, and writing the source code in the object-oriented programming language Python were used. Results. To replenish the domestic scientific and technical base for digitalization of engineering and reclamation work with information tools, software for the process of arranging sprinklers on water-conducting belt of a sprinkler for uniform distribution of artificial rain along the irrigated area has been developed. The algorithm graphical model is represented by three blocks. The “Source data input” block provides a choice of the type of sprinkler, the operating flow rate of irrigation water, as well as the material of the water conducting belt. In the “Intermediate and target values calculation” block, the irrigation water loss, head loss, distance between the end and first nozzles, as well as the total number of sprinklers are calculated. In the “Cyclic computation and output of results” block, head losses along the length and local pressure losses are determined for each section, the sum of which makes up the total head losses. Using the designed software, computations were performed using the example of a cantilever sprinkler with 4 sections of steel pipeline, a total flow rate of 6 l/s and a pressure at the end of the console of 10 m. It was determined that to ensure the uniform distribution of artificial irrigation along the irrigated area, it is necessary to install 9 sprinklers with variable spacing along the length console, and to provide a head at the beginning of the sprinkler machine of 23.8 m, taking into account the total head loss of 13.8 m. Conclusions: the software allows simulating the optimal arrangement of deflector nozzles of the same size on a water-conducting belt at the design stage of double-cantilever and multi-tower lateral sprinklers.

Enhancing Irrigation Efficiency Through the Selection of Sprinkler Machine Design

The expansion of agricultural production implies an accelerated pace of development of water supply systems in agricultural areas. Water is consumed during animal breeding, primary processing of raw materials, preparation of liquid fertilizers, for household and other needs. Large volumes of water are spent on preparing liquid fertilizers when growing crops and irrigating fields. To increase moisture reserves in the root layer of the soil and increase land fertility, it is necessary to carry out irrigation measures. Sprinkling is one of the most common methods of irrigation. Taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, the type of agricultural products grown, as well as the security of a particular farm, you should choose certain sprinkler machines that will ensure high irrigation efficiency. Sprinklers can be classified according to their principle of operation, type and type, as well as according to the transformation of water flow. (Research purpose) Improving irrigation efficiency by selecting the optimal parameters of sprinklers based on local conditions. (Materials and methods) The object of the study was sprinkling machines, their performance and technical characteristics, as well as the features of the relief. The following research methods were used: analysis of literary sources; logical analysis of existing experimental data on irrigation processes; evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of specific machines and equipment; statistical data processing. (Results and discussion) The paper describes the design and operation of various sprinklers, provides irrigation schemes and calculations of its intensity. Shortcomings of specific irrigation schemes and types of sprinklers were identified, and ways to eliminate them were proposed. (Conclusions) The choice of irrigation scheme depends on the area of the site and its topography. Depending on the budget of the farm, you can choose the most optimal type of sprinkler.

Adaptation and Evaluation of Portable Gun Type Sprinkler Irrigation for Smallholder Farmers

The effectiveness of irrigation water management practices can be based on the uniformity and efficiency of the irrigation system. The water must be applied uniformly over the field. The study was conducted to fabricate and evaluate rain gun sprinkler irrigation by two factors of treatments on throwing distance, precipitations water depth and distribution uniformity. The three-nozzle sizes of Ø6mm, Ø8mm and Ø10mm were used as one factor of treatment and three pressure gauges 4bar,3bar and 2bar were used the second factor of treatment during prototype evaluation and operation. From the result, all of the interaction effects of different nozzle size and pressure gauge on throwing distance were significantly different from each other’s. The interaction effect of 10NS*4PG was the highest value of 40.32 m. The next was the interaction effect of 8NS*4PG that has 39.19 m, but it did not have significant different with 6NS*45PG and its values 38.83 m. For precipitation water depth the maximum result was obtained during interaction effect of 10NS*4BPG and next was 8NS*4BPG. The highest water distribution uniformity was seen at the interaction effect of 6NS*4BPG and its value of 80.77%. But did not significantly different with the interaction effect of 6NS*3BPG and its value of 78.63%. The interaction effect of 8NS*4BPG has second-rank interims of three evaluation parameters of throwing distance, precipitation water depth and distribution uniformity value of 39.19m,26.10mm/mint and 74.9% respectively. So it is recommended to use the interaction effect of 8NS*4BPG for the three-inch water pump.

Surface runoff and soil erosion from Nitisols and Ferralsols as influenced by different soil organic carbon levels under simulated rainfall conditions

Soil erosion poses a challenge to the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources, particularly in relation to agricultural production. The study aimed to assess the influence of different soil organic carbon (SOC) levels on runoff and soil erosion under varying levels of rainfall intensity. The study was conducted in pre-selected farmers' fields representing low, moderate and adequate SOC levels in Nitisols and Ferralsols. Two parallel experiments were set up in each type of soil using a split-plot layout arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. The main plots were the different soil organic carbon levels while the sub-plots were the different simulated rainfall intensities. Rainfall simulation was then conducted to determine runoff and sediment losses on each soil type. The simulation was done using a land type sprinkler nozzle rainfall simulator (460 788 type) in an experimental plot of 1 m2, fenced with corrugated iron sheets with a small opening left for runoff collection. Runoff and sediment losses were determined from the volume collected in the jar. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and significant mean differences were determined using Tukey’s Honest Test at a 95% confidence level. Pearson correlation was applied to assess the relationship between runoff volume and sediment loss. The results showed that Ferralsols recorded significantly higher runoff and sediment losses compared to Nitisols, by 60.27% and 53.14% respectively. However, adequate SOC level portrayed a significant effect in reducing erosion in both soil types, where it reduced runoff and sediment loss by 45.30% and 48.38% in Ferralsols and by 65.31% and 48.22% in Nitisols, respectively. In both soil types, runoff yield was positively correlated to rainfall intensity while sediment yield was inversely correlated with SOC levels. Therefore, the study recommends incorporation of organic matter to adequate levels in both soils, for reduced soil erosion.

Quality of yellow passion fruit as a function of irrigation, artificial pollination, and protected cultivation

Among the fruit crops of economic expression in Brazil, the passion fruit stands out for the medicinal, cosmetic and organoleptic properties of its fruits, having great acceptance by consumers. Because of this, the objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of yellow passion fruit fruits under organic system as a function of pollination combined with irrigated and protected cultivation. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in divided plots (2 x 2 x 2) with eight treatments and four replications containing four plants per experimental unit. The protected environment was installed on the upper part of each espalier, consisting of a 100 m transparent additive plastic film as material for the covering. Irrigation was of the micro sprinkler type and manual or natural (entomophilic) pollination. The following were evaluated: soluble solids content; total titratable acidity; ratio; raw pulp yield; juice yield; In the classification of the fruits - the physical appearance was analyzed, counting the amount of fruits that presented light, serious or without damages and the equatorial diameter of the fruits. These assessments were carried out in two periods: crop 1 (January to August 2019) and crop 2 (September 2019 to August 2020). It is concluded that: the cultivation system combining rainfed, plastic protection of plants and artificial pollination produces fruits with larger diameter and larger percentage of fruits in gauge 5; the raw pulp and juice yield, titratable acidity, soluble solids and ratio are not influenced by the cultivation systems.

Canopy-cooling systems applied on avocado trees to mitigate heatwaves damages

With climate change, spring heatwaves have become frequent in the Mediterranean region. High temperatures combined with wind and low humidity are problematic for subtropical crops adapted to high humidity and mild climate. Avocado is a valuable crop—nutritionally and economically—and many new orchards are planted in Mediterranean areas. Spring heatwaves increase avocado fruitlets dropping, severely decreasing yields. Addressing and solving the problem are necessary to maintain the crop's profitability. This study presents a sprinkler-based canopy cooling method that uses the existing pressurized irrigation system. The study aimed to test the system's performance during spring heatwaves, after the flowering season, in avocado orchards cultivated in a semi-arid region. The experiments examined the effect of various sprinkler types with varying flow rates and installation methods: sprayers, sprinklers and pulsing sprinklers, on foliage temperature, stem water potential, salt accumulation in the leaf, fruitlet survival and yield. The system reduced leaf temperatures by approximately 10 °C, significantly decreasing the trees' drought stress and increasing yields by 8–12%. Using low-quality water is possible, but requires adjustments to avoid salt damage to the leaves. The system can mitigate heat stress, and provides a relatively simple solution for handling spring heatwaves. The evaporative cooling system is modeled for semi-desert and desert conditions; the dry, windy climate contributes to the method's effectiveness.

Euler Analysis of a Machine for Raising Waters Proposed by Mr. de Mour

We examine a publication by Euler, Sur une nouvelle manière d’élever de l’eau propose par M. de Mour (On a new method to raise water proposed by Mr. de Mour), published in 1753, addressing a type of water sprinkler, consisting of an inclined tube with its lower end immersed into water, and discharging at its top by turning a vertical axis to which the inclined tube is attached. In this publication, Euler uses pioneering approaches by applying the concept of mechanical power to estimate the power needed to drive the machine by the human force, and by measuring time by the length of a pendulum necessary to achieve one oscillation. Several design formulas were derived for the determination of the output of the machine, giving also measures for its construction, and supported at the end by a numerical example to show the feasibility of the proposition. This is, perhaps, one of the earliest attempts to design a rotating machine to raise waters.

Comprehensively evaluating and modelling droplet diameters and kinetic energies of low‐pressure sprinklers

AbstractProper droplet diameter and kinetic energy can effectively reduce the risk of soil erosion during low‐pressure sprinkler irrigation. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the radial distributions of droplet diameter, velocity, kinetic energy, kinetic energy per unit droplet volume, and specific power for three common low‐pressure sprinklers, i.e. Nelson D3000, R3000 and Komet KPT, with two operating pressures (103 and 138 kPa) and three nozzle outlet diameters (3.97, 5.95 and 7.94 mm). Additionally, the relationships between these droplet characteristic parameters were analysed. Overall, the maximum values of five characteristic parameters were observed at the end of the jet under various treatments. Although R3000 had a larger droplet diameter (0.10–6.42 mm) and kinetic energy (1.08 × 10−10–8.59 × 10−3 J) distribution range than D3000 and KPT, the D3000 specific power (mean value of 0.4274 W m−2) was the highest of the three sprinklers. Therefore, KPT was suggested more in low‐pressure sprinkler irrigation than in the other two sprinklers because its application rates were reduced along the radial direction. In addition to selecting a suitable sprinkler type for minimizing specific power, determining a reasonable sprinkler spacing was also significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore, a universal specific power model with an appropriate accuracy (RMSE = 0.011 W m−2, NRMSE = 29%) was proposed. This study provides a key basis for the selection and combination of low‐pressure sprinklers.

Моделирование движения воды во вращающихся дождевателях широкозахватных дождевальных машин

Russian and foreign researchers have accumulated considerable experience in the design of various types of sprinklers and sprayers working both on wide-cut irrigation equipment and when spilling flower beds and lawns. The choice of design parameters and modes of operation, as a rule, was based on experimental studies. The dependencies obtained on the basis of this were for specifi c operating conditions, operating modes and the design of the sprinklers themselves. Until that time, there was no generalized calculation methodology, and, consequently, clear recommendations on the applicability of sprinklers in various conditions. The purpose of the study is to simulate the movement of water in rotating sprinklers in order to optimize the design parameters and modes of their operation. The article simulates the process of interaction of the water flow with the elements of the sprinkler having a rotating deflector. The effect of fluid consumption on the size of the drops is presented. An increase in fluid flow leads to an increase in the median diameter of the droplets, which is explained by an increase in the thickness of the liquid film coming off the deflector. The density of irrigation can be adjusted by the width and number of grooves on the deflector, and the size of the irrigated surface by the height of the grooves and the angle of the solution. The trajectory of the grooves on the deflector has a signifi cant impact on the formation of the speed and flight path of water droplets. The analysis shows that water acquires the highest speed when leaving a rotating deflector having grooves of 3-5 mm in size with a fl ow rate of 2-3.5 l / s and small grooves of 1.5-2.5 mm, occupying the area of the entire deflector with a low flow rate of up to 2 l / s. The studies carried out made it possible to simulate the process of interaction of the water flow with the structural elements of the sprinkler and to develop a generalized method of calculation. The obtained dependencies and values of the given parameters were used in the design of the nomenclature series of sprinklers for wide-cut irrigation machines.

Assessing water distribution characteristics of a variable-rate irrigation system

Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) can effectively improve the irrigation efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the two key indicators, irrigation uniformity and accuracy for a three-span center pivot VRI system with the combination of two sprinkler types, i.e., the Nelson D3000 (a fixed spray plate sprinkler, FSPS) and the R3000 (a rotating spray plate sprinkler, RSPS), two sets of irrigation depths designed for four management zones (zones 1–4) of 10, 8, 15, and 20 mm and 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm, and three cycle times (CTs) of the solenoid valve of 30, 45, and 60 s, with constant-rate irrigation (CRI) as a reference. In addition, the radially affected lengths of irrigation depths in zones 1–4 under various VRI treatments were further determined. The radial (mean CUH = 90.8%) and circumferential application uniformity (mean CUH = 95.6%) as well as radial irrigation accuracy (mean NRMSE = 15.3%) of the R3000 were superior to those of D3000 under VRI. The irrigation uniformity and accuracy of each management zone were less impacted by the designed irrigation depth and CT, but more affected by the location of the management zone. The irrigation uniformity and accuracy of VRI were close to those of CRI, indicating that the VRI system tested could guarantee the same application performance as the CRI system. Changing the D3000 sprinklers to R3000 sprinklers in the VRI system effectively reduced the radially affected lengths of management zones. The radially affected lengths of D3000 under various treatments were primarily distributed from 3–6 m, whereas those of R3000 were 0–3 m. Thus, it was recommended to select RSPSs in the design of the center pivot VRI system, and the transition zone and CT in relation to R3000 sprinklers were suggested to be 0–3 m and 60 s, respectively. This research provides the recommendations for better implementation of VRI.

Performance evaluation of indigenous floppy sprinkler irrigation system for various crops water management

Freshwater resources are a natural blessing and vital to life. Water is required in many aspects of life due to its importance in the economy. A Floppy sprinkler system (FSS) is an innovative and unique method for pressurizing irrigation. This method has multiple applications other than traditional methods, which can overcome farmer's issues to adopt the high-efficiency irrigation system. The performance evaluation of two types of floppy sprinklers (imported and indigenous) was the primary objective of this research. Three parameters, application efficiency of the low quarter (AELQ), distribution uniformity (DU), and uniformity coefficient (CU), were evaluated under different levels of riser height and operating pressures. A portable testing bench was designed to determine these parameters and the overall performance of FSS in the agriculture field. The system operated at a different pressure range from 1.5 to 4 bar and riser heights 10ft, 12ft, and 15f for both sprinklers. The results revealed that the system achieved maximum CU, DU, and AELQ at the operating pressure of 2.5 bar and riser height of 10 ft for both types of floppy sprinklers. The corresponding values of CU, DU, and AELQ were 84.5%, 70.7%, and 87.0 % for imported and 82.2%, 67.7%, and 82.5% for indigenous FSS. An overlap simulation model was used to achieve a high percentage of system performance. The results declared that the overlapping between sprinklers should be more than 65% to avoid water losses and minimize the overall system cost.

Water distributions of low-pressure sprinklers as affected by the maize canopy under a centre pivot irrigation system

Selection of a suitable low-pressure sprinkler can be an effective measure to reduce energy consumption, wind drift and evaporation losses. The crop canopy often redistributes the applied water during sprinkler irrigation. Therefore, we investigated the water distributions above and below the canopy as well as their differences in Heermann and Hein uniformity coefficient (CUH) under three commonly used sprinkler types (Nelson D3000, Nelson R3000, and Komet KPT) and two growth stages of summer maize (6-leaf stage and tasselling stage) to evaluate the effect of crop canopy on the water distribution of low-pressure sprinklers. The variations in the soil water content (SWC) and Heermann and Hein uniformity coefficient of soil water content (CUHS) were investigated further at 1 h before, 1 h after, and 24 h. Additionally, the effects of growth indices and sprinkler types on CUH and CUHS values were analysed. Both the water application depths and CUH values above the canopy were significantly higher than those below the canopy and the differences above and below the canopy increased significantly with the growth of maize. The CUHS after irrigation mainly depended on the initial SWC and CUHS values but was minimally correlated with the plant height, leaf area index, and sprinkler application uniformity. Although the CUH above the canopy (78.1%) of D3000 was significantly lower than R3000 and KPT sprinklers (both exceeding 90%), the CUHS of D3000 reached more than 93% after irrigation. This result indicated that the effect of sprinkler application uniformity was not important as predicted, and a good CUHS would be achieved after canopy interception and soil water redistribution irrespective of sprinkler types. This study provides an insight into the selection of best low-pressure sprinklers in centre pivot irrigation systems.

Экспериментальное определение эффективности тушения пожара класса B пеной низкой кратности, генерируемой розеточными оросителями

Цель. Установить взаимосвязь между кратностью и устойчивостью воздушно-механической пены (пены) низкой кратности, генерируемой в розеточных оросителях для автоматических установок пожаротушения, а также разработать методику и провести натурные испытания пенных и водопенных оросителей, на основании результатов которых выполнить сравнительную оценку эффективности тушения пеной, генерируемой каждым из них.
 Методы. Метод регрессионного анализа применен для установления формы зависимости устойчивости пены от ее кратности. Оценка эффективности тушения пеной, генерируемой оросителями, выполнялась экспериментальным путем, а обработка полученных экспериментальных данных выполнялась с использованием метода оценивания и выражения неопределенности измерений.
 Результаты. Установлена линейная взаимосвязь между кратностью K и устойчивостью C воздушно-механической пены низкой кратности, которая имеет общий вид: C = γK, где γ – эмпирический коэффициент, зависящий от физико-химических свойств пенообразователя. Получена эмпирическая зависимость C = f(K) для пенообразователя ПО-6РЗ (6 %). Разработана методика и проведены натурные испытания четырех розеточных оросителей: оросителя V2 с оптимальной по кратности пены геометрией, TY 3251 (США), ДПУ-15 (Россия) и ДВН-11 (Беларусь). Для сравнения эффективности тушения пеной, генерируемой оросителями, применен показатель эффективности тушения Et, учитывающий время тушения модельного очага пожара и расход огнетушащего вещества. В результате натурных испытаний установлено, что пена, генерируемая оросителем V2, обладает не менее чем в 2,5 раза большей огнетушащей эффективностью по сравнению с остальными испытанными оросителями.
 Область применения исследований. Установленная эмпирическая зависимость C = γK может быть использована для прогнозирования устойчивости пены на основе значения ее кратности и наоборот. Разработанные методики натурных испытаний и оценки эффективности тушения пеной, генерируемой пенными и водопенными розеточными оросителями, могут быть применены при разработке отечественных ТНПА в данной области, а также для исследования иных оросителей в условиях, приближенных к реальному пожару.

Field testing and extinguishing efficiency comparison of the optimized for higher expansion rates deflector type sprinkler with other foam and foam-water sprinklers

The process of foam formation in sprinklers (nozzles) for automatic extinguishing systems at present is poorly studied. There are no analytical models for predicting this process due to the presence of many complex physicochemical, mechanical and other phenomena. Previously, the authors studied the influence of the geometric parameters of the sprinkler (the frame arms and deflector) on the foam expansion rate K. The sprinkler with optimal geometry (the OFS sprinkler) capable to generate foam with expansion rate K of 13.6 was developed. In this work, the OFS sprinkler was tested under conditions close to a real fire. The comparison of the extinguishing efficiency of the OFS sprinkler with three deflector type sprinklers widely used in automatic foam extinguishing systems is presented. Fire extinguishing efficiency of the tested sprinklers was compared by using the extinguishing efficiency indicator Et, which takes into account the extinguishing time of the model fire site and specific discharge of the extinguishing agent. It was found that the fire extinguishing efficiency of the OFS sprinkler is more than 2.5 times better compared with the other tested sprinklers.

Optimization of Irrigation Design Technique for Pumping Units through Software Simulation Analysis for Varied Landscapes

This investigation will contribute in the evaluation of pump duty parameters required to design a system comprising of underground pop-up type sprinklers for irrigating turf grass lawn for a proposed site. The study specifically describes the design techniques of irrigation pipeline network of varied zones of landscape areas distant apart operating with minimum pumping units. The entire landscape area is designed with underground pop-up type sprinklers with proper selection spacing over the lawn. A method is proposed comprising of sprinklers, pipes diameters using pipe network simulating software where energy cost can be reduced. The study shows techniques on proper pump selection for landscaping. The labor cost, energy usage and water wastage has been tremendously reduced and optimized. Observations reveal varied pump parameters in that system for varied zones. This method reduces the various pumping units sectioning zones which can satisfy the maximum duty parameters of a single centrifugal pump of the landscape. This manuscript further elaborates on the practical aspects for the design of an efficient system.

Experimental investigation into fire behaviour of glazed façades with pendant type sprinklers

Façade systems play an important role in fire compartmentation of a building and reducing the likelihood of fire spreading through and outside of the building walls. The use of sprinklers in building regulations often allows for smaller building separation. However, no additional benefits are usually given to additional internal sprinkler protection of the external glass façade using standard pendant sprinklers. Four compartment fire experiments were performed with non-fire-rated aluminium façades with two- and three-layered Insulating Glass Units (IGU), protected by pendant-type sprinklers (DN15, K-factor = 80, T = 68 °C). Sprinklers were in row 14–55 cm from the glazing, with 1.514–1.83 m separation distance. In all experiments, façades achieved satisfactory performance in terms of glazing integrity, insulation and reducing the thermal radiation. Under a non-uniform water distribution, parts of the glass were dry (1.7%–15.7% of IGU area), where we have observed soot deposition and local damage to fire exposed glass layer, but no loss of the structural integrity. The temperatures on the unexposed side did not exceed 86 °C, the peak measured temperature of the internal glass surface was 173 °C. The performed experiments confirmed the capability of standard pendant-type sprinklers to enhance the fire protection features of a building façade.

Расчетная оценка геометрических параметров спринклерных установок водяного пожаротушения высотных стеллажей

Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с применением спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Проанализированы соответствующие нормативные документы. Описаны варианты решения задач определения расхода воды из оросителя, координат места его установки, а также углов распыла огнетушащего вещества и наклона оси оросителя. Приведены примеры расчета геометрических параметров спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Fires at objects whith high-rack storage of combustible materials are particularly dangerous because of the rapid spread of the flame vertically, the risk of collapse of the racks and the damaging effects of high temperature on structural elements of the building. The main method of extinguishing such fires at the initial stage is the use of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems (AUP). The requirements for AUP parameters (types of detectors and sprinklers, their characteristics and distances) depending on the height of the room and storage are currently set out in two normative documents: the set of rules (SP 241.1311500.2015) and the organization standard (VNPB 40-16). Unlike the SP, where there is provided only the supply of a fire extinguishing substance (FES) - water vertically down with high-flow sprinklers of type SOBR (ESFR) and there are no requirements for the type of fire detectors, VNPB provides the use of different types of detectors (aspiration, smoke, heat), forced start-up of AUP sprinklers, which reduces the time of free fire development and the supply of FES by a flow shaper with the spray angle ≈ 600 at an angle  to the vertical both to the horizontal and lateral surfaces of the racks. This article discusses the issues of determining the parameters of automatic sprinkler systems for water fire extinguishing of racks. Variants of solving synthesis problems are given - the choice of the places for installing sprinklers depending on the height and width of the racks, their axis of inclination, and also the spray angle. To solve these problems, the computer program called struja.exe was created, a series of calculations on which showed a negligible effect of aerodynamic drag due to relatively small distances. Examples are given. Thus, the features of the sprinkler AUP for the protection of rooms with high-rack storage and the task of determining its geometric parameters are considered. In this case, forced activation of the sprinkler follows in order to avoid a delay in the start of extinguishing. In the future, it is also desirable to conduct additional field experiments with sprinkler water supply and also (if possible) evaluate the effect of ascending flows of combustion products on the water flow from the sprinkler.