Types Of Social Relationships Research Articles

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PRACTISE APPLICATION IN SPORTS ORGANISATION

In recent decades, the formation of a new type of social relationships has continued, based on new social connections and styles of behaviour. The role of sport in modern society is becoming not only an increasingly visible social and political factor, the demand of stakeholders to become socially responsible organizations is felt due to public pressure in the sports industry. The main goal of organizations should be not only to maximize profits and increase competition but also to get closer to the impact of their activities on the environment. As a result, social responsibility becomes the cornerstone of the management of most organizations or enterprises, when it comes to increasing the well-being of employees, from an environmental point of view – reducing pollution, and from an economic point of view – reducing corruption, bribery. the success of organizations depends on their integration into the market, so social responsibility is a successful way of self-realization since the main areas are social, economic and environmental – important for society and other interested parties. The problem of the study is raised by the question of what level of application of the practice of social responsibility in a sports organization from the point of view of administrative staff and coaches, and what socially responsible activities would promote the level of application of the social responsibility practice of organizations. Research objective: determine the level of application of social responsibility practices in a sports organization from the point of view of administrative staff and coaches. Research methods: analysis of research-based literature sources; quantitative research – questionnaire survey, the questionnaire was based on an analysis of the research-based literature. The questions are adapted to the problem; mathematical, statistical descriptive analysis. The data obtained during the survey were processed by the SPSS version 28 package. Data were calculated using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results. A comprehensive assessment of corporate social responsibility, based on the proposed system of indicators, allows for analyse of the results of quantitative assessment, to control the level of application of social responsibility practices in organisations which were engaged in various activities, including sports organisations. The advantages of applying social responsibility practice are: it educates staff, reduces staff turnover, helps to attract the best professionals, improves the image of organisations and ensures stable and sustainable development of the organisation in the long run. It was found that the employees of a sports organisation generally evaluate the practice of social responsibility as a high level of social responsibility, men have a slighter lower scores for philanthropic responsibility, and women have a lower rates for economic and philanthropic social responsibility. From the point of view of stakeholders, social responsibility in public relations in a sports organisation is rated the highest (highest level). In terms of environmental sustainability, women value social responsibility less than men. The treatment of employees and athletes, and responsibility towards customers is of a high standard level, however, the application of social responsibility practices in all its components can be improved by initiating more active participation of the sports organisation in the environment and contributing to philanthropic initiatives. Administration employees rate social responsibility lower than coaches.

Social network characteristics moderate associations between cortical thickness and cognitive functioning in older adults

AbstractBackgroundAlthough prior research suggests that brain health is associated with cognitive functioning in later life, the strength of brain‐cognition associations varies. Lifestyle factors may alter these associations by either increasing or decreasing the probability of exhibiting cognitive symptoms at any given level of brain pathology. One lifestyle factor that prior clinicopathologic research has found to influence the association between greater Alzheimer’s disease pathology and lower cognitive performance is an individual’s total social network size. However, little is known about distinct social relationship types (i.e., family vs. friends).MethodThe current cross‐sectional study used data from the Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP; n = 654, 63‐96 years old, 62.40% Female) to examine whether distinct social network characteristics moderate associations between cortical thickness in regions implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive performance. Initial linear regression models examined the effects of total social network size, cortical thickness and their interaction on global cognitive functioning and individual cognitive domains (memory, language, speed/executive functioning, visuospatial function). Subsequent models tested the effects of distinct social relationship types (i.e., spouse/partner, number of children, other relatives, friends).ResultAlthough there were no main effects of cortical thickness or individual social network components on cognition, there was an interaction between cortical thickness and the size of friend networks. Specifically, lower cortical thickness was associated with lower global cognition among individuals with smaller friend networks, but not individuals with larger friend networks. When broken down by individual cognitive domains, this pattern of results was most prominent for language and speed/executive functioning. Total social network size and family networks (spouse/partner, number of children or relatives) did not moderate associations between cortical thickness and cognition.ConclusionResults are consistent with a growing body of literature suggesting that maintaining more friendships may promote cognitive reserve in older adulthood. Longitudinal, intervention, and functional neuroimaging studies are needed to determine whether interacting with friends strengthens neural networks that can support cognitive performance in the context of poorer brain health.

How Do Russians Perceive and Justify the Status Quo: Insights From Adapting the System Justification Scales.

This paper aims to adapt the system justification scales (general, political, economic, and gender) for the Russian socio-cultural context and to carry out their psychometric analysis. In Study 1 (N = 450), the original items from four system justification scales on a Russian sample were tested. The results suggested that none of the original scales worked properly in Russia and all of them demonstrated weak fit indices. In Study 2 (N = 553), culturally specific grounds for system justification in the Russian context were highlighted and tested. The results of this study confirmed that all the adapted scales demonstrated a good fit to the data. In Study 3 (N = 1,011), the invariance of system justification scales and the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales was tested. The results confirmed that the general, political, and economic system justification scales demonstrated full invariance, while the gender system justification scale showed partial invariance for multigroup comparison. All the scales convergent and discriminant validity, which leads to consider them as an effective tool for measuring system justification in various types of social relationships in Russia. The role of socio-cultural characteristics in justifying the status quo is discussed.

The Constructive Overlap: A Study of Multiplex Ties in Students\u2019 Study-Related Networks and Academic Performance

This article adds to a growing body of literature on how various types of social relations can work synergistically to promote students' academic success. Students’ study-related social networks affect academic outcome in higher education. The network literature in education generally explores students’ various relations separately, rather than their multiplex relations or when individuals share several relations. This approach risks missing the full complexity of the student experience. The aim of the present study is to add to the discussion on student social networks and attainment in higher education by further exploring multiplex relations maintained in a specific study program, in which a large share of students in the cohort commute. A survey was distributed to students in one cohort (n = 146). The findings revealed that, in this cohort, students’ friendship, working and learning networks overlap substantially, and that centrality in the friendship and in the student multiplex networks was positively and significantly related to academic outcome, whereas centrality in the working and learning networks was not. Points for future research are suggested, and practical implications for those supporting student learning in higher education are discussed.

Semantic Social Networks Constructed by Topical Aspects of Conversations: An Explorative Study

As the number of social networking services (SNS) and their users grow, so does the complexity of individual networks as well as the amount of information to be consumed by the users. Users of SNS exchange short and instantaneous messages interactively, which can be seen as conversations. We explore this conversational aspect of SNS and show how refined topic-based semantic social networks can be formed in order to reduce the complexity and information overload. Among other possibilities, we use the notion of topic diversity and topic purity of SNS conversations between two users and show different types of social relationships can be identified in that they break down a huge “syntactic” social network into topic-based ones based on different interaction types. Resulting semantic social networks can be useful in designing various targeted services on online social networks.

The Social Specificity of Societal Nature Relations in a Flexible Capitalist Society

Based on analyses of a 2016 German survey, this article contributes to debates on ‘societal nature relations’ by investigating the systematic differences between socially specific types of social relations with nature in a flexible capitalist society. It presents a typology of ten different ‘syndromes’ of attitudes toward social and environmental issues, which are then grouped to distinguish between four ideal types of social relationships with nature: dominance, conscious mutual dependency, alienation and contradiction. These are located in Pierre Bourdieu's (1984) social space to illustrate how social relationships with nature correspond to people's positions within the totality of social relations. Understanding how people's perceptions of and actions pertaining to nature are shaped by their positions in these intersecting relations of domination – both within social space and between society and nature – is an important precondition for developing transformative strategies that will be capable of gaining majority support in flexible capitalist societies.

Historical Dynamics of Socialization in the Context of Managed and Spontaneous Beginnings

Introduction, problem setting: the relevance to study the dynamics of controlled and spontaneous socialization processes is associated with rapidly changing living conditions of society and the constant search for its place in the world and in the society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the controlled and spontaneous principles in socialization in historical dynamics as a process of constant redefinition of oneself, society and one’s place in it. Review of scientific literature on the problem: socialization has become the subject of study of many humanitarian sciences: pedagogy (P. L. Lavrov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, V. Mudrik), psychology I. Kon, M. A. Andreeva) sociology T. Parson, J. Mead, E. Giddens and others). Research methodology and methods: The article is based on the environmental approach in pedagogics, architecture and sociology, that makes it possible to trace the connection between place and forms of social organization, and the corresponding functionality; J. Mead’s theory of symbolic interactionism with his acceptance of the role of the “other” that is a result of the interaction and serves as an indicator of its success and effectiveness; the concept of managing impressions by I. Hoffman, who analyzes the foreground and background of interactions to indicate success of mastering a set of social roles. The results of the study, discussion: the historical dynamics of the process of socialization are directly related to the type of society and its ways of dealing with nature, the types of social relations that find expression in the ways of translating social experience and the forms of settlement. The dynamics of human history demonstrates the interaction of two components of the process of socialization: a controlled, more characteristic of mythological cultures, the Middle Ages and the new time, until the end of the XVII - the first half of the XIX century and spontaneous, associated with the destruction of traditional foundations, the reduction of the role of the spatial factor and the development of information technologies. Conclusion: As a result of the study, here are some conclusions: 1) the history of the mankind development is the history of defining and drawing boundaries between our own and others; 2) historical process combines elements of controlled and spontaneous entry into society; 3) the complication of socialization processes and the growth of unconscious processes are associated with changes in historical conditions and the destruction of the social structure of society.

A Phenomenological Approach to the Study of Social Distance.

From its very beginning, sociological thought has been concerned with a topic central to our daily lives: social distance. Since inception, the concept of social distance has referred to the relationships of familiarity and strangeness between social groups, which is experienced in the social world in terms of “We” and “They”. This article covers the main tenets of a Schutzian phenomenological approach to the study of social distance and group relationships. Specific focus is placed on the different attitudes and valuations of the in-group towards the out-group considered as a stranger, the invisible excess of meaning that emerges in these types of social relationships and the conceptual construction of the Other that explains the phenomenon of discrimination.

Different roles of social participation in socioeconomic disparities in depressive symptoms of Koreans across age groups

We investigated how socioeconomic status and positive social interactions and involvement as the key determinants of mental health outcomes are combined together to associate differentially with depressive symptoms across the life stages. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in depression and the extent to which different types of social participation can explain and reduce them from young to old-old age groups. We analyzed the data from the Korean Community Health Survey in 2017 using the negative binomial model. We additionally provided results from generalized linear models to compare indirect effects based on the product method and conditional indirect effects. We also visualized the moderating effects of socioeconomic status on the relationships between social participation and depression. Socioeconomic gaps in depressive symptoms become larger in later life after 65 years of age. Activities for companionship, volunteering, and leisure and to a lesser degree daily interactions with friends partially account for higher levels of depression due to lower socioeconomic status. In contrast, social contact with family and neighbors has a suppression effect as it is rather negatively related to socioeconomic status. The overall mediation effects are strongest for the middle-aged and least for those in the old-old group. The same types of social relationships provide greater benefits for depression among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, with the overall buffering effects strongest for the middle-aged and less for the young and young-old groups. Notably, more frequent contact with family and neighbors is associated with higher depression for the old-old in the lower strata of socioeconomic status. The main findings suggest appropriate interventions for depressive symptoms associated with lower socioeconomic status in different life-stage groups through reducing social disparities in formal and informal participation. Further research is needed to identify some other mechanisms and alleviating factors of increased socioeconomic inequalities in late-life depression.

Exploring embeddedness, centrality, and social influence on backer behavior: the role of backer networks in crowdfunding

This research examines the influence of backers’ social networks on their backing behavior using data from a large social networking site and a reward-based crowdfunding platform. We distinguish the roles of nodes and ties in a backer’s social network and assess the combined and differential effects of these two types of social relationship on the backer’s pledge decisions. As backers have different motives for engaging in different crowdfunding campaigns, which range from commercially oriented technological innovation to community-based social development, we further examine how these effects differ between technology-oriented campaigns and social-oriented campaigns. We find that node-level factors (e.g., centrality) have a greater influence on technology-oriented campaigns than on social-oriented campaigns, while tie-level factors (e.g., embeddedness) have a stronger impact on social-oriented campaigns. Considering the two forms of embeddedness in tandem, we find that the effects of relational embeddedness on backers’ pledge decisions are not only moderated by structural embeddedness but also contingent on campaign type. These results offer important theoretical insights into the drivers of contribution, which should be considered by crowdfunding operators and campaign proponents seeking to stimulate contribution.

LEGAL UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW SUBJECT

Purpose: current theoretical issues of the environmental law subject in Ukraine are considered, scientific concepts of the environmental legal relations subject are studied, the content of the subject is analyzed through the application of the Law of Ukraine «On Environmental Protection», authors’ scientific positions concerning the legal determination of the subject that which combines a set of conclusions on environmental safety, ownership, use, restoration of natural resources and environmental protection are proved. Scientific doctrines based on the principles of current environmental legislation, various concepts of scientific schools in the field of environmental law increase the role of science, academic discipline in this area. Methods: the study was conducted using such methods as analysis and comparison, synthesis. The methods of analysis and comparison were used in the study of scientific achievements of legal scholars to determine the subject of environmental law. Using the method of synthesis, the types of social relations in the field of use and reproduction of natural resources and environmental protection are established. Results: three groups of social relations are identified and it is concluded that the subject of environmental law includes natural resource, naturally protective and anthropo-protective social relations; the subject of Environmental Law is defined. Discussion: issues of legal understanding of Environmental Law subject in Ukraine. The authors conclude that the subject of environmental law is a system of integrated sub-branches of law, which includes legal norms governing public relations for the use of natural resources, their protection, reproduction, environmental safety, prevention and elimination of negative economic and other activities on the environment natural environment, conservation of natural resources, genetic fund of living nature, landscapes and other natural complexes, unique territories and natural objects. Although Ukrainian legislation is based on the priority of human and civil rights, freedoms and interests, the mechanism of their implementation, protection and provision should be improved by further systematization of environmental legislation taking into account the natural law doctrine of these rights, fundamentally new national state policy, rule of law.

Matrix Factorization Recommendation Algorithm Based on Multiple Social Relationships

With the widespread use of social networks, social recommendation algorithms that add social relationships between users to recommender systems have been widely applied. Existing social recommendation algorithms only introduced one type of social relationship to the recommendation system, but in reality, there are often multiple social relationships among users. In this paper, a new matrix factorization recommendation algorithm combined with multiple social relationships is proposed. Through experiment results analysis on the Epinions dataset, the proposed matrix factorization recommendation algorithm has a significant improvement over the traditional and matrix factorization recommendation algorithms that integrate a single social relationship.

Moving beyond family: unequal burden across mental health patients' social networks.

Although the family burden of mental health problems on patients' close relatives was widely acknowledged, little was known about how mental health problems affected the quality of life of other types of social relationships of patients, through what mechanisms, and under what conditions. The study aims to explore the burden on all types of relationships of mental health patients and explain why and when the burden is unequal across different relationships. The association between different types of relationships and the levels of burden was examined with dyadic data of 1178 patient-acquaintance relationships in the United States and random effects multilevel models. Frequency of contacts was tested as a mediator. The severity of mental health problems was tested as a moderator. All types of relationships of patients borne a significant burden. Close relatives including parents, spouses, children, and siblings suffered a greater burden than distant relatives and non-relatives. The unequal burden was partly explained by the frequency of contacts with patients. The burden of close relatives significantly increased when patients' mental health problems were more severe. Mental health patients put a burden on their frequent contacts outside core families, especially when their problems were more severe. Public health policies should attend to the quality of life of mental health patients' all types of acquaintances in the wider society.

Social Behavior of the City Government and Citizens of the Metropolis during a Pandemic (for Example St Petersburg)

Introduction. The coronavirus has become a serious test for national and regional power and management systems. Many systems have demonstrated their effectiveness and flexibility, competence and coherence. But there were also cases when erroneous decisions were made at the regional and even national levels. The purpose of this article is to determine the main trends in changes in the social behavior of the city government and citizens of St Petersburg in the context of the coronavirus pandemic.Methodology and sources. The article is based on classical and modern theories of urban sociology, sociology of the formation and functioning of public spaces and public life in a modern city, data from urban statistics on COVID incidence and empirical observations.Results and discussion. From the very beginning, the city government of Saint Petersburg became the center of coordination and mobilization of all city resources to overcome the pandemic. However, it is not always possible to manage the available resources correctly and effectively. One of the reasons for the inefficient use of available resources was that the government did not define a strategy to combat the coronavirus pandemic from the very beginning. Decisions were made situationally, sometimes inconsistently. It is worth noting that, despite the restrictions imposed, the social behavior patterns of a significant part of citizens have not changed significantly, but have only been transformed into hybrid social practices.Conclusion. The study described the existing normative and hybrid models of social behavior of the government and citizens in the public space of the city in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, identified the most affected types of social relations (local-local) and local spaces (trade, entertainment, etc.) in which new social norms are most often violated.

The dual effect of social ties on COVID-19 spread in Japan

We investigate why some communities experience worse COVID-19 outcomes than others. Past studies have linked the resilience of communities against crisis to social vulnerability and the capacity of local governments to provide public goods and services like health care. Disaster studies, which frequently examine the effect of social ties and mobility, may better help illuminate the current spread of COVID-19. We analyze Japan’s 47 prefectures from February 12 to August 31 using 62,722 individual confirmed cases of COVID-19, paired with daily tallies of aggregate Facebook user movement among neighborhoods. Controlling for mobility levels, health care systems, government finance, gender balance, age, income, and education levels of communities, our analysis indicates that areas with strong linking social ties see no or far lower levels of COVID-19 case rates initially. However, case fatality rates rise in such communities once the disease enters as they lack horizontal (bonding) ties which can mitigate its health impacts. We anticipate this study to be a starting point for broader studies of how social ties and mobility influence COVID-19 outcomes worldwide along with shining a light on how different types of social relationships play different roles as a crisis or disaster progresses.

Two Models Based on Social Relations and SVD++ Method for Recommendation System

Recently, Recommender Systems (RSs) have attracted many researchers whose goal is to improve the performance of the prediction accuracy of recommendation systems by alleviating RSs drawbacks. The most common limitations are sparsity and the cold-start problem. This article proposes two models to mitigate the effects of these limitations. The proposed models exploit five sources of information: rating information, which involves two sources, namely explicit and implicit, which can be extracted via users’ ratings, and two types of social relations: explicit and implicit relations, the last source is confidence values that are included in the first model only. The whole sources are combined into the Singular Value Decomposition plus (SVD++) method. First, to extract implicit relations, each non-friend pair of users, the Multi-Steps Resource Allocation (MSRA) method is adopted to compute the probability of being friends. If the probability has accepted value which exceeds a threshold, an implicit relationship will be created. Second, the similarity of explicit and implicit social relationships for each pair of users is computed. Regarding the first model, a confidence value between each pair of users is computed by dividing the number of common items by the total number of items which have also rated by the first user of this pair. The confidence values are combined with the similarity values to produce the weight factor. Furthermore, the weight factor, explicit, and implicit feedback information are integrated into the SVD++ method to compute the missing prediction values. Additionally, three standard datasets are utilized in this study, namely Last.Fm, Ciao, and FilmTrust, to evaluate our models. The experimental results have revealed that the proposed models outperformed state-of-the-art approaches in terms of accuracy.

Menadžment tranzicionim procesima u funkciji održivog razvoja

The modern world is at a new historical turning point (transition from industrial to post-industrial or information society). Today, this is most often referred to as a transitional or transitional period. However, this process is often reduced as the transition of the planned economies of the former socialist countries to market economies and the transition of their authoritarian social systems to democratic societies. The modern transitional period represents the period of the realization of the third scientific and technological revolution (biotechnology, robotics, informatics, new materials, conquest of space and sea for production purposes), which changes both production forces and production relations. Namely, all this leads to a new organization of production, a new type and carrier of production management, changes the importance and role of ownership, factors of production, the nature of distribution, and thus suggests the creation of a new type of social relations. The process of socialization, humanization, new integration is being realized, new technologies are being developed, but also a new quality of life. It is reflected in the transformation of the capitalist and real-socialist mode of production into a new mode of production. We call this transitional stage the modern transitional or transitional period.

Legal lexicon in the second volume of Marcel Proust's novel “In Search of Lost Time” (“À la recherche du temps perdu”) “In the Shade of Young Girls in Flowers” (“À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs”): linguostylistic analysis

This article reviews the stylistic functionality of legal lexicon in the second volume of M. Proust's novel “In Search of Lost Time”. By means of general and field specific (civil, constitutional, international, criminal and financial) legal lexicon, the author describes various spheres of life that are far from the jurisprudence – human sensory systems, visual arts, social graces of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, as well as friendship and romantic relationship of Marcel and Albertine. The article employs the methods of lexical, semantic and linguostylistic analysis. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of functionality of specific lexicon in the literary text. The author highlights certain types of social relations, which are described via comparison with legal situations, as well as related metaphors and comparisons from other areas of life.

Literature of resistance from the position of diachrony, modernity and perspectives

Given the current situation in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, new types of social relations, a new, in an economic sense, post-industrial society, it is an indisputable fact that we are facing the same events that analysts say belong to the neoliberal order, and that we, as a collective, are members of this social system through our individual participation. Montenegrin culture, like all Western civilization, is in a state of postmodernism. In the context of Montenegro, this phenomenon is most fully represented in literature. In this paper, we will try to reveal the role of the individual in resisting everyday events with the help of the literary word, bearing in mind that postmodernism is aimed at breaking down the boundaries between high and mass culture, the penetration of commerce into culture. We based our research on the interdisciplinarity of this phenomenon, as postmodernism changes the attitude towards identity. Thanks to the artistic embodiment, we will understand the author's position, to what extent we have civil liberties and whether women are loudly opposed to the diseases of the transition period, while men still occupy key positions in Montenegrin society. A new literary phenomenon, a new collection of short stories by Tatiana Tanya Zekovych, will show us the vision of a woman intellectual who, in writing, fights against stereotypes, so the prose texts in her book have different themes and represent the author's views of the social reality. In her stories, in the form of essays, the author speaks openly about social anomalies, without shame or fear noting that she sees herself as part of the biased literature. The purpose of this work is to introduce the reader to the work of the Montenegrin writer, whose book has no Ukrainian translation, to present the main ideas of the author, her literary attempts to critically rethink reality through postmodern artistic expression at the level of themes, ideas and artistic means.

Personal compatibility of physician and patient

The article discusses and details the interpersonal compatibility of the physician and the patient in the course of their interaction, which is the basis of medicine, the platform on which the treatment process is based. An analysis of the concept of compatibility has been carried out, which is presented in domestic and foreign psychological literature. The analysis suggests that personal compatibility is a function of satisfaction with collaborative action, since it is initially necessary to interact, followed by compatibility, the result of which is rebuilt in satisfaction. By analyzing the statements of domestic and foreign psychologists, compatibility can be imagined in the form of an ideal combination of qualities and senses, resulting in the maximum result in carrying out various actions. Thus, personal compatibility is important in all types of social relationships, but it plays a special role in the long-term relationship between the doctor and the patient. The study concluded that the compatibility of the physician and the patient, as well as the building of an informed relationship between them, is significantly influenced by the presence of similar personal characteristics. The similarity of the personal characteristics of the doctor and the patient allows achieving the best result in their joint activity.