Types Of Forensic Examinations Research Articles

On the Essence of Forensic Expert’s Specialized Knowledge and Feasibility of Its Differentiation

The article presents an analysis of the terms «knowledgeable persons» and «forensic expert». Based on the historical analysis of the activities of the «knowledgeable persons» figure and the «expert» figure, a logical sequence of concepts has been established: knowledge – science – knowledgeable persons – knowledgeable persons’ specialized knowledge – expert knowledge – forensic expert’s specialized knowledge – specialized knowledge in an expert specialty – a forensic expert. The authors consider the criteria for differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge into: «expert knowledge», «forensic expert knowledge», «specialized knowledge in an expert specialty». They also propose to distinguish «specialized knowledge» as a legal category. In this case, «forensic expert’s specialized knowledge» is seen as expert knowledge as a result of obtaining forensic expert education and experience in conducting forensic examinations within the framework of its specific type, as well as specialized knowledge in an expert specialty (a specific expert specialty is indicated), which should be understood as expert knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the development of a specific expert specialty and the subsequent acquisition of professional experience in the production of forensic examinations of a specific type. The feasibility of differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge is analyzed, considering the type of forensic examination in which he specializes. A classification of the names of forensic experts is proposed based on differences in the expertise required to produce a certain kind of forensic examinations.

Domain Forensic Sciences: A Modern Perspective on the Problem

The article discusses the provision on the domain forensic sciences of the concept of forensic expertology developed in the 1970s by A.I. Vinberg and N.T. Malakhovskaya. The author reveals the essence of domain forensic sciences as the sciences, serving as the substantiating knowledge for specific genera (types) of forensic examinations. The article summarizes the controversial aspects on the domain forensic sciences, and also demonstrates the development of this provision in the modern forensic expertology and expert practice of a number of forensic examinations. The author has also attempted to outline the prospects for the development of the provision on the domain forensic sciences in terms of formation of forensic expert sciences basing on the modern ideas about the directions of integration of scientific knowledge, as well as in the aspects of deducing the laws studied by forensic sciences and determining the functions performed by them. Finally, it is concluded that the concept of forensic (forensic expert) sciences is promising for the development of the general theory of modern forensic expertology, as well as its relevance in connection with the active introduction of new types of forensic examinations in recent years.

FOLLOWING THE SCIENTIFIC FOOTPRINTS (GLORIOUS PAGES OF THE LIFE PATH) OF THE OUTSTANDING CRIMINOLOGIST AND FORENSIC EXPERT, ACADEMICIAN MYKHAILO YA. SEHAI

Mykhailo Ya. Sehai was born on March 31, 1923. He fought in World War II against fascist aggression and was awarded orders and many medals. After demobilization, he worked for many years at the Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, including 20 years as Deputy Director for Research. He went from junior researcher to acting director of the institute. He practised as a forensic expert and conducted scientific research. After retiring, he worked at the Kyiv Regional Center of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. He died at the age of 90 on May 01, 2013. He defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of legal sciences on the use of forensic identification in certain types of forensic examinations. Mykhailo Sehai defends his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Laws already on the methodology of judicial identification, substantiating it from the standpoint of philosophy. In the next large-scale work, Mykhailo Sehai addresses issues not only of forensic identification but also diagnostic and situational expert tasks. Subsequently, Mykhailo Sehai takes part in the creation of the world’s first law on forensic examination, which combines the rights and obligations of a forensic expert in various types of legal proceedings. Thus, the foundation is laid for the creation of the profession of a forensic expert. Mykhailo Sehai develops the foundations of forensic expertology as a science of forensic activities, including the legal and organizational foundations of this activity, and also generalizes the methodology as part of forensic expertology to three interdisciplinary exercises. The article mentions the teacher of Mykhailo Sehai and the continuation of his work. At the end of the article, it is concluded that Doctor of Law, Professor, and Academician of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine Mykhailo Sehai has been following the path of generalizing previous experience throughout his scientific life, from considering a separate issue to systematizing it and systematizing the views from which this issue is being studied. Thus, briefly, this path can be characterized as follows: from the particular to the general. Mykhailo Sehai has made an invaluable contribution to the development of forensic science and forensic science.

STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF FORENSIC EXPLOSIVES EXAMINATION

The article emphasizes the importance of developing, on the basis of scientific and legislative terminology, the terminology of explosive expertise and substantiates the relevance of the creation and systematization of terminologies. modern expert terminology in forensic explosive examination with subsequent representation in the DSTU (State National Standard of Ukraine) «Forensic explosives examination. Terms and Definitions». In the process of forming terminology for explosives expertise, the identified trends are investigated, the main of which is the unconditional restoration of the terminology of the 80-90s of the last century, which does not contribute to the replacement of established terms in forensic explosives. The second negative trend is the subjectivity and randomness in the selection of terms for the terminological system, as a result of which many necessary and important terms for explosives expertise, as well as other branches of knowledge, do not fall into them. The proposed terminology creation technique is implemented in each algorithm: – selection of terms in the DSTU (State National Standard of Ukraine) /glossary should be carried out taking into account the frequency of their use in scientific papers; – the composition of the DSTU (State National Standard of Ukraine)/glossary should be formed in accordance with the needs of expert, investigative and judicial practice; – the order of placement of terms should correspond to their convenient and quick finding; – the method of describing expert terminology must correspond to the type of (State National Standard of Ukraine) /glossary; – the terminological apparatus of explosive examination should reflect the innovative processes of development of the theory and practice of forensic examination; – terms should reveal the essence of the concept and comply with the norms and rules of the modern literary Ukrainian language. The experience of the terminological work of the Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on the implementation of terminological work on various types of forensic examinations is highlighted. As a rule, the authors combined practical work on the conclusion of a terminological standard with a theoretical understanding of the construction of terminological systems. A methodology for unified expert terminology is proposed, in which the main methodological and scientific principles for constructing a terminological standard were determined.

On Improvement of Scientific and Methodological Basis for Conducting Forensic Economic Examinations Considering Other Types of Forensic Examinations (review article)

Multidisciplinary forensic examinations reflect current tendency to integrate knowledge from various fields in order to objectively and impartially solve tasks of court proceedings, as integration of knowledge of specialists with different competences opens up new prospects for development of forensic examinations. Forensic economists who currently participate in multidisciplinary forensic examinations involving various kinds of interaction, sequence and degree of participation of each specialist in solving a common task have not been left behind. Article Purpose: to study into the need to develop scientific and methodological guidelines on the issues of carrying out forensic economic examinations while considering other types of forensic examinations. Leading methods of analysis and synthesis have been applied. The research paper substantiates the relevance of issues associated with conduct of forensic economic examinations taking account other types of forensic examinations. It is stressed that forensic economic examinations, during conduct of which results of other types of forensic examinations are used, do not fall under the concept of multidisciplinary forensic examination, since conclusions of other types of forensic examinations are not the research object of forensic economic examination. The paper emphasizes the need to develop an algorithm for conducting forensic economic examinations taking into account other types of forensic examinations. This will help forensic economists to use conclusions of other types of forensic examinations in multidisciplinary research without their evaluation, which in turn will enable to reduce the time for conducting forensic examinations and contribute to obtaining objective and unbiased expert conclusions.

Про можливість проведення деяких видів експертиз у справах про дтп до відкриття кримінального провадження

The article examines the possibility of conducting some types of expert examinations in cases of road accidents before the opening of criminal proceedings, discusses the debatable issues related to the violation of the personal interests of the participants at the stage of opening criminal proceedings and the unjustified delay in making a decision to open criminal proceedings or to refuse them. The considered proposal to allow the conduct of certain types of forensic examinations at the stage of the opening of criminal proceedings for the purpose of verifying statements and reports about the commission of a criminal offense based on the current practice of appointing forensic medical examinations in certain categories of cases and conducting an inspection of the scene of the incident. The opinion was expressed regarding the lack of grounds for not granting permission to carry out an examination before the opening of criminal proceedings in view of the creation of a dangerous precedent of violation of the law in terms of the mandatory condition for conducting investigative actions only in open criminal proceedings. ​The appointment and conducting of an examination prior to the opening of criminal proceedings primarily refers to examinations on the facts of road accidents, when without the use of special knowledge it is practically impossible to establish the signs of the nature of the crime and to resolve the issue of opening criminal proceedings. ​The article concludes that conducting an examination before the opening of criminal proceedings does not violate the personal interests of the participants who have not yet received their procedural status at this stage. In contrast to the previous study, only the completion of the examination in full meets the legal requirements for the evidentiary resolution of special issues. In order to obtain evidentiary information when solving the question of the validity of opening criminal proceedings at the legislative level, it is proposed to provide for the possibility of conducting some types of examinations, in particular, during events related to fires, explosions, transport and technological accidents, etc.

Problems of concluding an expert opinion based on the results of a forensic veterinary examination of a live animal and ways to solve them

Forensic veterinary examination is a new type of forensic examination that is actively developing in the forensic examination institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. Since its theory and methodology are yet forming, there is a need to develop its terminology, methods, and means of conducting and formalizing research results. The purpose of this study was to single out the problematic issues of drafting an expert’s opinion based on the results of a forensic veterinary examination of a live animal and to outline ways to solve them. The study employed various scientific methods, namely dialectical, methods of logic (formal legal, system-structural analysis, modelling, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), general cognitive methods (description, observation), special methods, the functions of which are performed by methods of lifetime clinical forensic veterinary diagnostics of animals. The present paper focuses on the fact that the specific feature of the introductory part of the conclusion of a forensic expert is that it indicates the object of examination – a live animal. A list of issues to be resolved by the authorized body or person who appointed the forensic veterinary examination was developed in this study. The structure of the investigative part of the forensic expert’s opinion was covered and substantiated for the first time, which is based on a forensic veterinary examination of the subject animal based on the principle of analysing the state of individual body systems, including blood circulation, breathing, urination, sexual, nervous, and sensory. The description in the expert opinion of the results of the analysis of individual veterinary documents concerning the subject of proof was substantiated. It was shown that based on the results of the clinical forensic-veterinary examination of a live animal under expert examination, the forensic expert outlines the forensic-veterinary diagnosis, and in the section of the examination part of the opinion, which synthesizes the results, summarizes the obtained data. It is stated that the final part of the forensic expert opinion contains comprehensive, scientifically sound, consistently laid out, clear, specific, expressive, understandable answers to the questions raised, the list of which is indicated in the introductory part of the opinion. The present paper outlined the structure of appendices to the opinion of a forensic expert, which is most often photo illustrations of injuries found in an animal under examination. The solutions developed in this paper concerning the drafting of an expert’s opinion based on the results of a forensic veterinary examination of a live animal are guaranteed to be reflected in the conduct and drafting of the results of forensic veterinary research.

THE USE OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF EXPLOSIONS OF GAS AND DUST MIXTURES IN COAL MINES

The article is devoted to the generalization of approaches to conducting forensic mining examinations in the investigation of explosions of gas-dust mixtures in coal mines. The practical significance of the obtained results is the use of special practical knowledge of mining and other types of forensic examinations (trasological, petrochemical, firetechnical, etc.) in the investigation of explosions of gas-dust mixtures in coal mines, which will ensure rapid, complete, and safe investigation. A characteristic feature of explosion studies is that conclusions about reliable circumstances, causes and consequences of emergency situations can often be made with the combined use of classical mining, forensic and other expert techniques. General conclusions of mining engineering and other types of expertise (trasological, petrochemical, fire-technical, etc.) in the study of explosions make it possible to: determine the technical condition of workings, machines, mechanisms and equipment; establish reliable circumstances, causes and consequences of emergency situations; consider causal relationships between the actions of specific individuals and the requirements of regulatory legal acts on labor protection. Key words: coal mine, accident, gas-dust mixture explosion, high-temperature flame front, toxic and harmful combustion products, emergency, investigation, air wave.

The Use of the Forensic Expertise Principles in the Examination of the Public Contracts Execution Results

In accordance with the provisions of the legislation on the contract system, the examination of the results of the public contracts execution is mandatory, but the procedure for its implementation is not detailed and contains only individual provisions. Given the proximity of the tasks being solved to a whole group of genera and types of forensic examinations, it seems appropriate to apply the provisions of forensic expert science and several legislative norms regulating forensic expert activity.

Theory of Information and Computer Support for Forensic Expert Activities as a New Private Theory of Forensic Expertology

From the stand point of global digitalization, the article substantiates the creation of a new private theory of forensic expertology — the theory of information and computer support of forensic expert activity. The author outlines the main stages of the genesis the processes of automation and informatization for forensic research. At the first stage, in the mid-60s, many works related to the use of cybernetics in the automation of certain types of forensic examinations appeared in the forensic literature. The second stage occurred at the end of the 80s — 90s of the XX century, when the integration of new information technologies, mainly of a technological nature, began to develop in five main directions, thanks to the development of computer technology. In the early 2000s, the third stage of informatization and computerization of forensic expertise began. The processes of digitalization in forensic activity gave a new impetus to the development of not only the areas of information and computer support, which continued to improve, but also the emergence of research in many kinds (types) forensic examinations of new objects expert research — digital footprints. The author states that there was no theoretical basis for their forensic expert research in forensic expertology. Therefore, a new private theory (teaching) of forensic expertology has been developed — the theory of digitalization for forensic expert activity. The subject of this theory and its objects, the place of the new theory in forensic expertology are described. It has been proved that the theory of digitalization for forensic activity, due to the increasingly global nature of digitalization, can be attributed to several private theories, the provisions of which equally apply both to the process of expert research as a whole and to expert research of certain types of expertise. The modern theory of digitalization of forensic activities includes two areas: a system of information and computer support for forensic activities and forensic research of digital footprints.

Bullying: Current Issues of Commissioning and Carrying out of Expert Psychological Evidence in Court

ABSTRACT The increased number of forensic psychological examinations in administrative cases of bullying and the lack of the theoretical basis for this type of forensic examination make the topic under consideration relevant. The article aims to study the forensic psychological examinations of bullying, the need for which arises in criminal and administrative proceedings, and suggest improvements of its problematic aspects. The methodological framework of the article consists of theoretical, diagnostic, and empirical methods, general psychological methods and principles, methods of mathematical statistics, and graphic representation of the results. The study has shown that the current stage in the development of forensic psychological examination of bullying is characterized by unequal treatment of both lawyers and psychologists. In the course of the research, the authors have developed and proposed the algorithm of forensic psychological examination. The material in this article may be of use to law enforcement officers, litigators, psychologists, and researchers specializing in research on bullying.

Bullying: current issues of commissioning and carrying out of expert psychological evidence in court

ABSTRACT The increased number of forensic psychological examinations in administrative cases of bullying and the lack of the theoretical basis for this type of forensic examination make the topic under consideration relevant. The article aims to study the forensic psychological examinations of bullying, the need for which arises in criminal and administrative proceedings, and suggest improvements of its problematic aspects. The methodological framework of the article consists of theoretical, diagnostic, and empirical methods, general psychological methods and principles, methods of mathematical statistics, and graphic representation of the results. The study has shown that the current stage in the development of forensic psychological examination of bullying is characterized by unequal treatment of both lawyers and psychologists. In the course of the research, the authors have developed and proposed the algorithm of forensic psychological examination. The material in this article may be of use to law enforcement officers, litigators, psychologists, and researchers specializing in research on bullying.

MEASURES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY OF EXPLOSIVES AND TECHNICAL MEANS DURING CARRIAGE OF FORENSIC EXPLOSION TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS

Problem statement. Forensic explosive examination - a type of forensic examination, the subject of which is the actual data (circumstances), which are related to determining the group affiliation and a single source of explosive devices as a whole or their fragments (fragments), elements of explosive devices, explosion circumstances are established on the basis of special knowledge in the field of forensic explosives on issues raised for examination. The article is aimed at determining the main factors and causes of fires and explosions during storage, detonation of explosives, as well as provide recommendations for the use of technical means for forensic explosives. The purpose of research. To analyze the main factors and causes of fire and explosion hazard during storage, detonation of explosives, provide recommendations for the use of technical means for judicial explosives, as well as recommendations for storage of explosives. In the course of fire technical examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: where was the source of the fire; the ways in which the flames spread; what is the cause of the fire; whether the Rules of fire safety at the site were violated; whether there is a causal link between the fire and the fire condition of the facility. Conclusions. In the course of explosive examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: what is the subject submitted for research; whether the object submitted for examination is equipped with an explosive; whether the object submitted for research belongs to the category of explosive devices (ammunition); Is the explosive device detonated in this place? If so, what type of device does it belong to (what are its design features, country of manufacture, etc.); whether the objects found at the scene (in the body of the victim) are parts of an explosive device; in what way, improvised or industrial, the explosive device is made; what was the way of undermining, was used in this case; if ammunition is detonated, what type they belong to (grenades, mines, shells, etc.); whether this device can cause an explosion; whether the materials provided to the expert contain data indicating the personality traits of the manufacturer of the explosive device (professional skills, degree of knowledge of the technology of manufacture and use of explosive devices, etc.); or the same design of an improvised explosive device, parts of which were found at the scene, and a model made by a citizen. The analysis of the main factors and causes of danger during storage and detonation of explosives is carried out. Innovative developments of technical means for forensic explosive and fire technical examinations are presented, which have important practical, economic and social significance and significantly reduce the risk factors for injuries or deaths of personnel. Recommendations for the design of explosives storage facilities are provided.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ЗНАНЬ ПРИ РОЗСЛІДУВАННІ НЕЗАКОННОГО ЗБАГАЧЕННЯ

Illegal enrichment, as a manifestation of corruption, is a direct threat to Ukraine’s national security. As a result of illegal enrichment, damage is done not only to the rights and freedoms of citizens and legal entities, but also to the authority of authorities and business entities on whose behalf authorized persons act. The fight against such a dangerous criminally illegal manifestation cannot remain outside the attention of scientists and is implemented through the development of a high-quality scientific toolkit for law enforcement activities in the form of methods of investigating illegal enrichment. An important element of the methodology of the investigation of illegal enrichment is the using of special knowledge, which significantly expands the capabilities of the subject of the investigation to establish factual data relevant to the proceedings. The purpose of the article is to offer forensic recommendations on the using of special knowledge in the investigation of illegal enrichment. The main results of the study are the formation of forensic recommendations on the using of special knowledge for gathering evidence during the investigation of illegal enrichment, the results of which are reflected in the procedural sources of evidence. Analysis of the nature, purpose and tasks of the procedural actions of the initial stage of the investigation of illegal enrichment – inspection, temporary access to things and documents, criminal search – allows us to conclude that it is necessary to involve a specialist in their implementation. A specialist who is involved in the implementation of such procedural actions not only has particular tasks, but must also have certain qualifications that will act as a guarantee of the performance of these tasks. The results of the involvement of a specialist in procedural actions should be reflected in the form of a written explanation of the specialist, which takes its place in the system of procedural sources of evidence. Conducting various types of forensic examinations during the investigation of illegal enrichment allows establishing factual data that are important for the proceedings. Examinations should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of forensic expert activity in Ukraine and the related capabilities of the subject of the investigation to conduct certain types of forensic examinations. At the same time, it is important to form a methodical approach to conducting examinations and evaluating the expert’s conclusions, the basis of which is the normative and legal regulation of forensic expert activity in Ukraine. The proposed forensic recommendations are a guarantee of collecting proper and admissible evidence and increasing the effectiveness of the investigation of illegal enrichment.

Проблеми використання спеціальних знань у кримінальному провадженні в умовах воєнного стану в Україні

The army of the Russian Federation brought to Ukraine the massacres of civilians, the destruction of infrastructureand dwellings of citizens, the rape of women and children, and looting. The guilt of the representatives of the Russian authorities and the military army of the Russian Federation must be proved by investigating a large number of war crimes,and the collection of procedural evidence involves a huge number of forensic examinations.Based on the analysis of the tasks of various types of forensic examinations, the article establishes that forensicexaminations play an important role in the investigation of war crimes. Based on the results of a critical analysis of thenorms of the current legislation of Ukraine, which regulate the processes of collecting evidence and attracting an expert,it has been proved that in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, it is extremely difficult to obtain an expert opinion.The publication analyzes the procedure for attracting an expert in the member countries of the Council of Europeand proposes to reform the system of expert provision of justice by abolishing the monopoly of state expert institutions onconducting a significant number of forensic examinations in Ukraine and introducing the responsibility of an expert fora biased opinion (similar to the member countries of the Council of Europe). This will reduce the time of examinationsand increase their reliability.It is proposed to reform the system of expert justice support in Ukraine under martial law in the following areas:1) abolition of the monopoly of state expert institutions on all types of forensic examinations, except for the study of objectswhose free circulation is prohibited or restricted; 2) granting the right to the parties to criminal proceedings, the victimand the court to choose the most qualified (state or private) expert, regardless of whether he is listed in the Register ofcertified forensic experts;3) imposing sanctions against a forensic expert in case of violation of his professional duties(confiscation of payment for the examination, disqualification as an expert, administrative fine or arrest, criminalprosecution, disciplinary consequences or claims for damages), etc.

PREPARATION OF A NEW LAW ON FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITIES: AN INNOVATION REQUIRING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

The legislation on forensic expert activities is at the stage of reform, which requires a careful, balanced and scientifically based approach. Purpose: the article attempts to analyze the texts of the draft laws on forensic expert activities, which appeared in the period from 2013 to 2020. The comparison is carried out on the basis of several structural elements, starting with the preamble of the law, the legal basis, basic terms, tasks and principles of forensic expert activity, the legal and professional status of a forensic expert and the head of a forensic expert organization, regulation of certain types of forensic examinations and others. Methods: during the study, comparative legal, formal legal and systemic functional methods are used. Results: the analysis makes it possible to formulate conclusions on the structural elements and a general conclusion on the need to apply an expert approach to the creation of provisions of a new law on forensic activities, its discussion and preparation with the participation of the scientific community and practitioners working in this field.

Forensic Examinations in Fraud Cases in the Field of Auto Insurance

The proposed article considers the possibilities of various types of expert research on criminal cases of fraud in the field of automobile insurance (CTP, CASCO). On the example of illustrative cases from the published judicial practice in criminal cases, the features of the appointment of certain types of forensic examinations, their research potential are demonstrated. Clearly shows the wide the possibility of applying special knowledge to improve the effectiveness of detecting and investigating insurance fraud committed by staging and falsifying the circumstances of road accidents. The prospects for the use of atypical forensic examinations in criminal cases of relevant crimes are shown. The article is recommended not only to employees of investigative departments of law enforcement agencies, judges and experts, but also to a wide range of readers interested in countering fraud and other crimes committed in the insurance industry.

Application of Specialized Linguistic Knowledge in Legal Proceedings: Differentiation and Integration

The article addresses the influence of multidirectional processes of differentiation and integration of specialized linguistic knowledge on the development of forensic science and the practice of expert research, where it is used. The author highlights that both processes contribute to developing theoretical and methodological provisions that allow experts to solve new and complex problems at a higher quality level. The role of differentiation of specialized linguistic knowledge is to create new kinds and types of forensic examinations: author’s, linguistic, forensic analysis of video and sound recordings, forensic research of intellectual property objects. At the same time, the integration of specialized linguistic knowledge ensures the development of the whole scientific direction.

Organizational, Legal and Methodological Issues of Forensic Ecology in the EAEU Countries

The article addresses the current state of forensic ecology in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Belarus. The author has analyzed the relevant publications and the data of the official websites of forensic organizations conducting this type of forensic examination. The article presents the methods used by forensic ecologists, highlights the problems they face.The paper also reveals the unequal level of forensic ecology in Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Belarus; simultaneously, it shows that the need for its improvement is recognized in all these countries. Finally, the author notes that for such a development, mutual exchange of experience is essential, as well as the validation of methodological materials developed primarily in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, with a view to their application in other countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, especially when conducting forensic examinations in cases related to the cross-border negative anthropogenic impact on environmental objects.

Application of Special Knowledge in the Investigation of Extremist Crimes Committed on the Internet, as well as Crimes of a Terrorist Nature in the Practice of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation

The paper examines topical issues of countering extremist and terrorist crimes. An analysis of terrorist activity was carried out in accordance with the available statistics for the past five years. It was noted that it is necessary to intensify preventive work to identify recruiters and accomplices of terrorists, to cut off the channels for the supply of weapons and money, to suppress the propaganda activities of radicals and extremists on the Internet. A brief forensic characteristic of extremist crimes committed using the Internet is given. Some features of the disclosure and investigation of such criminal acts are highlighted, a number of examples from the practice of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation are given. The types of forensic examinations that can be assigned for these categories of cases were considered, the main of which are computer (computer-technical), linguistic examinations. It is emphasized that an effective investigation of extremist crimes committed using the Internet is unthinkable without the implementation of the possibilities of using special knowledge during the investigation.