Clay Soil Types Research Articles

Perbandingan Metode Bishop dan Janbu dalam Analisis Stabilitas Lereng pada Oprit Jembatan Labu Sawo Sumbawa

The oprit pile of Labu Sawo Bridge has a height of about 9.70 m with a length of 125 m, planning the labu sawo bridge oprit there is a problem in the subgrade is a type of clay soil which is not good because it has low soil bearing capacity, high moisture content and cracks (DPT) due to landslides so that they have the potential to experience ground movement and shifting. Therefore, calculation of slope stability and soil bearing capacity needs to be done to determine how much the slope safety and bearing capacity of the embankment soil. In the calculation of the analysis, the method used to find the safety value (SF) of the embankment slope is the Bishop and Janbu method. From the results of the method used, the security number given is calculated and then the safety figure is calculated. Based on the calculation results, the oprite embankment slope is categorized as a stable slope with the safety value of the Bishop method of 1.262. while the slope stability analysis used the Janbu method of 1.455 from the Bishop and Janbu method, the oprite slope of the Labu Sawo Bridge was categorized as slope in stable condition. Keywords : Slope stability, Bishop, Jambu.

Perbandingan Metode Bishop dan Janbu dalam Analisis Stabilitas Lereng pada Oprit Jembatan Labu Sawo Sumbawa

The oprit pile of Labu Sawo Bridge has a height of about 9.70 m with a length of 125 m, planning the labu sawo bridge oprit there is a problem in the subgrade is a type of clay soil which is not good because it has low soil bearing capacity, high moisture content and cracks (DPT) due to landslides so that they have the potential to experience ground movement and shifting. Therefore, calculation of slope stability and soil bearing capacity needs to be done to determine how much the slope safety and bearing capacity of the embankment soil. In the calculation of the analysis, the method used to find the safety value (SF) of the embankment slope is the Bishop and Janbu method. From the results of the method used, the security number given is calculated and then the safety figure is calculated. Based on the calculation results, the oprite embankment slope is categorized as a stable slope with the safety value of the Bishop method of 1.262. while the slope stability analysis used the Janbu method of 1.455 from the Bishop and Janbu method, the oprite slope of the Labu Sawo Bridge was categorized as slope in stable condition. Keywords : Slope stability, Bishop, Jambu.

The comparison study of the monopole tower foundation using CPT and laboratory data in Gresik district, East Java-Indonesia

In the millennial era, the development of information and communication technology is very fast, one of the telecommunications infrastructure is a monopole type telecommunications tower. This type of tower is one of 3 types of telecommunication towers whose main construction is made of steel. The monopole structure is supported by a tread foundation, which is one type of shallow foundation. The main factor in the design of the tread foundation is the bearing capacity factor. Calculation of foundation bearing capacity can be done directly in the field using Sondir data (CPT) and indirectly using laboratory data. In this study a study was conducted to compare the carrying capacity of monopole foundations between field data methods in the form of Sondir data or CPT with result data. Soil tests in the laboratory calculated with the Terzaghi formula. The research location was carried out in Gresik Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia at 3 sites, namely: Mojosarirejo, Kembangan Kebomas and Setromenganti. The results of the comparison of the calculation of the bearing capacity of the foundation (Q) at the Mojosarirejo site with the type of sandy soil. value of QSondir < 9.58 % of Qterzaghi. At the Krembangan Kebomas site with brown clay and gravely clay, the Q value was < 69.93 % of the Qterzaghi and at the Setromenganti site with brown clay soil type with the influence of water level depth – 1 m, the Q value was < 27, 62% of Qterzaghi. From the comparison of the average calculation in the 3 study locations, the bearing capacity of QSondir treads foundation is 26.50 % smaller than Qterzaghi, so the use of Sondir data is more accurate for use in tread foundation planning and provides greater security assurance for the tower foundation structure. monopole type

Nesting behaviour and foraging characteristics of Andrena cineraria (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae).

The current studies were carried out in the three experimental locations of Kashmir valley during 2013 to 2016. The species Andrena cineraria formed the dense nest aggregations in plan grounds, barren lands and hilly areas near the fruit orchards and other landscapes with clay loam soil type. The species start flying and foraging in the orchards from April till July. The nests were allodalous, 29–36 cm in depth, with cells located obliquely around the main barrow. The nests were dense with a maximum density of 11.09 nests/m2 observed in landscapes of Budgam. The barrow diameters were found varying with depth from main entrance. The maximum barrow diameter recorded was 2.05 mm. At certain depth, the female constructs the first cell and the upper nest burrow is vertical and lower is oblique. The nest entrance is generally hidden under the tumulus. In the depth of average 30.48 cm, each cell directly opens to main burrow either alternately or unilaterally. The cell number, diameter, and length varied with depth. Foraging behaviour of A. cineraria on various fruit crops and other shrubs and social forestry trees were determined and the abundance, visitation rate, total visits and time spend per flower were found significant, especially on fruit crops. The significance of the studies is important for the melittologists, as it will help in the conservation of bee fauna. The study is also important in using this species for pollination purpose and would also help to detect and understand the possible pre-adaptation of species in temperate region of Kashmir valley.

The Effect of Activator Addition to the Compost with Biopore Infiltration Hole (BIH) Method

The composition of organic waste reaches 59% of the total municipal solid waste in Indonesia. One way to process organic waste is composting by utilizing microorganisms to break down waste into compost. Naturally, the composting process took a long time but can be accelerated by adding microorganisms to the activator. This study analyzes the quality and quantity of compost using the Biopore Infiltration Hole (BIH) method with activator addition. Composting was duplicated in the yard area with clay soil type and water infiltration rate of 0,3 cm/hour. The BIH was made in a 10 cm diameter, a 100 cm depth, and the distance between the holes was 50 cm. Composting variations consist of variations in the composition of the raw materials and the activators' uses. Variations in the raw material composition consisted of 100% yard waste, 100% food waste, 50% yard waste and 50% food waste, and 70% food waste and 30% yard waste. In contrast, the activator variations consisted of no activator, EM4 activator, and Stardec activator. Compost analysis consists of maturity, quality of physical and macro elements, and quantity of compost. The results showed that all variations of composting had met the standard of maturity and quality of physical and macro elements according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The addition of activator affected composting time and compost quantity. The composting time in BIH with activator ranges from 41-60 days. In BIH without activator ranges from 65-75 days, there was a reduction in composting time by 15-25 days with the activator addition. However, the activator addition caused reducing the compost quantity by 10-20%. The selection of compost variations by scoring results in compost with a composition of 50% yard waste and 50% food waste and the addition of Stardec activators was the best variation in terms of compost maturity, quality, and quantity.

Strength Development and Microstructural Behavior of Soils Stabilized with Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)-Based Geopolymer

Using geopolymer in soil stabilization has gained much attention recently due to its efficiency in improving soil properties and being environmentally friendly at the same time. This research aims to investigate the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based geopolymer on soft soil stabilization. The mechanical and microstructural performance of two types of clay soil treated with geopolymer produce from POFA material was the focus of this study. In this respect, a series of unconfined compression and direct shear tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of soils treated with POFA-based geopolymer. Furthermore, the microstructural changes in the treated samples were analyzed using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). In accordance with the results, it was indicated that the shear strength of both soils soared by increasing the dosage of POFA-based geopolymer. Geopolymer with 40% POFA of the dry weight of soils yielded the highest UCS value at both curing periods, 7 and 28 days. Furthermore, the microstructural analysis revealed material modifications (N-A-S-H gel formation) related to strength enhancement. These results suggest the potentiality of using a POFA-based geopolymer binder to stabilize soft soil.

Some Geotechnical Properties of Clay Soil Enhanced with Silica Fume

Engineering structures found in, or on, some clay soil types may be subject to different damages due to the problematic nature and unfavorited properties of these soils. The unfavorited properties of these soils include shrink and swell changes, high settlement, and low bearing capacity. These soils have high sensitivity to moisture change. The way to reduce or overcome the unfavorited properties of problematic soils is the treatment or enhancement of these soils using different mechanical or chemical methods. In the present paper, silica fume selected as a soil stabilizer material, the effect of different contents of this material on the geotechnical properties of expansive clay soil has been experimentally investigated. Tests included soil specific gravity, soil plasticity, soil compaction, and soil compressibility. It was noted that silica fume, with different contents, decreased the specific gravity, and compaction density, while the compaction water content and Atterberg limits increased. The consolidation parameters of the expansive clay soil were affected by adding the silica fume. The silica fume reduced the consolidation parameters values of the clay soil. At low content silica fume, less than 10%, a very slight reduction can be seen especially for the rebound index value. The final findings of this paper appeared that the high settlement of clay soil can be reduced with the presence of silica fume.

Analysis of soil subgrade bearing capacity for clay using laboratory testing data

Road construction failures are often caused by unsupported subgrade classification. The purpose of this study was to determine the bearing capacity of subgrade on clay using test data in the laboratory. The contribution of this study can later be a recommendation in the use of subgrade types of clay and alternative uses. One of the properties of land strength associated with roads in the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The method used is soil physical testing and CBR testing. The soil sample used was undisturbed soil in the subgrade in Minas District, Siak Regency, Riau Province. The result showed that the clay studied was non-organic Sandy Lean Clay CL) with low plasticity based on the USCS classification table. 2.681 specific gravity, water content 29,94%, liquid limit 33.64%, plastic limit 23,67% and plasticity index 9.97%. Soaked CBR test results obtained 4.21% and included in the medium classification. The use of this type of clay soil for subgrade with the bearing capacity of CBR classification needs to be pursued with alternative improvements and soil reinforcement that can increase the CBR value to a minimum of 6%.

Discussion: Determining the plasticity properties of high plastic clays: a new empirical approach [Arab J Geosci (2020) 13(11), 394

This article presents a discussion of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 394, Vol. 13, No. 11, which (among other things) proposed a new empirical correlation for the prediction of the plasticity index magnitude (and hence by association the plastic limit value) of fine-grained soils sampled from different depths in the Bakirkoy District of Istanbul City. As inputs, the proposed correlation employs the activity index, along with defining parameters of the semi-logarithmic flow curve obtained from the Casagrande (percussion-cup) liquid limit test. This article presents the following: (i) a discussion of the relevant literature that was not covered in the original paper; (ii) clarifications on, and observations regarding, the general approach adopted in the original investigation; (iii) concerns over whether the proposed new empirical correlation can be meaningfully recalibrated for particular clay soil types specific to other regions around the world; and (iv) suggestions for improvement of the new empirical correlation by adopting a different set of input parameters.

Analisis Perbaikan Tanah Lunak dengan Kombinasi Preloading dan Prefabricated Vertical Drain pada Pembangunan Jalan Tol Pematang Panggang – Kayu Agung, Sumatera Selatan

The construction project of Pematang Panggang - Kayu Agung Toll Road, Section 4 is located in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. This project area has a soft clay soil type. With the condition of the soft soil, soft soil repairs need to be done at the project site. The soil improvement used is the Preloading Method combination of Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) and Prefabricated Horizontal Drain (PHD). This method of repair is done by comparing the time of soil consolidation before and after using the Preloading combination of Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) and Prefabricated Horizontal Drain (PHD) by measuring the time needed to achieve consolidation of 90% and the effectiveness of the Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) installation pattern. With the installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drain on the pattern of installation of rectangles / rectangles with a distance of 0.8 m, it can accelerate consolidation to 19 weeks from the time before PVD is installed. It takes 130 years. Then hoarding with Hinisial = 11 meters is carried out, for the first stage of hoarding with a value of Hcr = 4.375 m carried out up to 4 m, the decrease that occurs is 1.0735 m so that the remaining stock is 2.9265 m. After the value of Cu (Undrained cohesion) has increased, for the second stage of stockpiling, the value of Hcr = 13,526 m. The decrease that occurred in the second stage was 1.6634 m with the rest of the embankment 5.3366 m. So the total embankment height that has been compressed is 8.2631 m. and to reach the Hfinal the next hoarding stage is carried out to reach 8.69 m

Analysis of WRCC of Fly Ash-Bentonite Mixes Based on Combined Shrinkage and Suction Measurement

Sand-Bentonite mixtures are used in landfill liner application in appropriate proportions. However, effort has been made to replace the sand by some waste materials like fly ash without compromising the required properties for liner construction. In recent years, many studies were carried out to determine the suitability of different fly ashes for using with bentonite based on different geotechnical parameters. On the other hand, limited studies were found in determining the unsaturated characteristics i.e. Water Retention Characteristics Curve (WRCC) of fly ash-bentonite mixes. The determination of WRCC in case of bentonite is very complexed compared to other types of clay soil due to its high shrinkage and swelling characteristics upon drying and wetting. In this study, a combined shrinkage and suction measurement was carried out in fly ash-bentonite mixes to accurately represent the WRCC under drying condition only. The shrinkage measurement was carried out using balloon method and suction measurement was carried out with the help of WP4 dew point potentiameter device. Both the shrinkage and suction results were finally used to obtain the WRCC for the different mixes. Further, the study on the variability of WRCCs for the different mixes indicates that WRCC can be represented by a generalized plot with 20% variation.

Genetic control of root architectural traits in KDML105 chromosome segment substitution lines under well-watered and drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT Drought is a major constraint in rainfed rice production and root architectural traits are important breeding targets for improving productivity under drought stress. A set of chromosome segment substitution lines (KDML105-CSSLs) and KDML105 were grown in the wet season at two sites (Rice Gene Discovery (RGD) and Ubon Ratchatani Rice Research Center (URRC)) in Thailand under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) treatments. RGD is characterized by having a heavy clay soil type while URRC’s soil has a high percentage of sand and characterized by infertility. Root architecture traits varied within the population at both sites and exhibited plasticity in response to drought as affected by location by water regime interaction. Lateral root density increased by 77% with drought at RGD but decreased by 18% at URRC. The proportion of nodal roots that elongated more vertically increased under drought stress by 21%, at RGD. Root number per tiller was negatively associated with tiller number and biomass at RGD under drought, while lateral root density was negatively associated with biomass under drought at URRC. Eight QTL were identified for the number of nodal roots per tiller, lateral root density, and nodal root growth angle. Several candidate genes were identified by annotating the genes within the QTL regions. Our study presented genetic insights into root architectural traits with potential use in rice breeding programs for drought tolerance.

Pengaruh Penambahan Semen Tipe I Terhadap Nilai Kuat Geser Tanah

The type of soil that is quite often found in Semarang City is expansive soil. Expansive soil is some types of clay soil which has high value of shrinkage and plasticity. One of the common problem from this charateristic is found at Jalan Taman Verbena, Kelurahan Sadeng, Kecamatan Gunungpati, Semarang. The problem that usually occur are broken walls and cracks, and also bumpy floors. One of the solution that the writer give to increase the value of expansive soil shear strength is to conduct research on adding cement with different percentage as the additiver. In this research, the writer use type I cement with the percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% from the weight of dry soil. The reasearch that the writer do are mineralogi test, index properties test, atterberg limit test, sieve analysis test, standard proctor test, swelling test and direct shear test. Based on the direct shear test, the best value of cohesion was obtained at 10% of cement adding on the soil sample with 28 days of curing with the value 3,75 kg/cm 2 , while the best value of shear angle was obtained at 20% of cement adding with 28 days of curing with the value 88,00°. The conclusion that the writer can be conclude is cement has good effect in increasing the value of expansive soil shear strength.

Optimal irrigation at various soil types for soybean production

Water distribution officials at the secondary level mostly have not considered type of soil to distribute water irrigation for soybean cultivation. This study aimed to determine the optimal irrigation for soybean production at various soil types in Lombok. The study was conducted in 3 texture soil types of sandy loam, loam and clay. Each soil type was applied four treatments of irrigation water: 1 time (15 days after sowing, DAS); 2 times (15 and 45 DAS); 3 times (15, 30 and 45 DAS) and 4 times (15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS) and arranged in a completely randomized block design and repeated five times. The results showed that the highest soybean yield was obtained 4 times irrigation in sandy loam soil. In loam soil type, the highest yield of soybean was obtained at 4 times although this was not significantly different with 3 times irrigation. In clay soil type, the highest soybean yield was obtained at 4 times irrigation treatment, but this was almost a similar yield with 3 times irrigation treatments. The study suggests that schedule water delivery for soybean cultivation is recommended to increase soybean production in irrigated land.

Determination of Safe Depth and Lateral Distance of Unsupported Excavation Near Mat Foundation in Cohesive Soils Using PLAXIS

ABSTRACT Deep excavations are essential to harbor urban needs of the present age. The excavation of pits for foundation construction in an already limited space in urban centers poses damage to the neighboring structures. In this study, two mat foundations on two different types of clay soils have been modeled in PLAXIS to determine the maximum depth of excavation and the minimum safe distance of the excavation pit from these mat foundations. The failure modes under consideration are excessive settlement, angle of distortion of the mat foundation, and pit face failure. A co-relation to determine the safe maximum depth of unsupported excavation pit and minimum horizontal distance from adjacent mat foundation is presented based on results from 195 models. The ratio of critical unsupported excavation depth and critical horizontal distance from an existing building first drops to 1:3 in all cases and then rises in a non-linear manner. The modes of failures at various stages have been highlighted based on 44 critical cases.

Investigation of relationship between cone penetration test and unit weight in cohesive soil (Study case: Gunung Anyar District)

Cone Penetration Test or CPT is one of soil investigation which is used to determine the mechanical properties of soil i.e., cone resistance and sleeve friction. Since several decades ago, CPT is often used as a common thread to determine the physical properties of soil such as soil unit weight of soil, soil behaviour type, etc. Thus, empirical approaches have been developed from various countries. However, these empirical approaches are not the same as the condition in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain and develop the suitable correlation for the type of cohesive soil. In this study, primary and secondary data were carried out from Gunung Anyar area. From statical analysis result, the regression shows less than 60% similarity of the model. In addition, the result of this study found that silt and clay soil types were found to dominate in Gunung Anyar area.

Evaluation of Water Delivery Performance and Conveyance Efficiency in Gatto Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme, Southern, Ethiopia

Irrigation could serve as a viable solution to address the problem of food insecurity by increasing, boosting agricultural production. This research work was conducted to evaluate the performance of Gatto irrigation scheme using some selected performance indicators specifically, water delivery performance, conveyance efficiency and maintenance indicators of the scheme with in the investigation period of October to December 2017. The discharge measurement was performed at twelve measuring points on main canal and eight at two secondary cannels by using VALEPORT automatic current meter and 3-inch Parshall flumes for each selected nine tertiary offtakes from three each at the head, middle and tail end of the scheme. Water delivery performance evaluated with respect to adequacy, equity, efficiency and dependability was focused on variability in discharges of water distribution from head to tail reach and, during the crop season from October to December with overall average value equal to 0.70, 0.44, 0.89 and 0.53 respectively. Thus, the irrigation scheme when compared with Molden and Gates (1990) standards was found under poor condition in adequacy, equity and dependability and under good condition in efficiency. Estimated overall water conveyance efficiencies of the main, first and secondary canals were 86.3%, 77.53% and 73.13% respectively. However, the result found in the scheme was smaller than FAO (1989b) recommended value (95%) and (90%) for lined and unlined cannels with clay soil type. The design depth of water based on the design document was 0.42m nevertheless the actual depth of water in the main canal was 0.26 m due to this the relative change of the water level was 38.1% this greater than 0 value indicates that the intended water level in the main canal has not been achieved due to sediment accumulation in the canal. The result of Gatto small scale irrigation scheme of effective of infrastructures is reckoned to be 57.2 percent and sustainability of irrigation scheme is 88%. Many of the structures are demolished and became dysfunctional because of scouring, sedimentation and silt accumulation. Generally, the performance of the system is poor, it mainly results due to inadequate operation and maintenance provisions and over abstraction of water by upstream users. Therefore, adequate maintenance and other suitable management and operation approaches are required to improve the irrigation system performance. So, all stakeholders must work together in order to minimize factors that hinder the good performance of the irrigation system.

The effect of chopping raw material on composting result with the biopore infiltration hole method

This research aims to analyze the effect of chopping raw material on compost quality and quantity that was made with the biopore infiltration hole method. The composting was done in duplo on the backyard with clay soil type, and the water infiltration rate was 0.3 cm/hour. The holes were made with 10 cm of diameter, 100 cm of depth, and the distance between holes were 50 cm. There were four composition variations on this research i.e 50% yard waste and 50% food waste with and without chopping, 70% food waste and 30% yard waste with and without chopping. The chopping was using an organic waste chopping machine so that the waste size became 0.3-1.5 cm, while the size waste without chopping was ≥ 3 cm. The compost analysis was done toward maturity, compost quality (physical elements and macro elements), and compost quantity. The composting process took 65-80 days to get riped. The best variation was chosen by the scoring method. The result showed that compost with 50% yard waste and 50% food waste was the best variation because the compost quality has met the standard for physical elements and macro elements, it produced more compost quantity. The chopping process could speed up the composting time until 15 days.

Development of Empirical Correlations Between Shear Wave Velocity and Standard Penetration Value: A Case Study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

In seismic response investigation, shear wave velocity, Vs shows a vigorous role as an input factor. Enormous methodologies have been developed and tested to directly determine this key factor. Direct measurement of V_sis time-consuming as well as highly expensive. As a result, researchers from different regions have tried to reduce the difficulties associated with the measurement and developed empirical relationships between V<SUB>S</SUB> and other geotechnical characteristics of the soil, such as SPT calculation, depth, vertical effective pressure, etc. In this paper, the empirical correlation between shear wave velocity and standard penetration number (SPT-N) has been investigated for several soil categories: all soils, sand, silt and clay-type soils. Study area selected for this analysis are Bagha, Bagmara, Charghat, Durgapur, Godagari, Paba, Puthia, Tanore and Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) area consisting of 36 borehole dataset. Combining all the data, an approach is made to correlate the Vs with the SPT-N. The square value of the coefficient (R²) of correlation shows good agreement with the subsoil. Regression analysis is used to propose an empirical relation for this zone which would be helpful for foundation engineers to have the idea on earthquake response analysis of subsoil.

Assessment of Some Geotechnical Properties for Soils of Euphrates River Banks (Kufa- Mishkhab), Middle of Iraq

Twelve stations in the cities of Kufa and Mishkhab were selected for studying the geotechnical, including physical, engineering, chemical and mineralogical, properties of soils in the river banks along the Euphrates River. Grain size distribution of the bank soils showed higher silt than clay and sand percentages. Soil samples from the 12 stations were classified according to the USCS standards. Silt with low plasticity constituted 91% of the silt fraction, whereas that with high plasticity composed 9%. The saturated density values ranged between 1.75-2.073 g/cm3 with an average of 1.953 g/cm3, while the dry density values ranged between 1.307-1.740 g/cm3 with an average of 1.553 g/cm3. The values of the dry and saturated density are within the permissible limits. Direct shear test showed cohesion values (C) that ranged between 15-55 kN/m2 with an average value of 34.8 kN/m2. The values of the internal friction angle (Ø°) of the clay type of soil with low plasticity ranged between 8.5°-17° with an average of 9.91°. The Ø° values of the other soil types ranged between 9°-17° with an average of 25°. Therefore, clay with high plasticity had higher Ø° values than the permissible limits. The results of unconfined compression test showed a range of 22.802-58.587 kN/m2 with an average of 38.173 kN/m2, with water percentage of 30%. The mineralogical tests of the bank soil performed using XRD analysis showed that the analyzed soil samples are composed mainly of quartz, calcite, chlorite, palygorskite, and montmorillonites. The pH value ranged between 6.4-7.55 with an average of 7.10, indicating low basicity. Gypsum concentrations ranged between 0.049-12.75 % with an average of 3.99 %, while that for carbonate ranged between 5-45 % with an average of 26.16%. Sulphates concentration ranged between 0.23-5.93 % with an average of 1.85%. Several treatment measures are proposed to stabilize the soil of the studied area.