Types Of Bricks Research Articles

Experimental Comparison between Salt Weathering Testing Procedures on Different Types of Bricks

AbstractAccelerated weathering tests are commonly carried out to evaluate the resistance of porous materials to the damage induced by salt crystallization. A wide range of testing procedures have b...

Study of Life Cycle Assessment of Bricks and the Impacts to the Environment in Malaysia

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of products chosen from the manufacturing phase and the end-of life cycle of the material and in clay brick and concrete were chose as the observed products. Brick is one of the important construction materials that can be seen at the surrounding. Main objective for this study is to investigate the impact of production of different types of brick to the level of emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment. Four stages of life cycle assessment were conducted before the result for the study analysis can be obtained and that stages including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and the interpretation part. The results obtained from the simulation of the Simapro shown that the concrete contributes more negative impact compared production of clay brick in terms of global warming, ozone depletion, formation of fine particulate matter and ozone formation. Manufacture of clay brick contributes more negative impact to the ionizing radiation, freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity.

“It depends on the client”—Kees van der Heijden and client‐centric scenario planning: A commentary on Rowland and Spaniol 2021

“It depends on the client”—Kees van der Heijden and client‐centric scenario planning: A commentary on Rowland and Spaniol 2021

Seismic performance of new adobe bricks masonry: Design and experiment

At present, adobe houses with traditional characteristics are still widely used in rural areas in western China, but their seismic performance is relatively poor, and they often suffer serious damage under earthquake. To improve the seismic performance of traditional adobe buildings while retaining the characteristics of residential buildings, the mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks (CEB) were tested in this study, and the microstructure characteristics of CEB after failure were analyzed by electron microscope. On this basis, six adobe wall specimens were designed and tested by quasi-static loading to investigate the influence of core columns and different types of bricks on its seismic performance. The results show that the core column can improve the bearing capacity and shear capacity of hollow CEB, and it can also significantly increase the bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility of CEB wall. In general, the adobe wall with core columns shows excellent seismic performance, which can provide a new choice for improving the seismic performance of the adobe house.

Analysis of the optimization of the construction process of ecological brick compared to ceramic brick

The brick is composed of water, soil and cement, having an easy manufacturing process, with short construction and low cost is not subjected to burning is manufactured by a very different process from ceramic blocks, the same goes through a hydraulic press. This type of brick has characteristics that provide quality, sustainability, beauty, and above all savings in the total cost of the work. When used in construction are eliminated some steps and the execution time in the work. A block wall or ceramic brick will need roughcast, sketch, plaster, seamer and painting, besides considering the cost of these materials can not forget the labor that corresponds to an average 50% of the value of the work. But the great advantage over the other bricks is its construction system, once raised the wall this is ready, does not need finishing, and the pillar structure and beams are ready with it. Electrical and Hydraulic Installations are easily installed without the need for breakage and waste. These bricks do not require the use of mortars for laying, coatings such as plastering for regularization and finishing of walls, in addition to accelerating the work with their fittings that facilitate the alignment and plumb of the walls. The objective of this work is present through a literature review of optimization processes that involve the ecological brick. in addition to accelerating the work with their fittings that facilitate the alignment and plumb of the walls. The objective of this work is present through a literature re-view of optimization processes that involve the ecological brick. in addition to accelerating the work with their fittings that facilitate the alignment and plumb of the walls. The objective of this work is present through a literature review of optimization processes that involve the ecological brick.

A lightweight magnetic gripper for an aerial delivery vehicle: design and applications

<p>In recent years, drones have become widely used in many fields. Their vertical flight capability makes these systems suitable for carrying out a variety of tasks. In this paper, the delivery service they provide is analysed. The delivery of goods quickly and to remote areas is a relevant application scenario; however, the systems proposed in the literature use electromagnets, which affect the duration of the flight. In addition, these devices are heavy and suffer from high energy consumption, which reduces the maximum transportable payload. This study proposes a new lightweight magnetic plate composed of permanent magnets, capable of collecting and positioning any object as long as it has a ferromagnetic surface on the top. This plate was developed for the Mohamed Bin Zayed International Robotics Challenge 2020, an international robotics competition for multi-robot systems. Challenge two of this competition required a drone capable of picking up different types of bricks and assembling them to build a wall according to an assigned pattern. The bricks were of different colours and sizes, with weights ranging from 1 to 2 kg. In light of this, it was concluded that weight was the most relevant specification to consider in drone design.</p>

Use of an industrial solid waste as a pigment in clay bricks and its effects on the mechanical properties

The addition of mill scale, an important steel making byproduct, as pigment to fired clay bricks was investigated, as well as its effects on the physical, mechanical and microstructural properties. For this purpose, bricks were manufactured using clay from the Cundiboyacense highlands -a geographic region of Colombia- with the addition of mill scale at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Once the bricks had been sintered, their density, porosity, water absorption, compressive and flexural resistance were measured. In addition, microstructural analysis using X-ray diffraction, as well as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, were carried out on the four types of bricks, to facilitate comparison between them. Variations in hue between the four types of bricks, from dull orange to grayish red, an average decrease in flexural strength of 33% and an increase in average porosity of 4% compared to traditional bricks were observed. Furthermore, it was found that the added mill scale does not react chemically with the clay, being a stable addition. Additionally, mill scale oxidizes to hematite during the firing of the bricks, ultimately becoming a good pigment that changes its hue depending on the added quantity. Therefore, it was concluded that the addition of mill scale to bricks enables the reuse of this industrial by-product and reduces the consumption of clay (which is a non-renewable resource), while complying with minimum standards of compressive strength, flexural strength and porosity.

Use of Sewage Sludge Ash in the Production of Innovative Bricks—An Example of a Circular Economy

In this paper the properties of clay bricks with 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 20 wt% sewage sludge ash (SSA) were studied and compared with the properties of control bricks made of 100% clay. Sewage sludge (SS) was collected at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Croatia—WWTP Zagreb and WWTP Karlovac—and incinerated at a temperature of 900 °C The bricks were produced on a laboratory scale. A total of seven types of bricks were produced—control bricks and six types of bricks as combinations of different wt% of SSA generated from SS that was collected at two different WWTPs. The physical and mechanical properties of produced bricks were tested. Compressive strengths of bricks with 5 wt% SSA (54.0–54.5 N/mm2) and 10 wt% SSA (50.2–51.0 N/mm2) were higher compared to the control bricks (50.4 N/mm2), while bricks with 20 wt% SSA (37.0–43.9) N/mm2) had noticeably lower compressive strenght. The coefficient of saturation was lower for bricks with SSA compared to control bricks. The initial absorption values were more pronounced for SSA fractions of 20 wt%.

Possible ecological advantages from use of carbonless magnesia refractory bricks in secondary steelmaking: a framework LCA perspective

In the present paper, two types of magnesia-based refractory bricks for the wear lining of a steel ladle furnace are considered, with the aim of comparing their ecological performances. The adopted methodology is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach from cradle-to-gate of the two brick product systems, in accordance with the European and International Standard EN ISO 14044:2006, and the chosen methodology for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is ReCiPe 2016, considering the midpoint impact categories and the hierarchist perspective. The conducted study is part of a European industrial research project aimed at investigating the possibility of cleanliness improvement of the steel produced in secondary steelmaking, by reducing the refractory contamination in the steel ladle furnace. The compared refractory bricks consist of a reference, currently used, MgO-C type and a more innovative "carbonless" one, containing magnesia and MA sintered spinel as principal components, on the basis of recipe data provided by the industrial partners of the project. The results attained so far in industrial practice are preliminary, because of the lack of a full-ladle lining experimentation, even though the application of the conceived innovative bricks in the upper part of the slag line of the ladle presents promising aspects. The results of the LCIA comparison between the two brick product systems highlight better performances for all the impact categories, except for "Human carcinogenic toxicity" and markedly for "Mineral resource scarcity." Besides these results, a general framework for shifting the ecological analysis to the steel production is provided. Calculations, referred to the production of one tonne of steel, are therefore performed, involving scenario assumptions not only regarding the refractory consumption but also the forecast operational features of the steel ladle with the "carbonless" lining. In this second set of results, it is clear how the principal contribution to almost all the impact categories is the electrical energy consumption of the ladle, while the contribution from the brick product systems remains important for the above-mentioned worsened impact categories, whose magnitude is strongly dependent on the refractory consumption.

Environmental impacts assessment of rice straw brick as a substitutional sustainable building material in Assiut University Hospital Clinic.

The rice straw burning in all the Egyptian governorates is seasonally occurring, an environmental disaster called the Black Cloud. This study's main goal is to conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) methods. Thus, the LCA of four brick types: (1) fired clay, (2) cement, (3) sand, and (4) rice straw has been compared. The BIM has been used to gather the building construction components to build the four LCA scenarios using the PRe SimaPro. The results have been presented by the single score and weighting method using the IMPACT 2002+ method with midpoint and endpoint (Pt) results. (1) Regarding the midpoint results, the fired clay brick has recorded the worst environmental impact with 30.10 Pt. In contrast, the rice straw brick has verified the lowest effects with 1.31 Pt. (2). Regarding the endpoint results, the highest value of human health has been assigned to the fired clay brick type with 11.4 Pt and the rice straw brick with 0.633 Pt. The highest resource depletion impacts have been pointed out the fired clay and cement brick with 7.29 Pt and 6.53 Pt, respectively. A novel framework for integrating LCA and BIM has been conducted on a proposed building during the early phases. The article has also introduced an approach to eliminating the Egyptian life cycle inventory database shortage as the LCA applications in Egypt are scarce. Moreover, it can help the concerned legislative bodies and the decision-makers.

UJI KUAT TEKAN DAYA SERAP AIR DAN MASSA JENIS BATU BATA MERAH BERBAHAN TAMBAHAN ABU KULIT DAN JANGGEL JAGUNG DI WULUHAN JEMBER

The increase in Indonesia's development activities increases people's consumption of more quality construction materials and is easy to reach in terms of price. Building materials with good quality can improve the quality of building construction. The increasing need of the community for building materials triggered the development of the brick-making industry. Redbrick is an element of building used in building construction made from clay base material with or without other mixed materials. This research is a type of experimental research. The purpose of this study is to know and analyze the composition of the addition of corn bark ash and ash corn cob appropriately to produce the quality of bricks with high compressive strength, low water absorption, and large density. Additional materials in this study in the form of corn bark ash and ash corn cob. The quality of red bricks is seen from three aspects, namely compressive strength, water absorption, and density. The largest compressive strength was obtained in the addition of ash corn cob by 2.5% by 37.2 Kg/Cm2 and the compressive strength of 49.5 Kg/Cm2 on the addition of corn skin ash by 2.5%. Water absorption measurement of all types of red bricks the results of the study showed all the results of water absorption is not eligible sni. The highest density was obtained from a mixture of 2.5% ash corn cob material of 17.5 gr/Cm3. the best composition to produce bricks with strong compressive value and high density and have low water absorption is 2.5% addition of ash corn cob and the addition of 2.5% corn skin ash.
 Keywords: Red bricks, strong press, water absorption, density.

Effects of Metal Fasteners of Ventilated Building Facade on the Thermal Performances of Building Envelopes

Thermal bridging in the building envelope is one of the main causes of energy losses, even in high-efficiency ventilated building façades. In this study, the effects of point-thermal bridges attributed to metal fasteners on the heat transferred through different types of bricks were predicted. All the structural details of the substrate wall were included as well. This was accomplished with a multi-scale, finite element modelling approach used to enhance the thermal insulation efficiency of the building envelope. The effects of the metal fastener length, diameter, density and location were examined to elucidate any opportunity to minimize the heat losses caused by thermal bridging. The results demonstrated that increases in the lengths of fasteners yielded higher energy losses compared with those generated when the diameter increased. Additionally, metal fasteners caused higher energy losses by up to 30% when fixed on mortar, compared with the energy losses incurred when they were fixed on bricks.

Life cycle assessment of earthen materials for low-cost housing a comparison between rammed earth and fired clay bricks

PurposeAlthough the use of diverse types of bricks as the primary construction materials has been considered for many years, vernacular earthen materials are also widely used for construction with low potential environmental impacts in developing countries. In this study, the life cycle of two types of building materials for wall building is investigated.Design/methodology/approachFor this purpose, life cycle carbon emissions (LCCO2) are compared and embodied energy calculation for rammed earth and fired clay bricks as two construction materials. The complete construction chain using rammed earth, as a modern norm, and fired clay bricks, as the most common construction materials in buildings, is investigated in this research.FindingsStudies on the constructions in Kashan city in the north of Isfahan province, Iran, as a case study, showed that replacing the fired bricks with rammed earth would reduce the CO2 emissions up to 1,245 kg/ton and 4,646 MJ/ton (i.e. more than 95%) of the embodied energy. It also shows that the choice of building materials should be important for building practitioners to consider the environmental impact.Originality/valueThis paper provide life cycle assessment of building materials. The findings of this study help builders and owner to choose sustainable building materials.

Investigation of Compressive Strength of Straw Reinforced Unfired Clay Bricks For Sustainable Building Construction

Abstract The mud is considered as one of the oldest construction materials in Iraq and is still used in the country regions for farmer’s houses or animal shelters. In Iraq, there are different types of mud constructions, including adobe, unfired bricks and cob. The presented study has focused on unfired clay brick where the clay is the main material. To ensure that the clay is pure and clean, it was excavated from the depth of 2 m below the natural ground level. Different types of unfired clay bricks produced by adding different materials to the clay to improve its properties and especially large deformation due to shrinkage. The added materials are classified into three concepts, the first additives are the natural fibers (straw, sawdust, and rice husk) and they are used to improve the tensile strength of brick and reduce the cracking due to shrinkage. The second additives included added the fine and coarse sand as a stabilizer to reduce the volumetric changes. The third additives are adding cement to increase the adhesive and cohesion of the mud matrix. The measurements included compressive strength of brick, mortar, and masonry and the flexural strength of bricks alone. The behaviour of unfired masonry prisms was also compared to the traditionally fired clay brick prisms. The results indicate that higher compressive strength of bricks was got for the mix that included clay, coarse sand and straw. The maximum flexural strength of bricks was got for the mix that included clay and sawdust, while for unfired masonry prism the higher compressive strength was obtained with a mix that included clay, coarse sand and straw. Finally, a proposed formula to obtain the compressive strength of unfired brick masonry from the compressive strength of brick and mortar is presented.

Impact of South Asian brick kiln emission mitigation strategies on select pollutants and near-term Arctic temperature responses

The brick kiln industrial sector in South Asia accounts for large amounts of short-lived climate forcer (SLCF) emissions, namely black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfur dioxide (SO2; the precursor to atmospheric sulfate [SO4]). These SLCFs are air pollutants and have important impacts on both human health and the Arctic, a region currently experiencing more than double the rate of warming relative to the global average. Using previously derived Arctic equilibrium temperature response factors, we estimate the contribution to Arctic temperature impacts from previously reported emissions of BC, OC, and SO2 from four prevalent South Asian brick kiln types (Bull’s Trench [BTK], Down Draught [DDK], Vertical Shaft [VSBK], and Zig-zag). Net annual BC (115 gigagrams [Gg]), OC (17 Gg), and SO2 (350 Gg) baseline emissions from all four South Asian kiln types resulted in 3.36 milliKelvin (mK) of Arctic surface warming. Given these baseline emissions and Arctic temperature responses, we estimate the current and maximum potential emission and temperature mitigation considering two kiln type conversions. Assuming no change in brick production, baseline emissions have been reduced by 17% when considering current BTK to Zig-zag conversions and have the potential to decrease by 82% given a 100% future conversion rate. This results in a 25% and 119% reduction in Arctic warming, respectively. Replacing DDKs with VSBKs increases baseline SLCF emissions by 28% based on current conversions and has the potential to increase by 131%. This conversion still reduces baseline warming by 31% and 149%, respectively. These results show that brick kiln conversions can have different impacts on local air quality and Arctic climate. When considering brick kiln emissions mitigation options, regional and/or local policy action should consider several factors, including local air quality, worker health and safety, cost, quality of bricks, as well as global climate impacts.

MAIN ENGINEERINGSPROPRETIES OF STABILISED EARTH BLOCK BRICKS FORMULATED WITH SOILS FROM NDJAMENA-CHAD

The most used bricks in house building in NDjamena, city of Chad which is situated in semi dry arid area with 600 millimeters of pluviometry per year and 50 °C as highest temperature, are raw clay bricks, terracotta bricks or bricks in ciment block. The raw clay bricks have strong sensibility in water and weak resistance to compression. The terracotta and cement block bricks have high thermal conductivity contrary to the adobe and their manufacturingcontribute to destroy the environment. The aim of this paper is to search Stabilised Earth Block (SEB) bricks whichare made with clay, sand and few percent of cement and respond to climatic, environmental and economic constraints. Therefore, some bricks are built in mixing differentspercents of sand and clay (M1 : 40% sand and 60% clay, M2 : 50% sand and 50% clay, M3 : 60% sand and 40% clay, M4 : 70% sand and 30% clay, M5 : 30% sand, 30% slime and 40% clay, and M6 : 40 % sand, 20% slime and 40% clay) for obtaining physical stabilizationand adding 8%, 10% or 15% of cementin each type of brick for the chemical stabilization. Theuse of moulding press machine grants already the mechanical stabilization to these bricks. Proctor test has allowedto retain M1, M3 and M4 for searching the best values of the rate absorption of water by capillarity , the resistance in compression and the thermal conductivity of these bricks. The results of tests show bricks M3 with 10% of cement have the good values 21,23 g.cm-².min-1/2 of rate absorption, 3,82 MPa of resistance in compression and 0,5W.m-1.°K-1 as thermal conductivity.

Determining initial damage state of confined masonry wall

A masonry wall can withstand the compressive, tensile, and shear forces, besides that, a masonry wall can add rigidity to the building structure. The stiffness contributed by the masonry wall can influence the stiffness of the global structure. The contribution of stiffness to masonry walls is linear until the walls are damaged. The linear limit of the behaviour of masonry infill reinforced concrete portal can be used as the first criterion of damage (damage state). This study aims to determine the limit criteria for damage to reinforced concrete masonry wall buildings. The types of bricks used are normal bricks, Z bricks, Z hook bricks. The portal structure of masonry infill reinforced concrete was analyzed using the stiffness approach in the matrix formulation, where the wall stiffness was assumed to be a strut. The strut stiffness is determined based on the masonry panel shear test. The amount of lateral deformation on the portal when the internal shear force on the strut element reaches the wall shear strength limit is used as a limit for the linear behaviour of the masonry-filled reinforced concrete portal.

Characterizing building materials using multispectral imagery and LiDAR intensity data

This paper addresses the underlying bottleneck of unknown materials and material characteristics for assessing the life cycle of an existing structure or considering interventions. This is done by classifying and characterizing common building materials with two readily accessible, remote sensing technologies: multispectral imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). A total of 142 samples, including concrete of 3 different water/cement ratios, 2 mortar types, and 2 brick types (each type fired at 3 different temperatures) were scanned using a 5-band multispectral camera in the visible, RedEdge, and Near Infrared range and 2 laser scanners with different wavelengths. A Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis model was developed to classify the main materials and then the subcategories within each material type. With multispectral data, an 82.75% average correct classification rate was achieved (improving to 83.07% when combined with LiDAR intensity data), but the effect was not uniformly positive. This paper demonstrates the potential to identify building materials in a non-destructive, non-contact manner to aid in in-situ facade material labelling.

Analysis of Porous Structure in Autoclaved Materials Modified by Glass Sand

This paper describes the use of glass sand in the production of autoclaved bricks. Traditional autoclaved materials consist of SiO2, CaO, and H2O. The purpose of the tests is to analyze the possibility of using glass sand in autoclaved materials and to determine their properties and durability. Depending on the structure, building materials can have porosities ranging from 0% (glass, metals) to over 90% (thermal insulation materials such as aerated concrete). Porosity of materials is directly related to the strength of materials and their density, and further to the thermal and acoustic insulation properties of products used especially for external wall construction, i.e., bricks, concrete, and aerated concrete. This type of silicate brick is formed at a temperature of 203 °C, therefore the dominant phase forming the microstructure is tobermorite, in contrast to the C-S-H phase, which dominates in concretes and which is characterized by a larger specific surface. The nature of pores, their number, appearance and arrangement in the material can be studied using computer techniques (SEM, XRD, computed tomography, porosimetry). Computed tomography (micro-CT analysis) showed that the number of voids in the material modified by glass sand is about 20% in relation to the weight of the product. The density of the product with glass sand was determined to be 2.2 kg/dm3.

Impact of surface waterproofing on the performance of brick masonry through the moisture exposure life-cycle

Moisture is one of the major causes of damage to building systems, affecting the hygrothermal performance and durability of building systems. Surface treatment products are available in the market that can influence the hygric performance of masonry facades under water exposure. These are of a wide range of chemical compositions, and they claim to waterproof the masonry surfaces while not diminishing vapour transmissibility. This paper presents and discusses the findings from a series of benchtests carried out to measure hydrophobicity, water absorption and water vapour transmission following the relevant codes for an appraisal of the hygric behaviour change in brick masonry induced by waterproofing through three distinct phases of the life-cycle of moisture exposure, i.e. first contact with water, wetting and drying. To this end, 4 waterproofing products including silane/siloxane blend liquid and cream, and acrylic and stearate-based liquids were selected for testing, along with 3 brick types common in the 50s and 60s to be representative of the majority of the UK building stock. The findings show that the treatment products indeed enhance the surface hydrophobicity and reduce water absorption while allowing water vapour transmission to differing degrees: silane/siloxane blend cream overall was found the most effective throughout the moisture-exposure life-cycle, with an average of ~96% reduction in water absorption and 18% of increase in water vapour resistance in comparison to the untreated case, followed by the stearate-based liquid with 57% reduction in water absorption and 12% increase in water vapour resistance. The acrylic-based product demonstrated good performance in hydrophobicity and water vapour transmission tests, however led to a comparatively higher water absorption capacity than the other treatment products with only ~40% reduction in comparison to the base-case. Finally, silane/siloxane blend liquid was found to lead to the lowest contact angle, demonstrating a lower-than-others capacity to developing surface hydrophobicity, and led to 35% reduction in water absorption and 28% increase in water vapour resistance, making it the poorest product in the dataset to lead to watertight and vapour open systems under water exposure. Based on the test results it was also deemed beneficial to use masonry specimens to account for its composite nature, rather than using results obtained from brick and mortar separately to infer the wall response under exposure.