Type-2 Logic Research Articles

Multi-Input Logic-in-Memory for Ultra-Low Power Non-Von Neumann Computing.

Logic-in-memory (LIM) circuits based on the material implication logic (IMPLY) and resistive random access memory (RRAM) technologies are a candidate solution for the development of ultra-low power non-von Neumann computing architectures. Such architectures could enable the energy-efficient implementation of hardware accelerators for novel edge computing paradigms such as binarized neural networks (BNNs) which rely on the execution of logic operations. In this work, we present the multi-input IMPLY operation implemented on a recently developed smart IMPLY architecture, SIMPLY, which improves the circuit reliability, reduces energy consumption, and breaks the strict design trade-offs of conventional architectures. We show that the generalization of the typical logic schemes used in LIM circuits to multi-input operations strongly reduces the execution time of complex functions needed for BNNs inference tasks (e.g., the 1-bit Full Addition, XNOR, Popcount). The performance of four different RRAM technologies is compared using circuit simulations leveraging a physics-based RRAM compact model. The proposed solution approaches the performance of its CMOS equivalent while bypassing the von Neumann bottleneck, which gives a huge improvement in bit error rate (by a factor of at least 108) and energy-delay product (projected up to a factor of 1010).

Dialog‐constraining institutional logics and their interactional manifestation in the science classroom

AbstractThis study seeks to understand why dialogic argumentation has not been adopted as a legitimate means of instruction by science teachers. To answer this question, this qualitative case study examines the mutually constitutive relationships between macrolevel phenomena, such as the taken‐for‐granted institutional mandates that teachers and schools call upon to maintain their legitimacy in society, and microlevel routinized teacher–student classroom interactions. Integrating ethnography with the analysis of classroom interactions, we seek to capture the social structuring that informs instruction and classroom interactions. Based on an inductive analysis of observations, interviews with teachers, and documents, three types of macrolevel institutional logics that mediate against the implementation of dialogic argumentation emerged. These included the logics of (a) accountability, (b) tracking, and (c) the profession. These logics give rise to instructional practices that run counter to the pursuit of dialogic argumentation. Classroom observations were analyzed to examine how these logics are conveyed through institutionally bounded interactions between teachers and students. Shaped by these institutional logics, instruction in classrooms is narrowed to mostly direct instruction of terminology and absolute facts, and is stratified into various status levels according to classroom tracking. We argue that teachers may resist dialogic argumentation primarily because it violates the fundamental rules, norms, and practices that grant them individual and organizational legitimacy. This contextualization of teacher–student interactions as motivated by institutional logics may explain in greater detail the absence of dialogic argumentation from science classrooms.

THE ROLE OF ANNOTATED LOGICS IN AI: A REVIEW PAPER

Annotated Logics are a category of non-classical logics that have recently appeared from a historical point of view. They are a type of paraconsistent, paracomplete and non-alethic logic. With the rapid development of AI and Automation and Robotics, more and more theory and techniques were coined to support the various issues that the themes were presenting. This expository work explores how to deal directly with conflicts (contradictions) and paracompleteness directly, without extra-logical devices. Support is given by the paraconsistent annotated evidential logic Et. Some applications are discussed.

200-MHz Single-Ended 6T 1-kb SRAM With 0.2313 pJ Energy/Access Using 40-nm CMOS Logic Process

A high-speed and low energy-consuming SRAM design based on single-ended cells is demonstrated in this work. To resolve poor SNM (static noise margin) of prior single-ended memory cells, the proposed SRAM cell is equipped with a pull-up PMOS and a high-Vthn NMOS foot switch such that the cell state is not bothered by noise when the supply voltage is getting lowered. Moreover, a PFOS (Positive Feedback Op-Amp Sensing) circuit is added between bitlines ( BL̅, BL) to reduce the read delay and generate full-swing output. Last but not least, a voltage mode select (VMS) circuit is added to each column to reduce the static power of unselected cells such that idle power is drastically reduced. The reason is that the a lower voltage able to keep the state of bits is applied to those unselected cells. A 1-kb SRAM prototype based on the proposed cells with BIST (build-in self test) circuit is physically fabricated using typical 40-nm CMOS logic process. The maximum operating clock rate is 200 MHz. The energy/access and energy/bit are measured on silicon to be 0.2313 pJ, and 0.00723 pJ, respectively.

Contextual modal types for algebraic effects and handlers

Programming languages with algebraic effects often track the computations’ effects using type-and-effect systems. In this paper, we propose to view an algebraic effect theory of a computation as a variable context; consequently, we propose to track algebraic effects of a computation with contextual modal types . We develop ECMTT, a novel calculus which tracks algebraic effects by a contextualized variant of the modal □ (necessity) operator, that it inherits from Contextual Modal Type Theory (CMTT). Whereas type-and-effect systems add effect annotations on top of a prior programming language, the effect annotations in ECMTT are inherent to the language, as they are managed by programming constructs corresponding to the logical introduction and elimination forms for the □ modality. Thus, the type-and-effect system of ECMTT is actually just a type system. Our design obtains the properties of local soundness and completeness, and determines the operational semantics solely by β-reduction, as customary in other logic-based calculi. In this view, effect handlers arise naturally as a witness that one context (i.e., algebraic theory) can be reached from another, generalizing explicit substitutions from CMTT. To the best of our knowledge, ECMTT is the first system to relate algebraic effects to modal types. We also see it as a step towards providing a correspondence in the style of Curry and Howard that may transfer a number of results from the fields of modal logic and modal type theory to that of algebraic effects.

Analogical Reasoning as an Inference Scheme

AbstractDespite its importance in various fields, analogical reasoning has not yet received a unified formal representation. Our contribution proposes a general scheme of inference that is compatible with different types of logic (deductive, probabilistic, non-monotonic). Firstly, analogical assessment precisely defines the similarity of two objects according to their properties, in a relative rather than absolute way. Secondly, analogical inference transfers a new property from one object to a similar one, thanks to an over-hypothesis linking two sets of properties. The belief strength in the conclusion is then directly related to the belief strength in this meta-hypothesis.

Manufacturing Companies’ Motivation Leading to Decision-Making for the Circular Economy

The circular economy prevails with the belief that being environmentally sustainable leads to better financial results and may reinforce the tension between business demands and social expectations. The paper seeks to get a deeper understanding about manufacturing companies’ motivations and decision-making logics for the transition to the circular economy. The research is exploratory by obtaining an inductive approach and interpretive perspective and by using interview method including different types of organizations such as manufacturing companies, international environmental associations, and public organizations. We identified the most important motivating and non-motivating drivers for shifting to the circular economy. What is more, the results showed how these drivers are connected and lead to the decision making to shift to the circular economy by determining three types of decision-making logics, such as institutional, instrumental, and integrative. Integrating the circular economy principles within the business performance is a challenge, and we also identified paradoxical tensions, namely leadership versus copying, long versus short run, integrated versus isolated activities, product versus waste management.

Simulation Analysis of Circuit and Designing of PCB Layout of a CMOS based NAND Logic Gate using Open-Source Software eSim

A real world signals are mostly based on Boolean operators. In simple language Boolean operators are logic gates and logic gates are the building blocks of any circuit. There are different types of logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. These all-logic gates are implemented using a Boolean function. And all these logic gates internally are implemented using diodes and transistors. And when we implement all these logic gates using transistor and diodes then it comes under logic families. In this paper we are going to do the analysis of NAND GATE using CMOS in 180 nm technology and has also designed its PCB layout. We are going to carried out the whole simulation of the proposed design of NAND Gate in eSim (Electronic Simulation) Software which is an EDA tool. And by changing the different values of inputs of NAND Gate we are observing respective output in simulation process of eSim.

The Performance of Demand Responsive Pelican Crossing at Midblock Pedestrian Crossing Facility

Pedestrians are travellers who are the most vulnerable to traffic accidents. In general, pedestrian safety in urban areas tends to be neglected. Lack of adequate pedestrian facilities, especially midblock pedestrian crossing facilities, has an impact on pedestrian safety. In order to improve pedestrian safety, therefore the Surakarta city government provides a pedestrian crossing facility, namely Pelican crossing. The existence of a Pelican crossing has an impact on road performance where the traffic and pedestrian flow is regulated by signal timing. The existing Pelican crossing is a type of pedestrian-actuated control logic with fixed-time operation. This study aims to design demand responsive Pelican crossing based on Vehicle Actuated Control Extension Principle (VAC EP) logic, where signal timing is based on real time traffic conditions. The performance of Pelican crossings at midblock pedestrian crossing facility is analysed by using a calibrated and validated VISSIM simulation model. The performance of the proposed Pelican crossing (VAC EP) is compared to the existing Pelican crossing. The simulation analysis results show that the proposed Pelican crossing (VAC EP) performance is better than the existing Pelican crossing, in terms of average pedestrian delay.

Optimasi Performansi Pengendalian Robot Swarm menggunakan Logika Fuzzy Tipe 2-Particle Swarm Optimazation

Robot control is currently very helpful for human work to be more effective and efficient both in completion time and in mitigating the risk of work accidents that may occur. This study determines the direction of the robot so that it does not collide with each other and reach the target. Controlling the swarm robot with the leader-follower approach uses Fuzzy Logic Type 2-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to optimise the performance of the swarm robot. The Fuzzy Logic Method Type 2 measures the direction decisions of the leader robot and follower robot using a rule base of 8 rules; the leader-follower robot is given a target. Achieving targets using PSO, the PSO process looks for potential solutions with quality references to reach the target as the optimal solution. The leader-follower modelling has been modelled using kinematic equations and controlling the movement of the robot's trajectory in the form of a simulation that has been carried out. The measurement results based on robot data in an open environment are 110 data, and a square environment is 1342. The measurement results based on robot time in a four-obstacle environment have the fastest time of 10.83 seconds and the longest time environment in an oval environment of 134.9 seconds. The measurement results are based on resources in a free environment of 10.6 kb and a square environment of 49.1 kb. Fuzzy Logic Type 2-PSO has a higher time indicating a stable speed result and judging from the trajectory in avoiding obstacles, and the leader-follower robot has a faster response.

Benchmarking organic thin film transistor inverter design styles

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are a promising technology for large-area electronics; choosing an appropriate circuit style is critical to enhancing OTFT circuit functionality and reliability. Here, we design and evaluate different types of static and dynamic logic based on complementary and p-type only technology styles, benchmarking their performance under equivalent processing and testing conditions. We find that differences in off characteristics between n-type and p-type OTFTs to be the primary factor for the choice of logic style. For complementary technology, we conclude that static logic is preferred over dynamic logic considering limited n-type transistor off characteristics, integration density, and delay. In the case of p-type transistors, pre-discharge dynamic logic is preferred over static logic, primarily due to the static power efficiency from good p-type transistor off characteristics. We expect this evaluation to be helpful for assisting design style decisions as these technologies continue to mature and develop.

Audience Sensemaking: A Mapping Approach

How do audiences understand today’s high-choice media environment? This study focuses on the beginning stages of the sensemaking process and how audiences group, differentiate, and give meaning to various media organizations. Adopting a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach, 13 media organizations are visually mapped by the implicit thoughts used to compare them. The output—a sensemaking map—is analyzed across two studies, with a mixed-method sequential explanatory design. Study one uses national survey data of U.S. adults (n = 1502) to generate and interpret an overall, aggregate sensemaking map. Study two combines this procedure with in-depth interviews of 18 U.S. adults, to identify distinct types of personal sensemaking maps and logic. Both studies point to the central role that assessments about media genre (news–entertainment) and political orientation (liberal–conservative) play in the sensemaking process. Ultimately, more attention should be paid to audience sensemaking about media, particularly as research about disinformation, media literacy, and news avoidance grow.

FIBRED ALGEBRAIC SEMANTICS FOR A VARIETY OF NON-CLASSICAL FIRST-ORDER LOGICS AND TOPOLOGICAL LOGICAL TRANSLATION

AbstractLawvere hyperdoctrines give categorical algebraic semantics for intuitionistic predicate logic. Here we extend the hyperdoctrinal semantics to a broad variety of substructural predicate logics over the Typed Full Lambek Calculus, verifying their completeness with respect to the extended hyperdoctrinal semantics. This yields uniform hyperdoctrinal completeness results for numerous logics such as different types of relevant predicate logics and beyond, which are new results on their own; i.e., we give uniform categorical semantics for a broad variety of non-classical predicate logics. And we introduce an analogue of Lawvere–Tierney topology and cotopology in the hyperdoctrinal setting, which gives a unifying perspective on different logical translations, in particular allowing for a uniform treatment of Girard’s exponential translation between linear and intuitionistic logics and of Kolmogorov’s double negation translation between intuitionistic and classical logics. In the hyerdoctrinal conception, type theories are categories, logics over type theories are functors, and logical translations between them, then, are natural transformations, in particular Lawvere–Tierney topologies and cotopologies on hyperdoctrines. The view of logical translations as hyperdoctrinal Lawvere–Tierney topologies and cotopologies has not been elucidated before, and may be seen as a novel contribution of the present work. From a broader perspective, this work may be regarded as taking first steps towards interplay between algebraic and categorical logics; it is, technically, a combination of substructural (or Lambekian) algebraic logic and hyperdoctrinal (or Lawverian) categorical logic, as the hyperdoctrinal completeness theorem is shown via the integration of the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra construction with the syntactic category construction. As such this work lays a foundation for further interactions between algebraic and categorical logics.

A Novel MILP Model Based on the Topology of a Network Graph for Process Planning in an Intelligent Manufacturing System

Abstract Intelligent process planning (PP) is one of the most important components in an intelligent manufacturing system and acts as a bridge between product designing and practical manufacturing. PP is a nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard problem and, as existing mathematical models are not formulated in linear forms, they cannot be solved well to achieve exact solutions for PP problems. This paper proposes a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) mathematical model by considering the network topology structure and the OR nodes that represent a type of OR logic inside the network. Precedence relationships between operations are discussed by raising three types of precedence relationship matrices. Furthermore, the proposed model can be programmed in commonly-used mathematical programming solvers, such as CPLEX, Gurobi, and so forth, to search for optimal solutions for most open problems. To verify the effectiveness and generality of the proposed model, five groups of numerical experiments are conducted on well-known benchmarks. The results show that the proposed model can solve PP problems effectively and can obtain better solutions than those obtained by the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Digital Signal Processing for Molecular Communication via Chemical-Reaction-Based Microfluidic Circuits

Chemical-reaction-based microfluidic circuits are expected to provide new opportunities to perform signal processing functions over the molecular domain. To realize this vision, in this article, we exploit and present the digital signal processing capabilities of chemical-reaction-based microfluid-ic circuits. To facilitate microfluidic circuit design, we describe a microfluidic circuit using a five-level architecture: molecular propagation, chemical transformation, microfluidic modules, microfluidic logic gates, and microfluidic circuits. We first identify the components at Levels 1 and 2, and present how their combinations can build the basic modules for Level 3. We then assemble basic modules to construct five types of logic gates for Level 4, including AND, NAND, OR, NOR, and XOR gates, which show advantages of microfluidic circuits in versatility and modularity. Finally, we discuss challenges and potential solutions for designing, building, and testing microfluidic circuits with complex signal processing functions in Level 5 based on the digital logic gates at Level 4.

A Multi-Layered Monolith : Beyond the Surface of Loudness in Galina Ustvolskaya's Sixth Piano Sonata

The forbidding harshness of Galina Ustvolskaya's Sixth Piano Sonata can easily be associated with the spiritual and reductively statuesque imagery associated with this composer. Adapting and expanding an initial classification by Andreas Holzer and Tatiana Marković, this article proposes an in-depth analysis of loudness in Ustvolskaya's final piano composition. A detailed overview shows how she uses expanding cluster types, accentuation, and rising intensity to create prolonged dynamic arcs where at first glance dynamic progression appears to be largely flat. I go on to identify three moments of musical climax, all of which seem to articulate the golden ratio for an important subsection of the sonata. Based on these observations, I formulate two contrasting interpretations, one teleologically orientated, the other symmetrical, which show that the Sonata is governed by the tension between two distinct types of formal logic. My analysis uncovers a surprisingly multi-faceted structure, one that belies the austere image of "the composer with the hammer."

Differentiated Teaching Based on Standardized Metrics Integrating Fuzzy Logic Type 2 Detection Theory: High School Case—PrepaTec, Mexico

Universities and high schools constantly research and develop educational methods to improve the student learning process. This paper presents a novel educational methodology for students to obtain better learning results in Spanish grammar through an intervention that fuses differentiated instructions, standardized evaluation, and a Fuzzy Logic Type 2 system. This successful case study in a Mexico City high school reports improved Spanish grammar outcomes after the intervention. Before then, 79% of the students did not obtain satisfactory scores in a national Spanish evaluation. This educational methodology uses a flexible intervention plan that could be replicated or tailored for various educational scenarios and topics using the same framework.

Hafnium Oxide‐Based Ferroelectric Devices for Computing‐in‐Memory Applications

Herein, a layer of 10 nm ferroelectric Al‐doped HfO2 (HAO) film is fabricated and optimized and is further integrated in a nonvolatile memory device with TiN/HAO/Pt/Ti capacitor structure. Long retention, high endurance, and stable storage characteristics, as well as a competitive residual polarization of 2Pr = 24–30 μC cm−2 are achieved. Furthermore, computing‐in‐memory applications are implemented utilizing the HAO‐based ferroelectric memory devices. Typical NOR and NOT logic gates are obtained based on the memristor‐aided logic (MAGIC) operations by exploiting the polarization inversion characteristics of the device, which show great potential in realizing other basic Boolean logic operations. The results show that the HAO‐based ferroelectric memory device is a strong candidate in the pursuit of next‐generation parallel storage and computing systems.

Order based on associative operations

Inspired by the classical works on obtaining order from semigroups, recently, many researchers have proposed orders based on associative fuzzy logic connectives. However, the use of these monotone operators succinctly assumes and implies the presence of an (existing) order on the underlying set. In this work, we consider associative operations F on a non-empty set P without recourse to any ordering that may or may not be available on it. Picking the most general of the definitions of order proposed so far, that of Karaçal and Kesiciogˇlu, we determine the necessary and sufficient conditions on an associative operation F to obtain a poset on P. Following this we investigate the classes of t-norms, t-conorms, uninorms and nullnorms – which are the typical fuzzy logic operations considered so far to obtain orders – that satisfy these conditions and also do a comparative study of the structures obtained from the different orders proposed so far. Finally, we explore further conditions required on an associative operation F to obtain richer order-theoretic structures.

Living in the end of days: risk, anxiety, subjectivity and the devil in a Trinidadian village

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Trinidad, this paper examines how the framing of a particular apocalyptic future provided a moral commentary and model for wellbeing in contemporary everyday life. Changing social, political, and economic circumstances and relations had brought a range of new risks and anxieties into daily life. These more recent problems originating from beyond the village (such as climate change, criminality, inequality, pollution, neglect by the State) could not be resolved through working with obeah spirits as might have been used previously for more local issues, or through the long-established Catholic and Anglican churches. Instead evangelical Christian cosmology and practices gave a means of making sense of such issues and for protecting oneself. The development of a strong individual relationship with God connected individuals to a greater power and a global community, framing such problems not only as the work of the Devil but as evidence of the coming of the End of Days. Political protest or attempts at wider change were futile therefore; individuals should focus on their own practices to develop a strong relationship with God. Health and wellbeing relied on an individualised and deep relationship with the Holy Spirit. This was developed through practices that both drew on, and helped create, a type of neoliberal logic and global subjectivity to understand and live within current times, evangelical Christianity promoting ways of living without anxiety in the present through understandings of an apocalyptic future.