Two-layer Configuration Research Articles

Two-Layer Three-Way Horst Power Divider and Combiner Based on Microstrip Line With Fixed Characteristic Impedance

In this letter, a two-layer three-way power divider/combiner (PDC) based on a fixed impedance transmission line is presented. The design is optimized through even/odd modes analysis. To provide design guidelines, graphical representations with closed-form equations are also provided. The theoretical bandwidth is estimated according to a performance criterion that takes into account the balance between isolation and input matching. The two-layer configuration provides better isolation between opposite ports despite the compact size. To validate the simulations, the three-way PDC is fabricated and measured. The measured results demonstrate excellent matching, isolation, and transmission performance with an overall fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 20%, which is consistent with the calculated bandwidth.

Stacked lightweight metasurfaces for wider stopband in X-K band

Frequency selective surfaces printed on optically transparent, large-area, flexible plastic sheets are studied for their passband and stopband characteristics when present as single-layer, two-layer and three-layer stacks. The unit cell design, its size, spacing and thickness on the substrate enable the single layer metasurface to yield a stopband width of 4.46 GHz (corresponding to 34.80%), when the center frequency is at 12.83 GHz in simulation and 12.86 GHz in measurement. On stacking identical surfaces as two-layer and three-layer configurations with suitable displacements both within the surface plane and perpendicular to the surface plane, the structural geometry of the unit cell gets varied leading to an ultra-wide stopband of 8.96 GHz in the range from 12.16 GHz to 21.11 GHz which covers X to K band. This leads to a wider stopband width of 43.60% for two-layer stack and 48.10% for three-layer stack with no in-plane shift. This is further enhanced to 65.50% with suitable shift within the plane of the stacked design. The three-layer stacked structure is ultra-thin with a thickness of 0.012 λ0. The single layer as well as all the three stacked structures have stopband characteristics that are invariant to incidence angle variation up to 750.

Effects of Varying Volume Fractions of SiO2 and Al2O3 on the Performance of Concentrated Photovoltaic System

Highly concentrated triple-junction solar cells (HCTJSCs) are cells that have diverse applications for power generation. Their electrical efficiency is almost 45%, which may be increased to 50% by the end of the year 2030. Despite their overwhelming ability to generate power, their efficiency is lower when utilized in a concentrated manner, which introduces a high-temperature surge, leading to a sudden drop in output power. In this study, the efficiency of a 10 mm × 10 mm multijunction solar cell (MJSC) was increased to almost 42% under the climatic conditions in Lahore, Pakistan. Active cooling was selected, where SiO2–water- and Al2O3–water-based nanofluids with varying volume fractions, ranging from 5% to 15% by volume, were used with a 0.001 kg/s mass flow rate. In addition, two- and three-layer microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) with squared microchannels were designed to perform thermal management. Regarding the concentration ratio, 1500 suns were considered for 15 August at noon, with 805 W/m2 and 110 W/m2 direct and indirect radiation, respectively. A complete model including a triple-junction solar cell and allied assemblies was modeled in Solidworks software, followed by temperature profile generation in steady-state thermal analyses (SSTA). Thereafter, a coupling of SSTA and Ansys Fluent was made, in combination with the thermal management of the entire model, where the temperature of the TJSC was found to be 991 °C without active cooling, resulting in a decrease in electrical output. At 0.001 kg/s, the optimum average surface temperature (44.5 °C), electrical efficiency (41.97%), and temperature uniformity (16.47 °C) were achieved in the of MJSC with SiO2–water nanofluid with three layers of MCHS at a 15% volume fraction. Furthermore, the average outlet temperature of the Al2O3–water nanofluid at all volume fractions was high, between 29.53 °C and 31.83 °C, using the two-layer configuration. For the three-layer arrangement, the input and output temperatures of the working fluid were found to be the same at 25 °C.

Bio-inspired self-pumping microfluidic device for cleaning of urea using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified polymeric nanohybrid membrane

In vitro technology facilitates the replication of in vivo tissues more accurately than conventional cell-based artificial organs, enabling researchers to mimic both the structural and functional characteristics of natural systems. Here, we demonstrate a novel spiral-shaped self-pumping microfluidic device for the cleaning of urea by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified a Polyethersulfone (PES) nanohybrid membrane for efficient filtration capacity. The spiral-shaped microfluidic chip is a two-layer configuration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) integrated with the modified filtration membrane. In essence, the device replicates the main features of the kidney (Glomerulus), i.e., a nano-porous membrane modified with reduced graphene oxide to separate the sample fluid from the upper layer and collect the biomolecule-free fluid through the bottom of the device. We have achieved a cleaning efficiency of 97.94 ± 0.6 % using this spiral shaped microfluidic system. The spiral-shaped microfluidic device integrated with nanohybrid membrane has potential for organ-on-a-chips applications.

Study on the safety characteristics of molten corium in-vessel retention of annular fuel core

In the process of reactor severe accidents, maintaining the integrity of reactor pressure vessel to achieve IVR (In-Vessel Retention) of molten corium plays an important role in accidents mitigation and suppression. The ERVC (External Reactor Vessel Cooling) is an important technology to realize IVR. As a new economical annular fuel, the increase of zirconium content and power density in the core may threaten the integrity of lower head under severe accidents. In this paper, the IVRASA (In-Vessel Retention Analysis code in Severe Accident) is used to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of lower head molten pool corresponding to annular fuel core. The components of two-layer and three-layer configurations of molten pool are determined based on the geometric structures of annular fuel and verified heavy metal layer model. In terms of the integrity of lower head, the power density of the annular fuel core can be increased to about 110%.

Regime transitions in stratified shear flows: the link between horizontal and inclined ducts

We present the analytical solution for the two-dimensional velocity and density fields within an approximation for laminar stratified inclined duct (SID) flows where diffusion dominates over inertia in the along-channel momentum equation but is negligible in the density transport equation. We refer to this approximation as the hydrostatic/gravitational/viscous in momentum and advective in density (HGV-A) approximation due to the leading balances in the governing equations. The analytical solution is valid for laminar flows in a two-layer configuration in the limit of long ducts. The non-dimensional volume flux within the HGV-A approximation is given by $Fr^* ={{Re}}_g/(AK)$ , which is a control parameter with ${{Re}}_g$ the gravitational Reynolds number, $A$ the aspect ratio of the duct and $K$ a geometrical parameter that depends on the tilt of the duct and is obtained from the analytical solution. This analytical solution was validated against results from laboratory experiments, and allows us to gain new insight into the dynamics and properties of SID flows. Most importantly, constant values of $Fr^*$ describe, in both horizontal and inclined ducts, the transitions between increasingly turbulent flow regimes: from laminar flow, to interfacial waves, to intermittent turbulence and sustained turbulence.

Sustainable Footwear in Outdoor Sportswear Industries: An Effect of Recycled Fabric Configuration on a Thermal Sensation Model in the Foot

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of recycled fabrics (i.e., denim and hemp) on a thermal sensation model in the foot from the perspectives of fabric thermal properties and thermal sensation. The thermal and evaporative resistance of a two-layered material configuration, including recycled denim fabric and hemp fabric (recycled DH fabric), were compared with commercial calf-skin and pig-skin leathers (CP leather). For potential outdoor shoes, the thermal sensation model in the foot was proposed to predict thermal sensation with different fabrics in real time based on environmental conditions and fabric properties. The results showed that there were no significant differences between thermal insulation and evaporative resistance among the five different thicknesses of recycled DH fabrics. The thermal sensation model in the foot in the fabrics ranged from -0.7 (slightly cool) to 0.5 (slightly warm) in the case studied (25ºC, 45% relative humidity, and 0.5 m/s of air velocity). A similar thermal sensation among the recycled DH fabrics was observed with a maximum difference at the thermal sensation of 0.04. Therefore, the thermal sensation model in the foot of wearers wearing recycled DH fabrics and sustainable denim shoes is practically comparable to the thermal sensation of commercial shoes. This study can be used to provide fundamental knowledge regarding recycled material testing for developing outdoor sustainable products including footwear and clothing in sportswear industries.

Coordinated Cyber-Physical equipment planning for distributed generation based on chance constrained

With development of distributed generation (DG), configuration of optimization equipment is crucial for absorbing excess electricity and stabilizing fluctuations. This study proposes a two-layer configuration strategy coordinates active cyber control and the physical energy storage (ES) system. First, an upper economic model is developed. Based on chance- constrained programming, an operation model accounts for inherent uncertainty are then developed. Under constraint of voltage risk level, a lower operation model is developed. Finally, a solution based on differential evolution is provided. An IEEE 33 bus system simulation was used to validate efficacy of model. The effects of risk level, equipment price, and chance-constrained probability were analyzed, providing a foundation for power consumption and expansion of cyber- physical systems.

Collaborative optimization of VRB-PS hybrid energy storage system for large-scale wind power grid integration

In order to achieve the carbon peak and neutrality goals, wind power in China has been vigorously developed. However, the random volatility and intermittence of wind power output may threaten the safe and stable operation of the power system. Energy storage, as a flexible resource, can play an important role in promoting the large-scale integration of wind power. In this paper, a two-stage collaborative optimization method for the Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) composed of Vanadium Redox flow Battery (VRB) and Pumped Storage (PS) is proposed. In the first stage, VRB is configured to suppress wind power output fluctuations, and in the second stage, a two-layer capacity configuration and operation optimization model for PS is developed to support the safe and economic operation of the system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed collaborative optimization method is verified. The simulation results show that the VRB can suppress high frequency fluctuations of wind power, and the PS can promote the wind power utilization rate and improves the economy, safety and flexibility of system operation, that is, the proposed HESS has better regulation ability and operating economy than the single energy storage.

Invisible devices with natural materials designed by evolutionary optimization.

It is a longstanding dream to put on a cloak and escape from sight. Transformation optics (TO) and artificial metamaterials turn this circumstance into reality, but the requirements for inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials make it almost impossible in practical realization. Furthermore, invisibility can only be constructed at a narrow frequency regime in previous studies and depends critically on the inescapable material losses. Here, the authors propose the multifrequency isotropic invisible devices and natural hyperbolic invisible devices using realistic materials, such as microwave materials and van der Waals (vdW) materials. The inherent material losses are taken into account in the optimization process, bringing the concept of invisibility closer to realistic conditions. To verify the stability of the proposed method, full-wave numerical simulations and analytical calculations are performed, and both obtained excellent invisibility performance. Due to the combined advantages of the simple two-layer core-shell configuration and natural materials, our work provides a promising platform for fabricating invisible devices at low cost and paves the way for new implementations of intelligent photonics beyond the limitations of TO.

Simulation model for investigating safety margin of three-layer molten pool after late phase in-vessel water injection

The thermal focusing effect is an essential issue in the research of In-Vessel Retention (IVR) because it might cause vessel failure. Late phase in-vessel water injection is applied to the three-layer corium pool surface to alleviate the severe accident and strengthen the IVR strategy. Analyzing the heat transfer in this corium pool after in-vessel water injection is an important issue. A model named “Three-layeR configuration mOlten pool after the late phase in-vessel water Injection under ERVC-IVR Strategy (TROIS)” has been developed for analyzing the heat transfer issues. Its calculated results could reasonably analyze a two-layer case of AP600 and a three-layer experiment with both the top and sidewall cooling conditions. Furthermore, it is applied to analyze the hypothetical core degradation case of AP1000. The calculated results demonstrate that the safety margin of the two-layer configuration is larger than that of the three-layer configuration. And vessel failure would not occur in the three-layer configuration with or without in-vessel water injection, according to the comparison results of local heat flux and CHF. Late phase in-vessel water injection can alleviate this thermal focusing effect and enlarge the safety margin.

Simulation of Selective Radiation Anti-Reflection Coating for Improvement of Emissivity

The optoelectronic and radiative properties of monolayer ARCs made from five distinct crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV materials (SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, TiO2, and HfO2) were simulated in this study. The absorption of c-Si in the range of 300 nm-1200 nm was first determined using the ideal thickness, and then the emissivity and radiant power when the thickness and emission angle were modified. They wanted to see which of the above five materials discharged the most light in the wavelength region of 8 to 13 m, which would improve the absorption of c-Si solar cells. In response to thickness variations from 20 nm to 1000 nm, Si3N4 emits the most in the atmospheric window, increasing from 10 Wm-2 to 161 Wm-2. The absorption ranges from 300 nm to 1200 nm, which is higher than other materials. Single-layer SR-ARCs can produce radiation with wavelengths ranging from 8 to 13 m, however multilayer SR-ARCs are unable to emit as much radiation in order to enhance efficiency and longevity. Temperature decrease was measured. The SR-ARCs were tested in two-layer, three-layer, and four-layer configurations. During the study, the bilayer SR-ARC with the ideal thickness of SiO2/Si3N4 had a temperature drop of around 0.9oC and various absorptions at 300nm-1200nm. The maximum temperature drop was about 0.7°C when the four materials were employed as ARCs at the optimum thickness, which was lower than the bilayer, but all other combinations had the highest absorption in this combination. Compared to all other studied combinations, the largest temperature drop for SiO2/Si3N4/TiO2 is 1.9°C. Lower thicknesses cannot produce a temperature reduction of 5°C or more, according to the research. Physical and optical characteristics were determined and used for SR-ARC investigations using commercially available c-Si solar cells in the study. Solar cells with a wavelength range of 300 nm to 4000 nm absorb about 832 Wm-2 from the sun's spectrum. The overall emission power is increased by a factor of 2.4 over four wavelengths when ARC with a secondary SiO2 layer (2.5 m) is applied to solar cells, but the emissivity is improved. The luminescence was not improved by adding Al2O3 between the bilayer ARCs, however the absorbance was enhanced by 9 Wm -2, which is a minor increase. Simulation findings were used to verify the final bilayer structure. The temperature of the PV module is decreased by 5.6°C when the double-layer SR-ARC is used, and the STC's overall efficiency is raised by 0.22%.

Simulation of Selective Radiation Anti-Reflection Coating for Improvement of Emissivity

The optoelectronic and radiative properties of monolayer ARCs made from five distinct crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV materials (SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, TiO2, and HfO2) were simulated in this study. The absorption of c-Si in the range of 300 nm-1200 nm was first determined using the ideal thickness, and then the emissivity and radiant power when the thickness and emission angle were modified. They wanted to see which of the above five materials discharged the most light in the wavelength region of 8 to 13 m, which would improve the absorption of c-Si solar cells. In response to thickness variations from 20 nm to 1000 nm, Si3N4 emits the most in the atmospheric window, increasing from 10 Wm-2 to 161 Wm-2. The absorption ranges from 300 nm to 1200 nm, which is higher than other materials. Single-layer SR-ARCs can produce radiation with wavelengths ranging from 8 to 13 m, however multilayer SR-ARCs are unable to emit as much radiation in order to enhance efficiency and longevity. Temperature decrease was measured. The SR-ARCs were tested in two-layer, three-layer, and four-layer configurations. During the study, the bilayer SR-ARC with the ideal thickness of SiO2/Si3N4 had a temperature drop of around 0.9oC and various absorptions at 300nm-1200nm. The maximum temperature drop was about 0.7°C when the four materials were employed as ARCs at the optimum thickness, which was lower than the bilayer, but all other combinations had the highest absorption in this combination. Compared to all other studied combinations, the largest temperature drop for SiO2/Si3N4/TiO2 is 1.9°C. Lower thicknesses cannot produce a temperature reduction of 5°C or more, according to the research. Physical and optical characteristics were determined and used for SR-ARC investigations using commercially available c-Si solar cells in the study. Solar cells with a wavelength range of 300 nm to 4000 nm absorb about 832 Wm-2 from the sun's spectrum. The overall emission power is increased by a factor of 2.4 over four wavelengths when ARC with a secondary SiO2 layer (2.5 m) is applied to solar cells, but the emissivity is improved. The luminescence was not improved by adding Al2O3 between the bilayer ARCs, however the absorbance was enhanced by 9 Wm -2, which is a minor increase. Simulation findings were used to verify the final bilayer structure. The temperature of the PV module is decreased by 5.6°C when the double-layer SR-ARC is used, and the STC's overall efficiency is raised by 0.22%.

Simulation of Selective Radiation Anti-Reflection Coating for Improvement of Emissivity

The optoelectronic and radiative properties of monolayer ARCs made from five distinct crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV materials (SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3, TiO2, and HfO2) were simulated in this study. The absorption of c-Si in the range of 300 nm-1200 nm was first determined using the ideal thickness, and then the emissivity and radiant power when the thickness and emission angle were modified. They wanted to see which of the above five materials discharged the most light in the wavelength region of 8 to 13 m, which would improve the absorption of c-Si solar cells. In response to thickness variations from 20 nm to 1000 nm, Si3N4 emits the most in the atmospheric window, increasing from 10 Wm-2 to 161 Wm-2. The absorption ranges from 300 nm to 1200 nm, which is higher than other materials. Single-layer SR-ARCs can produce radiation with wavelengths ranging from 8 to 13 m, however multilayer SR-ARCs are unable to emit as much radiation in order to enhance efficiency and longevity. Temperature decrease was measured. The SR-ARCs were tested in two-layer, three-layer, and four-layer configurations. During the study, the bilayer SR-ARC with the ideal thickness of SiO2/Si3N4 had a temperature drop of around 0.9oC and various absorptions at 300nm-1200nm. The maximum temperature drop was about 0.7°C when the four materials were employed as ARCs at the optimum thickness, which was lower than the bilayer, but all other combinations had the highest absorption in this combination. Compared to all other studied combinations, the largest temperature drop for SiO2/Si3N4/TiO2 is 1.9°C. Lower thicknesses cannot produce a temperature reduction of 5°C or more, according to the research. Physical and optical characteristics were determined and used for SR-ARC investigations using commercially available c-Si solar cells in the study. Solar cells with a wavelength range of 300 nm to 4000 nm absorb about 832 Wm-2 from the sun's spectrum. The overall emission power is increased by a factor of 2.4 over four wavelengths when ARC with a secondary SiO2 layer (2.5 m) is applied to solar cells, but the emissivity is improved. The luminescence was not improved by adding Al2O3 between the bilayer ARCs, however the absorbance was enhanced by 9 Wm -2, which is a minor increase. Simulation findings were used to verify the final bilayer structure. The temperature of the PV module is decreased by 5.6°C when the double-layer SR-ARC is used, and the STC's overall efficiency is raised by 0.22%.

Optimal Energy-Storage Configuration for Microgrids Based on SOH Estimation and Deep Q-Network.

Energy storage is an important adjustment method to improve the economy and reliability of a power system. Due to the complexity of the coupling relationship of elements such as the power source, load, and energy storage in the microgrid, there are problems of insufficient performance in terms of economic operation and efficient dispatching. In view of this, this paper proposes an energy storage configuration optimization model based on reinforcement learning and battery state of health assessment. Firstly, a quantitative assessment of battery health life loss based on deep learning was performed. Secondly, on the basis of considering comprehensive energy complementarity, a two-layer optimal configuration model was designed to optimize the capacity configuration and dispatch operation. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method in microgrid energy storage planning and operation was verified by experimentation. By integrating reinforcement learning and traditional optimization methods, the proposed method did not rely on the accurate prediction of the power supply and load and can make decisions based only on the real-time information of the microgrid. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method and existing methods were analyzed, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the performance of dynamic planning for energy storage in microgrids.

FLAX-TRM for the In-Plane Shear Strengthening of Masonry

The present study investigates the use of Flax Textile-Reinforced Mortars (FTRM) as a strengthening and seismic retrofitting solution for unreinforced masonry. The FTRM system comprised flax textiles embedded in lime-based mortar and was externally bonded to the surface of four medium-scale masonry walls on both sides, in strengthening configurations including one and two FTRM layers. One bare wall and one wall strengthened only with lime-based mortar were additionally examined as reference samples. All specimens were tested in in-plane shear under quasi-static cyclic loading conditions, while axial load equal to 10% of the masonry compressive strength was constantly applied throughout the test. The effectiveness of the developed FTRM system is assessed in terms of strength, deformability, energy dissipation and failure modes. The obtained results highlight the promising potential of this system as an in-plane strengthening solution for masonry, with FTRM-retrofitted specimens able to promote strain redistribution and ensure the structural integrity. Two-layer configurations were evidenced to sustain up to 118% higher load capacity, improved ductility, and provided significant energy dissipation capacity.

Time-domain formulation for coherent plane wave compounding in horizontally layered media

The locations of origin of ultrasonic echoes from soft tissue in conventional ultrasound beamforming are based on measured time of flight. For simplicity it is usually assumed that the region of interest is homogeneous with a constant sound speed, but in many in vivo and benchtop applications the imaging region is composed of horizontal layers, each with a distinct sound speed. In addition to time-of-flight complications, sound speed differences between the layers result in refraction through the interface of both the transmitted pulse and those reflected from the tissue, further influencing the fidelity of beamforming for target localization or other quantitative ultrasound metrics. A formulation is presented for delay-and-sum coherent Plane Wave Compounding (PWC) that accounts for variation in sound speed and refraction of ultrasound pulses in a region with two horizontal layers. The algorithm is formulated completely in the time domain, enabling simple implementation or extension of existing homogeneous PWC algorithms. Simulated and experimental images are investigated for a typical two-layer benchtop configuration, where the sound speeds in the upper and lower layers are relatively slow (water or gel) and fast (muscle), respectively. Extension of the formulation to a medium with N distinct layers is discussed.

Cooperative optimal configuration of integrated energy system considering uncertainty factors of source-load

Existing studies have focused on the source-load uncertainty in the integrated energy system (IES), but ignored the impact of the integrated demand response (IDR) uncertainty. Therefore, this paper comprehensively considers the uncertainties of renewable energy, load and IDR, and proposes a two-layer optimal and configuration model. In addition, non-parametric density estimation and Copula theory are combined to improve the traditional source-load uncertainty probability model. Meanwhile, based on the double uncertainty of baseline load and price elasticity coefficient, interval fuzzy calculation method is proposed to modify the elastic coefficient. On this basis, aiming at the minimum annual comprehensive operating cost of the system, the configuration of energy hub equipment was solved in layers. The calculation results show that including IDR in configuration calculation helps to suppress the net load curve of the system, reduce the influence of user energy and intermittent power output uncertainty on system configuration results, and make the system run economically and environmentally.

Experimental research of heat transfer in heavy metallic layer under different top boundary conditions

The External Reactor Vessel Cooling (ERVC) is crucial to realizing In-Vessel Retention (IVR) strategy when reactor core degradation happens; consequently, fission products would be limited in Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV). Because of the fission products in the lower head of RPV, vessel integrity is threatened. Due to the immiscibility of oxide and metal materials, the molten pool in the lower head of RPV would turn to a stratified configuration. Two-layer (light metallic layer atop of oxidic layer) and three-layer (light metallic layer, oxidic layer, heavy metallic layer) configurations have been proposed. The possible heavy metallic layer has a different shape, top boundary conditions, and decay heat compared with the other two layers. Thereby, the objective of the heavy metallic layer experiment is to study its heat transfer characteristics, and two possible top boundary conditions are performed. The heating cables simulating the decay heat are placed in a hemispheric test section (diameter = 2.4 m). Water is used as the experimental simulant with a height of 0.3 m. The experimental results demonstrate that increasing the top cooling rate, the ratio of top cooling power to sidewall cooling power, and the ratio of upward heat flux to sideward heat flux increase. In addition, they share almost the same trend. The central melt temperature rises with the height increment, and the maximum normalized temperature reaches about 1.3 for both top cooling and insulated boundary conditions. Thermal stratification is found in the experiment, and the possible natural convection is limited in the heavy metallic layer. Correlations of UCLA, Mini-ACOPO, and RASPLAV reasonably predict the heavy metallic layer's normalized sideward heat flux distribution.

Structural Lattice Topology and Material Optimization for Battery Protection in Electric Vehicles Subjected to Ground Impact Using Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms.

A critical external interference that often appears to pose a safety issue in rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS) for electric vehicles (EV) is ground impact due to stone impingement. This study aims to propose the new concept of the sandwich for structural battery protection using a lattice structure configuration for electric vehicle applications. The protective geometry consists of two layers of a twisted-octet lattice structure. The appropriate lattice structure was selected through topology and material optimization using an artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithms (GA), and multi-objective optimization with technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods. The optimization variables are the lattice structure relative density, , angle, θ, and strength of the materials, . Numerical simulations were used to model the dynamic impact loading on the structures due to a conical stone mass of 0.77 kg traveling at 162 km/h. The two-layer lattice structure configuration appears to be suitable for the purposes of RESS protection. The optimum configuration for battery protection is a lattice structure with an angle of 66°, relative density of 0.8, and yield strength of 41 MPa. This optimum configuration can satisfy the safety threshold of battery-shortening deformation. Therefore, the proposed lattice structure configuration can potentially be implemented for electric vehicle applications to protect the battery from ground impact.