Camel Research Articles

DETERMINING THE PRIORITIES OF CRITERIA IN ASSESSING THE BANKRUPTCY RISK OF THE BANKS VIA AHP

The prediction of bank failure is important for financial managers, analysts, investors and other users of financial statements. The purpose of our study is to determine the priorities of CAMELS’s dimensions as criteria in assessing the bankruptcy risk of the banks. AHP technique is used via acquiring pairwise compared views of 108 experts who are academics, policy makers/managers of some banks, regulatory institutions of Turkey study especially on banks, to determine priorities of each criteria. According to AHP results, orderly liquidity, asset and capital dimensions of CAMELS have a total priority of 66.54%, which is about 2/3 of the importance in assessing the bankruptcy risk of the banks. http://dx.doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2016icafr22422

The histopathological effects of Trypanosoma evansi on experimentally infected mice

Objectives The objective of this study was to study the histopathological changes in different tissues in experimentally Trypanosoma evansi-infected mice. Background There is variation in the pathogenicity of different host species. Animals that are subjected to stress, malnutrition, pregnancy, or work are more susceptible to this disease. The pathogenesis of T. evansi is complex and the cause of death is still somewhat obscure. Materials and methods The T. evansi isolate used in the present study was obtained from the blood of naturally infected camels. The strain was maintained in mice, where their infected blood was used for inducing the experimental infection. Giemsa-stained blood films were prepared for detection of infection and estimation of parasitemia. A total of 64 mice were divided into two main groups as follows: group I (the infected group), which included 40 mice inoculated with T. evansi strain, and group II (the control group), which included 24 mice used as uninfected healthy controls. Results In the present study, trypanosomes were observed using wet blood films and Giemsa-stained blood films at 48 h after infection in infected mice (group I) and there was high parasitemia on approximately the fifth day after infection (subgroup I-b). Mice from the uninfected control group (II) remained negative for trypanosomes until their death. Gross examination of various tissues from the infected mouse subgroups (infected group I) revealed splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and marked congestion of lungs. All degrees of inflammation were detected in these tissues. Moreover, most of the examined tissues showed trypanosomes. It was noted that these pathological changes were more obvious in subgroup I-b when the parasitemia had reached its peak. Conclusion Microscopic examination showed significant histopathological changes in different organs, and in most examined tissues the parasites were detected in high numbers, especially in subgroup I-b (on the fifth day).

The distribution of SIgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells in the palatine tonsils of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of different ages.

Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are the major effector cells of mucosal immunity, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCs are also associated with mucosal immunity. This study aimed to explore the distribution of these 2 ASC populations in the palatine tonsils of Bactrian camels of different ages. Eighteen Bactrian camels were divided into the following three age groups: pubertal (3-5 years), middle-aged (6-16 years) and old (17-20 years). SIgA and IgG ASCs within different sites of the palatine tonsils were observed through histological and immunohistochemical techniques, and their densities were analyzed using statistical methods. The results from all age groups showed that both the SIgA and IgG ASCs were primarily distributed in the subepithelial compartments of the reticulated crypt epithelium and secondarily distributed in the subepithelial compartments of the stratified surface squamous epithelium, with a few ASCs located in the extrafollicular region. Their densities in these three areas were significantly decreased in turn (P<0.05). However, the densities of SIgA ASCs were significantly higher than IgG ASCs in the same regions (P<0.05), and the densities of both ASC populations decreased with age. The results confirmed that Bactrian camel palatine tonsils are the primary mucosal immune organ producing SIgA ASCs, and the subepithelial compartment of the reticulated crypt epithelium is the primary region for the colonization and functional activity of SIgA and IgG ASCs.

Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of the Indian One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Its Clinical Implications during Regional Anesthesia

Dada la ausencia completa de datos sobre anatomia aplicada de la region de la cabeza del camello jorobado de la India y debido a su valor clinico durante la anestesia regional, este estudio fue disenado para proporcionar informacion clinica importante sobre los parametros de la region de la cabeza. Este estudio incluyo algunos parametros osteometricos del maxilar y las mandibulas de seis camellos adultos indios de una joroba sin aparentes trastornos del esqueleto. Se registro un total de 21 medidas en la cabeza e indices fueron incluidos en el estudio. La distancia del foramen supraorbitario, foramenes infraorbitarios, la longitud del craneo, el ancho de craneo, la longitud craneal, la longitud nasal y el ancho del craneo de los camellos jorobados fueron de 6,35 ± 0,047 cm, 8,41 ± 0,076 cm, 48,75 ± 0,244 cm, 22,66 ± 0,108 cm, 32,73 ± 0,484 cm y 16,89 ± 0,283 cm, respectivamente. El indice del craneo fue 46,51 ± 0,29 cm. Las distancias de tuberosidad facial del canal infraorbitario a la raiz del primer diente premolar superior fueron de 2,91 ± 0,068 cm y 3,21 ± 0,078 cm, respectivamente. La longitud y la altura de la mandibula fueron 42,98 ± 0,624 cm y 22,58 ± 0,287 cm, respectivamente. Por otra parte, las distancias desde la raiz alveolar lateral al foramen mental y desde el foramen mental al margen mandibular caudal fueron 9,22 ± 0,059 cm y 32,12 ± 0,165 cm, respectivamente. Las distancias del foramen mandibular a la base de la mandibula, asi como del margen caudal de la mandibula por debajo del foramen mandibular fueron 8,84 ± 0,085 cm y 6,32 ± 0,048 cm, respectivamente. Tambien, las distancias desde la base mandibular a la fosa condilar, y desde este ultimo a la altura maxima de la mandibula fueron 18.38 ± 0.15 cm y 4.175 ± 0.046 cm, respectivamente. Por ultimo, la distancia desde el margen caudal de la mandibula al foramen mandibular, y de este al angulo mandibular fueron 5,88 ± 0,055 cm y 8,29 ± 0,079 cm, respectivamente. La informacion morfometrica proporcionada en este estudio sera importante para las maniobras clinicas en la cabeza de los camellos indios, en particular para la anestesia regional durante el tratamiento de lesiones en la cabeza y en la extraccion dental.

Abundance and associated risk factors of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from one-humped camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Sistan and Balouchestan region, southeast of Iran

T The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, diversity and seasonal distribution of ticks collected from camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) in Sistan and Balouchestan region, southeast of Iran. Totally, 139 camels (74 females and 65 males) were randomly selected from May, 2014 to April, 2015, out of which 75 camels (53.9%) were found to be infested by ticks. Out of the examined ticks, eight species of two genera ( Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus ) were identified, namely Hyalomma dromedarii (39.5%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (16.1%), H. anatolicum (14.1%), H. excavatum (11.7%), H. schulzei (6.4%), H. scupense (5.5%), R. turanicus (4.7%), and H. asiaticum (2%). The prevalence of ixodid tick infestation was higher in the female camels (60.8%) than the males (46.1%) (P > 0.084). The number of the hard ticks found on 1–2 year old female camels (76.9%; 30/39) was higher than on the other age groups (P < 0.006). Moreover, the seasonal activities of ticks were higher in spring than in the other seasons (80%; 40/50) (P < 0.000). The results of the current study revealed that ixodid ticks infestation was widespread among camels in Sistan and Balouchestan region, with great species diversity. Therefore, special attention should be given for a programmed tick control campaign in the region.

Review: Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey, by Gary Paul Nabhan

Review: Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey, by Gary Paul Nabhan

Commerce kept camel DNA diverse

Commerce kept camel DNA diverse

The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics.

Old World camels have come into the focus as sustainable livestock species, unique in their morphological and physiological characteristics and capable of providing vital products even under extreme environmental conditions. The evolutionary history of dromedary and Bactrian camels traces back to the middle Eocene (around 40 million years ago, mya), when the ancestors of Camelus emerged on the North American continent. While the genetic status of the two domestic species has long been established, the wild two-humped camel has only recently been recognized as a separate species, Camelus ferus, based on molecular genetic data. The demographic history established from genome drafts of Old World camels shows the independent development of the three species over the last 100,000 years with severe bottlenecks occurring during the last glacial period and in the recent past. Ongoing studies involve the immune system, relevant production traits, and the global population structure and domestication of Old World camels. Based on the now available whole genome drafts, specific metabolic pathways have been described shedding new light on the camels’ ability to adapt to desert environments. These new data will also be at the origin for genome-wide association studies to link economically relevant phenotypes to genotypes and to conserve the diverse genetic resources in Old World camelids.

Molecular characterization of aflatoxigenic aspergilli-contaminated poultry and animal feedstuff samples from the western region of Saudi Arabia

The aflatoxigenic abilities of 64 and 17 isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus isolated from poultry and animal feedstuff samples collected from the western region of Saudi Arabia were studied. Thirty-three (51.6%) and 13 (76.5%) isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, were aflatoxigenic. The ranges of aflatoxins in A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates were 4.4-110 and 143.6-271.3 ppm (μg/g), respectively. A. parasiticus isolates generally produced a greater amount of aflatoxins than A. flavus. A. flavus isolates from poultry, cattle, and camel and cattle feeds produced aflatoxin amounts in the range 5.7-110, 4.4-19.0, and 7.0-28.5 ppm, respectively. From poultry feedstuff samples, A. parasiticus produced aflatoxins in the range 212.5-232.4 ppm. Some aflatoxin biosynthesis genes (aflR, omt-1, ver-1, and nor-1) were detected with variable frequencies in all A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates. The genetic diversity among 64 isolates of A. flavus using internal transcribed spacer sequence results and the amplification of some aflatoxin biosynthesis genes revealed that the investigated isolates showed high heterogeneity.

Camel’s Milk Improves the Semen Characteristic in Immobilization Stressed Rats

Camel’s Milk Improves the Semen Characteristic in Immobilization Stressed Rats

Camels: The Reservoir for MERS-CoVs

Ongoing outbreaks of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) since 2012 have been linked to a novel coronavirus (CoV). Despite evidence that the viral reservoir is the dromedary camel, whether the camel is the source of human infections has been unclear. An …

Des dromadaires et des hommes au Moyen-Orient

Regarded as an animal of the past and supporting the eternal image of the 'ship of the desert', the dromedary camel is facing deep changes in its rearing system, causing significant changes in human relationships. A somewhat idealized virtuous animal among the nomad with which it shares the rough life of deserts, it becomes only one cog in the intensification process of settled production systems where it needs to better express its potential of production to avoid the risk of being marginalized, its utilitarian function becoming predominant. However, the urbanized Middle East likes to remember the virtues of the animal and its products, the dromedary returning this animal idealized for a weekend where the city dweller looking over its lost emotional proximity, rather than the economic benefits of its products. (Resume d'auteur)

Description of an optic spine on the sphenoid bone of camels and dromedaries

Objective To describe the presence of an intraorbital cylindrical osseous structure (a spine) in two animal species: camel (Camelus bactrianus) and dromedary (Camelus dromedaries). A homologous osseous structure was previously observed in the large fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus). Procedures The bony anatomy of the orbital cavity was studied and quantified on macerated skulls of 3 camels and 2 dromedaries. Additionally, one macerated skull of a large fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus) was used for comparative purposes. Results The anatomic description of these unique intraorbital spine was made while studying the bony orbit of macerated skulls, and was considered homologous to that of the bat based on the same anatomic position (at the bone bridge that separates the optic canal and the sphenorbital fissure) and similarities in shape. We suggest the name optic spine of the sphenoid bone. Discussion The novel observation of an optic spine on the sphenoid bone in camels and dromedaries (Artiodactyla), when combined with the previous finding of a similar anatomic structure in a bat (Chiroptera) suborder Microchiroptera, may provide further support to the close proximity of these two apparently very distinct animal orders in the phylogenetic tree, and may contribute to the understanding of bat evolution and provide new directions for future research. The function of this osseous spine remains to be investigated, although we hypothesize that the optic spine of the camelids may serve as an attachment site for extraocular muscles.

‘The Camels are Unsustainable’

‘The Camels are Unsustainable’

Review of 'A History of the County of Somerset. Volume XI: Queen Camel and the Cadburys'

Review of 'A History of the County of Somerset. Volume XI: Queen Camel and the Cadburys'

A Novel Path of Communication from Kidney to the Adrenal Gland in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

La glandula suprarrenal es un organo endocrino importante en los vertebrados, que produce una amplia variedad de hormonas. Los resultados anatomicos mostraron que la glandula suprarrenal en el Camello bactriano tiene un patron de suministro sanguineo e inervacion tipico. Excepcionalmente, se encontro una conexion infrecuente que consistio principalmente en tejido fibroso, vasos sanguineos y haces nerviosos entre la glandula suprarrenal y el rinon del Camello bactriano, denominandose haz de tejido fibroso-vasos sanguineos-nervio (Haz FSN). Este paquete de haces de nervios es el primero reportado en el Camello bactriano, y aun no se observa en otros animales, en consecuencia sus funciones y mecanismos deben ser estudiados. Creemos que podria existir una funcion directa de esta nueva via para mejorar la comunicacion de la glandula suprarrenal y el rinon. Asi, esta via de comunicacion podria tener un importante significado adaptativo para el Camello bactriano, quien vive en zonas ecologicas aridas y semiaridas.

Morphological Investigation of the Brain of the African Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

El objetivo fue describir las caracteristicas morfologicas del cerebro de la avestruz africana. El cerebro se estudio macroscopica y microscopicamente, y las mediciones de todas las partes del cerebro fueron registradas. El cerebro tuvo una forma romboidal, con cerebelo grande triangular obtuso con una protuberancia dorsomedial sagital. El bulbo olfatorio era pequeno, con un lobulo olfativo sin desarrollar. El diencefalo dio lugar a la glandula pineal, que es una estructura en forma de tubo invertida con un triangulo obtuso en su parte inferior. Un gran quiasma y tracto optico demostraron ser continuos con los lobulos opticos. El cerebelo estaba caracterizado por la vermis central que tenia numerosas fisuras transversales y dos pequenos floculos laterales en su superficie lateral. La medula oblongada mostro en algunos casos una flexion pontina evidente, en otros ausencia de puentes o la aparicion de un cuerpo trapezoide. Los resultados histologicos revelaron que la corteza cerebral esta formada de varias capas de neuronas mal definidas. El aspecto mas comun se caracterizo por unas pequenas neuronas soportadas por neuroglias. La corteza cerebelosa consistio en tres capas, molecular, de celulas de Purkinje y granular interna; las celulas de Purkinje se caracterizaron por un cuerpo celular grande. La medula oblongada estaba cubierta por pia madre de tejido conectivo laxo, revestida por epitelio escamoso simple y un suministro vascular extenso bajo la piamadre. Los nucleos de las celulas de la medula oblongada se formaron a partir pocas neuronas multipolares, soportados por algunas neuroglias. El cuarto ventriculo estaba revestido un epitelio pseudo-estratificado de celulas ependimarias columnares ciliadas.

Emerging virus evolves in camels

Emerging virus evolves in camels

KEFIRS MANUFACTURED FROM CAMEL (CAMELUS DRAMEDARIUS) MILK AND COW MILK: COMPARISON OF SOME CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL PROPERTIES

This study examined the production possibilities of kefir from fresh camel milk fermented with grain. The findings were then compared with kefir manufactured from cow’s milk. Cow’s milk was fermented with 2.5% grains. The 1% (v/w) glucose enriched camel’s milk was fermented with 10% grains and left in an incubator at 25°C. Physical-chemical and sensorial analyses of the kefir samples were measured on day one (18 hours) of storage and microbiological analyses were measured on days one, three and five. Some physical-chemical parameters were found to be higher in camel milk and its kefir than in cow milk and its kefir, some were found to be close and some were found to be lower. Addition of 1% glucose and 10% grains to the camel milk affected the titration acidity and viscosity of kefir to significant levels. The kefir produced from camel milk was perceived as sourer, whereas its other properties were found to be close to those of cow milk. The cholesterol levels of camel milk and its kefir were detected to be higher when compared to those of cow milk and its kefir, but the cholesterol level decreased in both examples after the production of kefir. In terms of the composition of fatty acids, it was determined that SFA and the small, medium chain fatty acids ratio was low in camel milk and its kefir, but MUFA and the long chain fatty acids ratio was high. PUFA ratio was high in camel milk but low in its kefir. In microbiological analysis, yeast levels increased in kefir samples with the Lactobacillus ssp. strains, and the increase in the number of yeasts was higher than in the cow milk kefir. In kefir samples, Lactobacillus ssp. strains increased on day one and three of storage, but diminished after day three.

Star Wars: The Empirics Strike Back

Using 50,000 tests published in the AER, JPE, and QJE, we identify a residual in the distribution of tests that cannot be explained solely by journals favoring rejection of the null hypothesis. We observe a two-humped camel shape with missing p-values between 0.25 and 0.10 that can be retrieved just after the 0.05 threshold and represent 10–20 percent of marginally rejected tests. Our interpretation is that researchers inflate the value of just-rejected tests by choosing “significant” specifications. We propose a method to measure this residual and describe how it varies by article and author characteristics. (JEL A11, C13)