Two-electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction Research Articles

Rhein/carbon nanotube derived carbon materials with quinone group for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis

Oxygen-doped carbon materials (OC) have been studied as the electrocatalysts of two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2-e ORR) to synthesize H2O2 due to their low cost and high selectivity. In this study, quinone group contained OC (OC-R/CNT) were prepared using the mixture of rhein with quinone group and carbon nanotube (CNT) as the precursor via one-step pyrolysis. The RRDE test showed that the OC-R/CNT gave a H2O2 selectivity of 94 % at 0.20 V in neutral medium. During the H-cell test, the H2O2 yield of OC-R/CNT can be up to 170 mmol gcat−1 h−1 at 0 V vs. RHE and the OC-R/CNT catalyst exhibited good long-term stability and reusability. The H2O2 solution produced at 0 V vs. RHE for 1 hour showed good bactericidal properties. For comparison, the OC without quinone group (OC-G/CNT) were also prepared with glucose and CNT as the precursor under the same condition, which showed poorer 2-e ORR catalytic performance. This study not only provides a feasible method to prepare quinone group contained carbon materials but also verifies the important role of quinone group in 2-e ORR.

Composites of Carbons/Indium Sulfide for Hydrogen Peroxide Production and Water Purification

Photocatalysis enables room temperature synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) without any byproducts as well as offering advantages such as low cost, and no release of toxic chemicals [1]. Thus, photocatalysis is an appealing approach for the environmentally friendly synthesis of H2O2. Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal chalcogenide (TMC) photocatalysts are good at light harvesting due to their high specific surface area and exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties which make them suitable for environmental remediation and energy production [2]. Metal sulfides have a narrower band gap, which improves their light absorption ability in the visible spectrum. However, they often suffer from low quantum yield and high charge recombination rate. Carbonaceous materials have been proven as very effective co-catalysts with semiconductors at increasing their photoactivity and decreasing recombination rate [3]. The present study focusses on indium sulfide (In2S3) and its composites with carbon nano tubes (CNTs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for H2O2 generation via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction. In2S3, In2S3-CNT and In2S3-CQD are synthesized via hydrothermal method. Structural and optical properties characterized using several techniques such as XRD, Raman, UV-Vis-DRS, PL spectra, SEM, TEM etc. show high crystallinity of In2S3 lattice, good dispersion of carbons on In2S3 lattice, improved light absorption and decrease in recombination rate in In2S3 carbon composites. Photoelectric properties are studied using chronoamperometry, EIS, cyclic voltammetry etc. The In2S3 carbon composites show good stability and lower charge transfer resistance and higher active surface area than pure In2S3. The carbon composite materials show a significantly higher performance than the pure In2S3. In2S3-CQD achieves H2O2 production rate of 634 µM h-1, which is ~ 17 times higher than that of pure In2S3. These composites also show good performance for water treatment with In2S3-CQD removing 93% chromium(VI) and 94% rhodamine B (RhB) from contaminated water upon 2h of irradiation. The mechanism of removal of the impurities is also discussed. In2S3-CQD has shown good results owing to their good light absorption, high specific surface area, and CQDs being able to act as electron reservoir. Keywords : Photocatalysis, Hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis, Advanced Oxidation processes, Wastewater Treatment.

A novel hydrogen accelerated oxygen reduction Fenton reaction system: Effectively promoted the cycle of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and self-generation of H2O2

Both the iron sludge and usage of H2O2 restrict the promotion of the Fenton reaction. Herein, we proposed a hydrogen-accelerated oxygen reduction Fenton reaction system named MHORF-UiO-66(Zr) to try to solve the two problems under normal temperature and pressure. The active hydrogen, which is derived from H2 catalyzed by the composite of Pd/UiO-66(Zr), could accelerate the reduction of Fe(III) and promote the electron transfer of two-electron oxygen reduction reaction to realize the self-generation of H2O2. And 45.9 mM of H2O2 could be detected. As expected, 91 % of trimethoprim (TMP) could be degraded within 30 min in this system in the condition of 25 μM Fe(II), H2 30 mL·min−1, and Pd/UiO-66(Zr) 2g·L−1, which was 2.94 times that of the control Fenton system. Based on these results, the feasibility of fundamentally achieving zero emission of iron sludge was successfully verified. It was confirmed that both the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen played the dominant roles during the reaction process through the analysis of electron spin resonance spectroscopy. After six reaction cycles, the removal efficiency of TMP could be maintained at least 94 %. It found that both the properties and morphology of this composite could remain based on the systematic characterization.

The Nexus of Innovation: Electrochemically Synthesizing H2O2 and Its Integration with Downstream Reactions.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) represents a chemically significant oxidant that is prized for its diverse applicability across various industrial domains. Recent innovations have shed light on the electrosynthesis of H2O2 through two-electron oxygen reduction reactions (2e- ORR) or two-electron water oxidation reactions (2e- WOR), processes that underscore the attractive possibility for the on-site production of this indispensable oxidizing agent. However, the translation of these methods into practical utilization within chemical manufacturing industries remains an aspiration rather than a realized goal. This Perspective intends to furnish a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the domain of coupled chemical reactions with H2O2, critically examining emergent strategies that may pave the way for the development of new reaction pathways. These pathways could enable applications that hinge on the availability and reactivity of H2O2, including, but not limited to the chemical synthesis coupled with H2O2 and waste water treatment byFenton-like reactions. Concurrently, the Perspective acknowledges and elucidates some of the salient challenges and opportunities inherent in the coupling of electrochemically generated H2O2, thereby providing a scholarly analysis that might guide future research.

Electroenzymatic cascade reaction on a biohybrid boosts the chiral epoxidation reaction

The chiral epoxidation of styrene and its derivatives is an important transformation that has attracted considerable scientific interest in the chemical industry. Herein, we integrate enzymatic catalysis and electrocatalysis to propose a new route for the chiral epoxidation of styrene and its derivatives. Chloroperoxidase (CPO) functionalized with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (ILEMB) was loaded onto cobalt nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CoN@CNT) to form a biohybrid (CPO-ILEMB/CoN@CNT). H2O2 species were generated in situ through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e–ORR) at CoN@CNT to initiate the following enzymatic epoxidation of styrene by CPO. CoN@CNT had high electroactivity for the ORR to produce H2O2 at a more positive potential, prohibiting the conversion of FeIII to FeII in the heme of CPO to maintain enzymatic activity. Meanwhile, CoN@CNT could serve as an ideal carrier for the immobilization of CPO-ILEMB. Hence, the coimmobilization of CPO-ILEMB and CoN@CNT could facilitate the diffusion of intermediate H2O2, which achieved 17 times higher efficiency than the equivalent amounts of free CPO-ILEMB in bulk solution for styrene epoxidation. Notably, an enhancement (∼45%) of chiral selectivity for the epoxidation of styrene was achieved.

High-efficiency Electroreduction of O2 into H2 O2 over ZnCo Bimetallic Triazole Frameworks Promoted by Ligand Activation.

Co-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrocatalysts for two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) are highly promising for H2 O2 production, but suffer from the intrinsic activity-selectivity trade-off. Herein, we report a ZnCo bimetal-triazole framework (ZnCo-MTF) as high-efficiency 2e- ORR electrocatalysts. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the coordination between 1,2,3-triazole and Co increases the antibonding-orbital occupancy on the Co-N bond, promoting the activation of Co center. Besides, the adjacent Zn-Co sites on 1,2,3-triazole enable an asymmetric "side-on" adsorption mode of O2 , favoring the reduction of O2 molecules and desorption of OOH* intermediate. By virtue of the unique ligand effect, the ZnCo-MTF exhibits a 2e- ORR selectivity of ≈100 %, onset potential of 0.614 V and H2 O2 production rate of 5.55 mol gcat -1 h-1 , superior to the state-of-the-art zeolite imidazole frameworks. Our work paves the way for the design of 2e- ORR electrocatalysts with desirable coordination and electronic structure.

Improved oxidative degradation performance for doxycycline by In2O3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst coupling with persulfate and its efficient H2O2 production capacity

Photocatalysis utilizing clean light energy is a green solar energy conversion technology with the ability for pollutant degradation and energy production, which is one of the technologies to alleviate the crisis of environmental pollution and energy shortage. In this work, the cubic In2O3 modified g-C3N4 composite was prepared and coupled with persulfate (PS) for the catalytic oxidation of the antibiotic doxycycline (DOX). And the optimal degradation efficiency of DOX reached 99.3% under simulated sunlight irradiation. In addition, the H2O2 generation performance was investigated by oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Almost all DOX (99.3%) was degraded within 60 min over the optimal system of In2O3/g-C3N4–5 + PS. And the optimal composite also demonstrated an excellent H2O2 yield of 336.3 μmol L−1 h−1 following the two-electron ORR. The higher separation and utilization of photogenerated electrons is the key reason for the improved catalytic activity of the composite.

Highly efficient photo-driven generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species in biological environment by gold nanoclusters

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in cell signalling, pathogen defence, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. The photocatalysts are highly desired in the photo-driven in-situ ROS generation and elimination in biological environment. Here, we present the highly efficient photo-driven generation and elimination of ROS in biological environment by glutathione (GSH)-protected gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). In extracellular environment, AuNCs can generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) without any additional sacrifices. On the other hand, in intracellular environment, AuNCs are capable of eliminating the ROS in cells under visible light. For the photocatalyst of GSH protected AuNCs, the photogenerated electrons are in response to reduction reactions, and meanwhile photogenerated holes can oxidize the GSH ligands, protecting other biomolecules from oxidation reactions. This work opens a new gate for the concentration manipulation of ROS in the biological environment as well as the real-time regulation of ROS in organisms.

Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayer of Cobalt Phthalocyanine as Ultralow Loading Single-Atom Catalyst for Highly Efficient H2O2 Production.

The electrochemical production of H2O2 via the two-electron oxygen-reduction reaction (2e- ORR) has been actively studied using systems with atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) structures. However, the development of well-defined M-N-C structures that restrict the migration and agglomeration of single-metal sites remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayer of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) on monolayer graphene (LB CoPc/G) as a single-metal catalyst for the 2e- ORR. The as-prepared CoPc LB monolayer has a β-form crystalline structure with a lattice space for the facile adsorption of oxygen molecules on the cobalt active sites. The CoPc LB monolayer system provides highly exposed Co atoms in a well-defined structure without agglomeration, resulting in significantly improved catalytic activity, which is manifested by a very high H2O2 production rate per catalyst (31.04 mol gcat-1 h-1) and TOF (36.5 s-1) with constant production stability for 24 hours. To the best of our knowledge, the CoPc LB monolayer system exhibits the highest H2O2 production rate per active site. This fundamental study suggests that an LB monolayer of molecules with single-metal atoms as a well-defined structure works for single-atom catalysts.

Axial halogen coordinated metal-nitrogen-carbon moiety enables efficient electrochemical oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide

Human life relies on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a crucial chemical. H2O2 can be produced via electrochemical methods using two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) on atomically dispersed catalysts, making it a promising substitute for the traditional anthraquinone process, but still has lenty of room for optimization. Axial coordination regulation of active sites is a potential means to improve the selectivity of 2e− ORR. Herein, we design twenty types of single atom sites with precisely defined M–N4–C moiety functionalized by axial coordination R (R=Cl, Br). By calculation of density functional theory (DFT), different from pristine M–N4–C moiety, Cl–Cu–N4 and Br–Zn–N4 especially Br–Zn–N4 has the most favorable 2e− ORR catalytic efficiency with the overpotential of 0.07 and 0.05 V, respectively. In addition, the Gibbs free energy of the intermediate O* exceeds 3.52 eV, indicating a significant suppression of the competitive 4e− ORR reaction. Electronic analyses show that the axial Br in Zn–N4–Br can optimize the 3D orbital of Zn center to enhance O2 adsorption and activation at Zn site, thus reducing ORR barrier and accelerating ORR kinetics. This work extends the field of view of adjusting the reaction path of monatomic electrocatalysis through axial coordination engineering.

Polymethylhydrosiloxane-modified gas-diffusion cathode for more efficient and durable H2O2 electrosynthesis in the context of water treatment

On-site H2O2 electrosynthesis via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is attracting great interest for water treatment. The use of carbon black-based gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) is especially appealing, but their activity, selectivity and long-term stability must be improved. Here, a facile GDEs modification strategy using trace polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) allowed reaching a outstanding H2O2 production, outperforming the conventional polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-GDE (1874.8 vs 1087.4 mg L−1 at 360 min). The superhydrophobicity conferred by PMHS endowed the catalytic layer with high faradaic efficiencies (76.2%−89.7%) during long-term operation for 60 h. The electrochemical tests confirmed the high activity and selectivity of the PMHS-modified GDE. Moreover, the efficient degradation of several micropollutants by the electro-Fenton process demonstrated the great potential of the new GDE. An in-depth understanding of the roles of PMHS functional groups is provided from DFT calculations: the −CH3 groups contribute to form a superhydrophobic interface, whereas Si-H and as-formed Si-O-C sites modulate the coordination environment of active carbon centers.

A novel cost-effective flow-through electrode based on polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber for enhancing micropollutant degradation via electro-Fenton

Electrochemical filtration is an effective technology for treating the wastewater that containing low-concentration organic micropollutants. However, its practical application has been hindered by the lack of feasible flow-through electrodes. Herein, a physically assembled flow-through cathode, based on commercial polyacrylonitrile-based (PAN) carbon fiber (CF), was introduced in an electro-Fenton (EF) system. The conductive filtration element, created by coiling the FeOCl-functionalized CF onto a cylindrical support, exhibited effective and consistent degradation of diverse micropollutants (77.9–94.5 %, TOC: 32.4–50.5 %) after a single-pass filtration. The excellent two-electron (2 e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of PAN-CF, along with the enhanced mass transfer in the flow-through configuration, contributed to the pollutant degradation by generating considerable reactive oxygen species (ROSs, including H2O2 and •OH) and facilitating adequate contact between pollutants and ROSs. The integration of electrochemistry significantly improved the antifouling performance of the filter, making it promising for real wastewater treatment. Detailed calculations and comparisons further confirmed the cost advantages of the proposed flow-through electrodes. This study provides a unique solution for the design and fabrication of engineeringly and economically feasible flow-through electrodes in electrochemical filtration systems.

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated organic pollutants by ZnS@ZIF-8 composite through hydrogen peroxide generation by activating dioxygen under simulated sunlight irradiation

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and its application in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are regarded as low-cost and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment processes. Herein, by modifying a small amount of sulphide on the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), a ZnS@ZIF-8 composite and used for photocatalytic H2O2 production to degrade chlorinated organic pollutants under simulated sunlight (SSL). ZnS@ZIF-8 composite could enhance the separation of photo-induced charge carriers, promote electron transfer from zinc sulphide (ZnS) to ZIF-8, which exhibited good selectivity for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e--ORR) and two-electron water oxidation (2e--WOR) pathways. Based on oxygen (O2) activation, the developed ZnS@ZIF-8/O2/SSL system could achieve 6.43 mmol/L H2O2 production within 150 min, which was approximately 8.66 and 10.36 times higher than that of the ZnS/O2/SSL and ZIF-8/O2/SSL systems, respectively. In the ZnS@ZIF-8/O2/SSL system, the ORR, WOR and H2O2 photolysis led to the generation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), while the photochemical behavior of ZnS in ZnS@ZIF-8 composite resulted in the generation of active hydrogen (*H). Benefitting from the high concentration of H2O2 and the coexistence of redox species in the ZnS@ZIF-8/O2/SSL system, various chlorinated organic pollutants could be dechlorinated and mineralized. In addition, a possible mechanism for photocatalytic H2O2 production was also proposed. Importantly, the proposed process did not involve an additional sacrificial agent or Fenton-like catalysts. This work provides insights into the potential application of ZnS@ZIF-8 composite for H2O2 production and wastewater treatment.

Surface oxidation of commercial activated carbon with enriching carboxyl groups for high-yield electrocatalytic H2O2 production

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) for H2O2 production is regarded as a more ecologically friendly substitute to the anthraquinone method. However, the search of selective and cheap catalysts is still challenging. Herein, we developed a neutral-selective and efficient nonprecious electrocatalyst that was prepared from a commercial activated carbon (AC) by simply microwave-assisted ash impurity elimination and hydrogen peroxide oxidation for surface functional sites optimization. The oxygen configuration can be tuned with enriching carboxyl group up to 6.65 at.% by the dosage of hydrogen peroxide (mass ratio of H2O2/C = ∼0–8.3). Chemical titration experiments identified the carbonyl groups as the most potential active sites, with selectivity boosted by the additional carboxyl groups. The microwave-assisted moderate-oxidized activated carbon (MW-AC5.0) demonstrated optimal 2e− ORR activity and selectivity in neutral electrolyte (0.1 M K2SO4), with H2O2 selectivity reaching ∼75%–97%, a maximum H2O2 production rate (1.90 mol·gcatal −1·h−1@0.1 V) and satisfying faradaic efficiency (∼85%) in gas-diffusion-electrode. When coupled with Fenton reaction, it can degrade a model organic pollutant (methylene blue [MB], 50 ppm) to colorless in a short time of 20 min, indicating the potential applications in the environmental remediation.

Molecular Heptazine-Triazine Junction over Carbon Nitride Frameworks for Artificial Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide.

Revealing the photocatalytic mechanism between various junctions and catalytic activities has become a hotspot in photocatalytic systems. Herein, an internal molecular heptazine/triazine (H/T) junction in crystalline carbon nitride (HTCN) is constructed and devoted to selective two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) for efficient hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production. In-situ X-ray diffraction spectra under various temperatures authenticate the successful formation of molecular H/T junction in HTCN during the calcining process rather than physically mixing. The increased surface photovoltage and transient photovoltage signals, and the decreased exciton binding energy undoubtably elucidate that an obvious increasement of carrier density and diffusion capability of photogenerated electrons are realized over HTCN. Additionally, the analyses of in situ photoirradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy and femto-second transient absorption spectra reveal the successful construction of the strong internal built-in-electric field and the existence of the majority of long-lived shallow trapped electrons associated with molecular H/T junction over HTCN, respectively. Benefiting from these, the photocatalytic results exhibit an incredible improvement (96.5-fold) for H2 O2 production. This novel work provides a comprehensive understanding of the long-lived reactive charges in molecular H/T junctions for strengthening the driving-force for photocatalytic H2 O2 production, which opens potential applications for enhancing PCN-based photocatalytic redox reactions.

Coordination engineering regulating metal single-atom anchored on n-doped carbon as a bifunctional catalyst for H2O2 production via dual channels

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) or two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e- WOR), parades great prospects in substituting traditional anthraquinone process. However, the low efficiency and selectivity hinders its practical utilization. Exploration of a bifunctional catalyst capable of simultaneously driving the 2e- WOR and 2e- ORR is crucial for thoroughly improving H2O2 conversion efficiency. Herein, by means of first principles calculation, the 2e- ORR and 2e- WOR activities of metal-nitrogen doped carbon (M−NC, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, In, and Pt) are investigated. Combining the pyrrole nitrogen coordination regulation, the best sample (RuN(Po)4) is screened from forty single atom configurations, which exhibits ultra-low overpotentials (0.02 V/0.04 V) and excellent inhibition on 4e- ORR/WOR side reactions. In-depth study further verifies its low reaction energy barrier and high thermodynamic stability for H2O2 synthesis in two pathways. Our work is expected to provide useful understanding for designing highly-efficient bifunctional catalysts for H2O2 production.

Unveiling excitonic effect-regulated singlet oxygen generation towards efficient photocatalytic H2O2 production

Excitonic processes open up the possibility for pursuing oxygen activation and reduction in photocatalytic H2O2 production. However, the mechanistic investigation in excitonic effect-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation towards two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) remains obscure. Herein, for the first time, we propose an efficient 1O2-engaged one-step two-electron O2 reduction pathway induced by the strong excitonic effect, whereby two uphill energy barriers are successfully avoided by productively changing intermediate energy levels. The intrinsic mechanism underlying the P-mediated enhanced excitonic effect was revealed by hyperfine spectroscopic and theoretical investigations, in which high-energy 1O2 was photogenerated via a nontrivial energy transfer process. As a result, the superior activity of H2O2 production was achieved due to the targeted regulation of excitonic behavior, displaying a remarkable 12.2-fold boost over pristine carbon nitride. This work not only sheds light on the role of the excitonic effect in 1O2-involved photocatalytic H2O2 production but also paves the way for optimizing exciton-based photocatalysis via atomic-scale design.

Sacrificial-agent-free artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide over step-scheme WO3/NiS hybrid nanofibers

Developing low-cost and durable photocatalysts for sacrificial-agent-free artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide is challenging. In this work, an all-inorganic hybrid nanofiber step-scheme photocatalyst, WO3/NiS (WONS), was constructed for efficient generation of hydrogen peroxide in pure water at ambient condition. The optimal photocatalyst, WONS35 % (with 35 wt% of NiS), exhibits remarkable efficiency in producing H2O2 at a rate of 2.59 mmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 under visible light illumination, surpassing the H2O2 production rate of pristine WO3 and NiS by 11.3 and 16.7 times, respectively. WONS35 % demonstrates an apparent quantum yield of 4.97 % at a wavelength of 420 nm. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the improved charge separation and transfer induced by the step-scheme pathway and the highly selective two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over the hybrid nanofiber photocatalyst.

Fe doping induced selenium vacancy on cobalt selenide for enhanced hydrogen peroxides production

Electrocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) pathway for hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) generation has emerges as an appealing alternative to conventional anthraquinone craft. In this work, Fe doped CoSe was synthesized via hydrothermal and subsequent high temperature (HT) annealing process. The doping of trace amount of Fe could tune the crystal growth direction and induce the generation of Se vacancy during annealing. During the Electrocatalytic measurement, the Faraday efficiency of 2e-ORR can reach 99.1%, 83.2% and 93.6% in 0.1 M KOH, 0.1 M Na2SO4, and 0.05 M H2SO4, respectively. Under the neutral condition, the production rate of H2O2 reached 18.37 mmol L−1 in 120 min. Moreover, Fe-CoSe-HT exhibits good stability and Fe2+ regeneration during flow-Fenton reaction. Hence, the dual role of selenium-vacancy-enriched Fe-CoSe-HT greatly enhanced selectivity of 2e-ORR and accelerated Fe reduction, resulting in promoted ∙OH radical generation and organic pollutants treatment.

Perspectives on Carbon-Based Catalysts for the Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide: A Minireview

Perspectives on Carbon-Based Catalysts for the Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide: A Minireview