Twill Weave Research Articles

Influence of Weave Design and Yarn Types on Mechanical and Surface Properties of Woven Fabric

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of spinning technologies and weave design on fabric mechanical and surface properties. For this purpose, ring spun (combed, carded) and open-end (OE) techniques were used to manufacture yarns of polyester cotton (50:50) which were used in the weft, and 100% cotton yarn in the warp. Plain, twill, and satin weave designs were selected to construct woven samples on a projectile loom. The variation in fabric tensile strength is obvious with respect to weave designs. Higher interlacing of yarn produces more crimp in the load bearing, which may cause lower breaking strength and fewer broad floats. The mechanical and surface properties of these fabric samples were investigated and statistical analysis was performed, which showed a significant effect of the spinning technique and weave design on these properties.

Dynamic Behaviour of Woven Bio Fiber Composite

The effect of weaving pattern and natural filler addition on the dynamic properties of composite structure was investigated. The reinforcement effect of plain, basket, and twill weave were compared with randomly oriented natural fiber in short form. An experimental modal analysis was used to determine the fundamental natural frequency and modal damping factor of composite structure. The results for a woven reinforced composite were compared with those of a randomly oriented short fiber composite. Reinforcement with woven form enhanced the fundamental natural frequency, while randomly oriented short fiber enhanced the damping factor of composite material. In addition, mechanical properties, such as tensile and flexural behavior, were examined to understand the effect of reinforcement on the composite material. The sisal bio fiber with woven form enhanced the properties of the composite material.

KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIK KOMPOSIT SERAT BAMBU KONTINYU DENGAN PERLAKUAN ALKALI

Abstract: Commonly used reinforcement materials are fibers, particles or flakes which have higher strength and modulus than matrix. Natural fibers of lignosellulose derived from natural resources such as bamboo, sisal, kenaf, hemp, wood and others are the largest raw materials found on earth, especially Indonesia. The reinforcement of natural fibers in composite materials has the advantage of good mechanical properties and is cheaper compared to synthetic fibers, using natural bamboo fiber, it can be made green composite .The research stages are bamboo raw material taken from the village of Pebasiran Parung Panjang BogorJawa Barat type bamboo apus (giganchtoloa apus), aged 3-4 years. Bamboo dried with surrounding air for 2 weeks, then cut with a knife manually, hinggga shaped-sized fiber; thickness 0.6 - 0.8 mm and width 6 - 8 mm. The 5% NaOH soaked fiber, for 72 hours, is dried at room temperature. Reinforcement using plain weave and twill weave type. Composite is made by hand lay up process, with thickness of 2 mm. Testing test is made with standard ASTM D3039 / D3039M-08, Observation of fiber structure with optical microscope. From research data and the calculation is then obtained for plain woven type before alkali treatment yield strength is 15.60 ± 2.24 MPa, after alkali treatment yield strength is 18.80 ± 2.13 MPa. For this type of woven twill before alkali treatment yield strength is 24.48 ± 3.92 MPa, after alkali treatment yield strength is 29.90 ± 2.27 MPa. For plain woven type before alkali treatment process the maximal tensile strength is 20.94 ± 3.69 MPa, after alkali treatment process the maximal tensile strength is 25.53 ± 3.94 MPa. For the type of woven twill before the alkali treatment the maximal tensile strength is 30.18 ± 7.26 MPa, after alkali treatment the maximal tensile strength is 35.15 ± 2.81 MPa.For plain weave type before alkali treatment strain is 2.29 ± 0.36% , after alkali treatment strain is 2.47 ± 0.25%. For this type of woven twill before alkali treatment strain is 2.27 ± 0.40%, after alkali treatment strain is 2.27 ± 0.40%.

Assemblage of Wool and Silk Textiles from Medieval Waste Layers in Prague, Czech Republic

The article summarises information on a large assemblage of medieval wool and silk textiles found during an archaeological excavation of waste layers from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in the centre of Prague. The work primarily presents wool cloths (fulled fabrics) and fabrics (without fulling) in plain and twill weave, which make up the vast majority of the more than 1,500 fragments. The silk textiles presented are interesting evidence of the presence of expensive imported goods in the Bohemian environment. The results, based mainly on textile technology studies of the fabrics, are also supplemented with information acquired during analyses of their current and original colour, including an identification of dyeing sources.

Effects of Weft Count and Weft Density on Yarn Crimp% of Unbleached And Bleached 3/1(S) Twill Woven Fabrics

Effects of Weft Count and Weft Density on Yarn Crimp% of Unbleached And Bleached 3/1(S) Twill Woven Fabrics

A method for inductive measurement of equivalent electrical conductivity in thin non-consolidated multilayer carbon fibre fabrics

Abstract Carbon fibre fabrics are electrically conductive and therefore possess the prerequisites for being inductively heated. In-situ heating by induction could significantly reduce processing time and energy consumption during consolidation of carbon fibre composites, but to control the induction heating process properly the electrical conductivity of the fabric must be known. The work presented in this article puts forward and validates a method for inductively measuring the equivalent electrical conductivity in thin dry multilayer carbon fibre fabrics as a function of the fibre volume fraction by varying the applied pressure on the fabric. The method has been tested on twill weave fabric based on the PAN (polyacrylonitrile) fibre T700S from Toray and the results show good agreement with a simplified model for electrical conductivity in carbon fibre fabrics and existing models for the relation between fibre volume fraction and pressure.

A Study on the Twist Loss in Weft Yarn during Air Jet Weaving

Air jet weaving is considered to be the most advanced method of fabric production in which weft yarn is inserted with air pressure. But due to very high pressure some of yarn twist is lost during fabric production. This affects the strength of the yarn in general and quality of the fabric in particular. This study deals with the parameters affecting twist loss in weft yarn during air jet weaving. The subsequent effect of twist loss on the mechanical properties of yarn as well as fabric is also studied. A total of twenty-four different fabric samples were produced to consider the effect of yarn linear density, material, weave design and fabric width on the twist loss in picking and receiving sides of the woven fabric. The 100% cotton and polyester-cotton (PC) ring spun yarns having linear densities 37, 27 and 15 tex were used to produce fabrics in two different weaves i.e. 1/1 plain and 3/1 twill weave. In addition, two different fabric widths i.e. 121 and 100 cm were produced. The twist loss increases with increase in the fineness of yarn. In PC yarns twist loss percentage was higher as compared to cotton yarns. Twist loss in wider width was higher as compared to smaller widths of the fabric, while the effect of weave design was negligible.

Fabric Selection for the Reference Clothing Destined for Ergonomics Test of Protective Clothing—Sensorial Comfort Point of View

Abstract The main purpose of this study is the selection of a proper fabric for the reference clothing for ergonomic tests of protective clothing. For research, seven fabric of different raw material content and different structure were chosen. We studied the handle of fabrics produced from blend of polyester/cotton and polyester/Tencel, which were designated by letters from A to G. The assessment of handle of the fabric was performed based on the mechanical properties of fabrics using Kawabata evaluation system (KES-system). It was proven that one of the tested fabrics (F) made of polyester and cotton fibers (85% PES / 15% cotton) with the reinforced twill weave is characterized by the highest total hand value (THV).The high THV results from the low value of koshi (stiffness) and the highest value of numeri (smoothness) and fukurami (fullness). However, in terms of physiological comfort, the lower value of fukurami is more preferred. It turned out that the fabric with the higher value of fukurami (including fabric F) is characterized by the lower air permeability and higher water vapor resistance. At the end, we decided that the reference clothing will be made of cotton/polyester fabric G with the lowest mass per square meter because of the very good physiological comfort parameters and the satisfactory sensorial comfort parameters.

The investigation of quasi-static indentation effect on laminated hybrid composite plates

Present study aims to investigate quasi-static indentation (QSI) behavior of fiber reinforced hybrid composites in order to develop basic understanding of low velocity impact events. The goal of QSI tests from this study is to explore energy absorption, and load carrying capacity incorporating two and three different combinations of fibers. Major reinforcing fibers were selected as Kevlar with twill weave, carbon and S-glass fibers with plain weave for designing of hybrid composites. Failure modes and extension of damage mechanisms were characterized by observing the surfaces of the indented samples, and damage assessment was identified through the thickness by the cutting of test samples. The results from this study showed that failure mechanisms in hybrid samples were significantly affected by stacking sequence of the fibers as well as fiber types.

Mechanical properties of flax roving composites reinforcement

The work consists of analyzing three roving linen of different linear density (200 tex, 400 tex, 2000 tex) and three fabrics (satin, twill weave and plain weave) which were made on rapiere loom called Picanol. The purpose of the study is to analyze the mechanical properties of linen roving and the resulting composites that will be needed in the future to design a lightweight truss or structural frame.

Reinforcing fabrics as the mechanical support of ion exchange membranes

Mechanical, physical and electrochemical characteristics are one of the important properties of ion exchange membranes. These parameters are required for a next operation and for an application in an electrodialysis (as tightness of a stack, energy consumption, capacity of electrodialysis). The goal of this article is comparison of the influence of the different reinforcing fabric on the properties of ion exchange membranes. Six types of ion exchange membranes with the nonwoven fabric, the monofilament knit, the multifilament knit, the monofilament woven fabric, the multifilament woven fabric, and for comparison non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes were chosen. The most important properties of a fabric in this application are thickness, free area related to the warp and the weft, mechanical strength, the material (shrinkage), type of fabric (plain or twill weave, a knit, monofilament, multifilament) and of course price. Electrochemical, physical and mechanical properties of ion exchange membranes were studied. Non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes have lower mechanical strength, but the best elongation. These ion exchange membranes report big relative dimension changes after swelling in demineralized water and the lowest value of the areal resistance. The most appropriate ion exchange membrane is with woven fabric from monofilaments after comparison with other ion exchange membranes in terms of the quality of the lamination and other electrochemical, physical and mechanical parameters.

Performance analysis of the mechanical behaviour of seams with various sewing parameters for nylon canopy fabrics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to make available to the parachute industry tools to predict behaviour of certain textile materials. In addition to this, it is desired to reveal and explain the basic requirement criteria for proper textile material selection. The strength of an assembly as a whole is directly dependent on the strengths of the various joints and seams required to assemble the larger structure. Keeping in mind the complex problem of parachute construction, this research seeks to enlighten the industry about the performance of seams in nylon woven canopy fabrics. Five factors have been studied: different types of weave (plain, rip-stop and twill), density (number of stitches per centimetre), different rows of stitches with lapped seams, different types of stitches (lock stitch, chain stitch and zig-zag) and seam direction (warp, weft and bias direction). Two responses have been analysed, the seam breaking force and the seam efficiency (per cent ratio of seam strength to fabric strength). The test results were subjected to an analysis of variance and the seam strength proved to vary significantly not only with the primary parameters, but with the interactions of the primary parameters as well. That is seam strength (and seam efficiency) changes with each primary parameter but it changes in a different manner when other parameters change. Multiple regressions have been used to construct preliminary predictor equations for seam strength and efficiency, and investigations to provide better equations are in progress.Design/methodology/approachANOVA techniques and statistical regression equations were formed.FindingsThe work has concluded that twill weave 9 with chain stitch has the maximum seam strength, which makes canopies made with 2/1 twill weave and stitched with lapped seam with four rows of chain stitch optimum for heavy supply droppings with a single use parachute(s). It is evident from the results that twill weave with lock stich has the maximum seam efficiency. This makes the canopies stitched with twill fabric, constructed with lapped seams and four rows of stitches ideal for parachutes to be used multiple times. The brake parachutes on aircrafts and parachutes used by sky divers and air combat soldiers can use parachutes whose canopies can be used many times made out of the above mentioned weave and stitch specification.Originality/valueOriginal work was conducted from the woven fabrics.

Tensile properties of novel carbon/glass hybrid thermoplastic composite rods under static and fatigue loading

ABSTRACT Novel carbon/glass hybrid thermoplastic composite rods have been developed consisting of a PAN-based carbon fiber, an E-glass fiber, and a thermoplastic matrix. Three types of hybrid rods with different carbon/glass ratios were then fabricated. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the hybrid rods were observed using a digital microscope. Additionally, the volume fractions of carbon/glass fibers, matrix, and void were determined by specific gravity measurements and thermogravimetric analyzes. The glass fibers in the hybrid rods display a braided structure of the 2/2 twill weave. The braid angle (defined as the orientation angle of the interlacing yarns with respect to the longitudinal axis of the rod) ranged from 22.3° to 35.2°. The various volume fractions were in the ranges of 24.6-46.2% for the carbon fiber, 23.2-39.8% for the glass fiber, 23.4-25.5% for the matrix, and 7.3-10.2% for the voids. The tensile properties and fracture behavior of the hybrid rods under static and fatigue loading were also investigated. For the static tests, the stress applied to the specimen was nearly linearly proportional to the strain until the failure of all-hybrid rods. The tensile modulus, strength, and failure strain of the hybrid rods were measured in the ranges of 65-91GPa, 1.42-1.84 GPa, and 2.1-2.2%, respectively. The tensile modulus and strength increased as the volume fraction of the carbon fiber increased. However, the failure strain decreased as the volume fraction of the carbon fiber increased. For fatigue tests, the maximum applied stress-number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves for all-hybrid rods were obtained from 0.1 of the stress ratio (minimum/maximum stress) and 10 Hz of the loading frequency. The fatigue strength at 107 cycles for all-hybrid rods was less than 30% of ultimate breaking stress. The fatigue performance of the hybrid rods was significantly lower than that of conventional carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites and steel rods. The voids in the hybrid rods affected the fatigue tensile properties.

Evaluation of the quality of clothing fabrics in terms of their compression behaviour before and after abrasion

In this work, the compression behaviour of clothing woven fabrics, before and after abrasion on the Martindale’s device, has been examined. Plain and 3/1 twill weave fabrics from cotton and cotton/polyester fiber blends served as experimental material. Compression behaviour of the investigated fabrics was analyzed taking the compressibility, thickness loss, and compressive resilience into consideration. Obtained results showed that the changes of compression properties are in a function of the structural parameters of tested fabrics, as well as damages caused by abrasion. Besides, the results of compressibility, thickness loss, and compressive resilience enabled establishing the quality of examined fabrics based on values of complex criterion. Calculated value of complex criterion pointed to the conclusion that abrasion causes the reduction of quality of tested fabrics in a small extent. Twill weave fabric made of cotton/polyester fiber blends is characterized by the best quality while cotton plain weave fabric has the worst quality, before as well as after abrasion.

Flammability, comfort and mechanical properties of a novel fabric structure: plant-structured fabric

Traditional flame retardant (FR) treatments may bring detrimental effects on comfort as well as mechanical properties for cotton fabrics. This study investigates whether a novel fabric structure—plant-structured fabric can improve fabric performance after FR treatment. Here, plant-structure fabrics were compared with conventional fabrics of similar weight and thickness. The results revealed plant-structured fabrics tended to retain a higher level of comfort properties than the conventional plain and twill weave fabrics on wettability, thermal conductivity, air resistance and fabric hand feel. Moreover, the tearing strength and tensile strength of the plant-structured fabrics are strongly associated with a higher level of flame resistance as evaluated by the 45° flammability test. This can be attributed to higher fabric sett, the presence of closed pores between the two layers and lower open pore volume at its face. The weave pattern of fabrics was observed through microscope and the thermal decomposition behaviour of fabrics was evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis.

Thermal Comfort Properties of Clothing Fabrics Woven with Polyester/Cotton Blend Yarns

AbstractIn this research, thermal and water vapor resistance, components of thermal comfort of 65/35 and 33/67% polyester/ cotton (PES/CO) blend fabrics woven with 2/2 twill, matt twill, cellular and diced weaves, which are commonly used for clothing, were determined. The results indicate that both the fabric construction and the constituent fiber properties affect thermal comfort properties of clothing woven fabrics. Cellular weave, which is derivative of sateen weave and diced weave, which is compound weave, has the highest thermal resistance appropriating for cold climatic conditions. On the other hand, the 2/2 twill weave and matt twill weave, which is derivative of sateen weave, depicted the lowest water vapor thermal resistance, making it convenient for hot climatic conditions. Besides, fabrics woven with 65/35% PES/CO blend yarns have higher thermal resistance, so they are suitable for cold climatic conditions. Fabrics woven with 33/67% PES/CO blend yarns have lower water vapor resistance, so they are convenient for hot climatic conditions.

Effect of fabric weaves on the dynamic response of two-dimensional woven fabric composites

This study investigated the effect of two-dimensional fabric weaves (plain, twill, and satin) on the vibrational characteristics (natural frequency and damping) of woven carbon/epoxy composites. Natural frequencies of woven composites were measured by experimental modal analysis for plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave composites. The experimentally measured natural frequency results were compared with the ones predicted by numerical free vibration analysis. Numerical analysis was performed using a multiscale modelling approach. First, the impregnated fiber tow properties were predicted using periodic boundary conditions assuming that fibers are perfectly bonded. Then, the homogenized impregnated fiber tow properties and matrix properties were used to predict the natural frequencies of woven composite beams. The experimental and numerical results revealed that satin weave composites possess higher natural frequencies than plain weave composites. Flexural loss factor of woven composites was measured experimentally by dynamic mechanical analysis and half-power bandwidth method. Results from both analyses showed that plain weave composites have higher flexural loss factor as compared to satin weave composites.

Micro CT Analysis of Dynamic Damage in Laminates: Impact vs. blast loading

Dynamic loading is often an unavoidable condition in various applications of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers and can cause various modes of damage. Realisation of dynamic damage in composites can differ significantly from that under quasi-static loading conditions. A comprehensive study of damage in composites caused by a wide variety of impact and blast loading is currently lacking. The work presents a detailed analysis of damage in specimens of a 2×2 twill weave T300 carbon-fibre/epoxy composite subjected to ballistic loading with both steel and ice projectiles (with energies from 95 J to 865 J at 70-90 m/s and 300-500 m/s, respectively) and air blast (with incident pressures of 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa and 0.8 MPa and wave speeds between 650 m/s and 950 m/s). The resultant damage was analysed in-depth based on detailed volumetric data obtained with high-resolution X-ray micro computed tomography.

A multiple anisotropic material finite element and its application to stiffness tensor predictions for woven composite lamina

The effective anisotropic stiffness tensor Cijkl of a woven composite lamina can be calculated by performing a finite element analysis (FEA) of the representative volume element (RVE); however, the complex geometry of heterogeneous RVEs makes meshing tedious. This paper develops two unique multiphase voxel elements (MVEs) that account for multiple materials within an elemental domain by utilizing the material properties at each integration point to develop local strain corrections. Studies performed on simple cuboid geometries show exceptional agreement with standard FEA results, and results from the new voxel elements are more accurate than previous MVEs presented in literature. The application for these new MVEs is demonstrated on plain and twill weave composite laminae, and the results generated are in exceptional agreement with experimental results available in the literature and computationally expensive studies using standard finite elements.

Creep Behavior of Poly(lactic acid) Based Biocomposites.

Polymer composites containing natural fibers are receiving growing attention as possible alternatives for composites containing synthetic fibers. The use of biodegradable matrices obtained from renewable sources in replacement for synthetic ones is also increasing. However, only limited information is available about the creep behavior of the obtained composites. In this work, the tensile creep behavior of PLA based composites, containing flax and jute twill weave woven fabrics, produced through compression molding, was investigated. Tensile creep tests were performed at different temperatures (i.e., 40 and 60 °C). The results showed that the creep behavior of the composites is strongly influenced by the temperature and the woven fabrics used. As preliminary characterization, quasi-static tensile tests and dynamic mechanical tests were carried out on the composites. Furthermore, fabrics (both flax and jute) were tested as received by means of quasi-static tests and creep tests to evaluate the influence of fabrics mechanical behavior on the mechanical response of the resulting composites. The morphological analysis of the fracture surface of the tensile samples showed the better fiber-matrix adhesion between PLA and jute fabric.