Turkish Literature Research Articles

Bibliometric Approach to Total Hip Arthroplasty Literature Originating from Turkey

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze research productivity in Turkey using published articles on total hip arthroplasty.
 Material and methods: All scientific articles published in English in the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Emerging Sources Citation Index between 1970 and 2023 were analyzed using "Web of Science". The number of articles, authors, institutions, and the 30 most frequently cited articles were analyzed. In addition, the Scopus database was also analyzed with the same method for making comparisons. Visualization was also done with Vosviewer tool. 
 Results: As a result of the study, we found 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database, until the end of March 2023. according to the WOS database (journals published in ESCI and SCIE indexes), Turkey ranked 15th among 108 countries. According to the Scopus database, Turkey ranked 22nd.
 Conclusion: Scholars can help clarify the history of Turkish literature on THA by using the study's data summary. We discovered 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database as a consequence of the research up until the end of March 2023. In comparison to other countries, the quantity of articles was remarkably low.

Imperialism and literature: An imperialism-oriented reading of modern Turkish literature

Postcolonial theory perceives the world as divided between the coloniser and the colonised, thus indirectly reproducing the centrality of the West. For this reason, in literary studies, postcolonial theory fails to cover the literatures of those nations which were not colonised in a typical sense but rather occupied by Western imperialism, as was the case with Ottoman Turkey. This necessitates a convergent theoretical framework that might help evaluate the fictionalisation of the intersecting dynamics of oppression, violence, exploitation, and resistance in relation to the hegemonic narratives of imperialism and shape a new perspective regarding the politico-cultural dimension of imperial discourse. This article, in this respect, will critically develop the theoretical foundations of imperialism-oriented literary theory and construct it as an interdisciplinary field that has a potential to contribute to contemporary postcolonial theory and to encompass the intersectional dimensions of imperialism and imperial discourse for the articulation of the fictionalisation of imperialism-related issues in the under-considered corpus of modern Turkish literature.

Ahmet Rasim’in Rumuz ve Müstear İsimleri

Nicknames and pseudonyms are one of the subjects that should be studied carefully in Turkish literature. Nicknames and pseudonyms are “fake names” and “symbols” that poets and writers use to hide their real identities for various reasons. These names and symbols, which are extremely important in identifying the works of poets and writers, allow literary historians to make more accurate analyzes about poets and writers. Therefore, each new nicknames and pseudonym identified has a great importance in eliminating the deficiencies of the literary history. Ahmet Rasim (1865-21 September 1932) produced works in different literary genres such as poetry, stories, novels, memoirs, anecdotes, conversations, articles, essays, translations, history, criticism, and monographs throughout his 48-year writing life. The author also has school books and scientific works. However, his main qualification is journalism. Ahmet Rasim, who makes a living with his pen, wrote and published articles in different literary genres under different pseudonyms in the magazines and newspapers he worked for. Situations and thoughts like not being confident enough to put your real name on your works when he was just starting his life in literature and the press, show the writer staff of magazines and newspapers rich, distinguish between humorous and serious writing, attracting female readers attention, avoiding the reaction of his works depending on the social, political and literary conditions of the period and breaking of the censor can be counted among the reasons why Ahmet Rasim used different nicknames and pseudonyms. Although Ahmet Rasim uses many nickname and pseudonyms, very few of them are known by the literary world. In this study, the nickname and pseudonyms that we determined to be used by the author will be revealed. Keywords: Ahmet Rasim, literature and press, journalism, nickname and pseudonyms.

A LITERARY ANALYSIS OF LOVE POEMS BY ÖZDEMIR ASAF

Özdemir Asaf is considered one of the most important poets in the Turkish Literature in the twentieth century. He was born on 11th of June, 1923 in Ankara and died on 28th of January 1981 after a life lasted for 57 years. His grave is in AĢiyan Asri in Istanbul. He was famous in the Turkish literature during the republic period especially in National Literature. Although her published several short stories, he was well-known by his poetry that won several prizes and left a great influence among Turkish Nation. One of the best works among Özdemir Asaf’s poetry is Love poems published under the title Lafinia which includes 70 short poems. These poems collected some of his literary works and published them in a book by Paynar Akenci after several years after his death. Lafinia or Love Poems express its scope of importance in a way that reflects its title according to what has been written. The collection of poems were considered of high importance and one of the most well-read and published poems which makes them more brilliant. Literature is an attempt of writing including all discourses that must use a literary diction. In addition, literature has several types such as poetry, novel, short story, and drama. What makes the writings of the poet distinctive is his use of a high level of literary diction. The poetry of the poet is divided into several types like poetry, novel, short story, and drama. The common and unique point of all of his literary writings, as mentioned above, is that they have been written carefully both literary and technical in that period. The poet was considered a simple productive writer by his close use of ordinary daily life language faraway from the difficult academic language. Moreover, he uses the common aesthetic side. By nature, man hives a two-dimensional life. He has two different sides in his life, materialistic and spiritual. Man is materialistic by supporting his life, and spiritual by feelings and emotions. In addition, the psychological aspects that deal with the internal side of man like sadness, happiness, dejection, reproach, ecstasy, anger and surprise are concepts that cannot be completely described and difficult to interpret. Although there were different courses to understand such feelings, the literary interpretation is one of the most essential methods. In fact, poetry is spiritual shows the spiritual effect and it is a deep and sensitive expression of these effects. It is clear in the poetry of our poet by transforming the spiritual air into words through the diction of poetry. Özdemir Asaf is one of professors of poetry which expresses feeling and emotions. The basis of the subject of the research is a literary analysis of the love poems by the poet Özdemir Asaf. He is one of the poets whom we can see their literary style in its powerful meaning in all of the poems. The main subject of our research paper is this concept. We introduce the life of the poet Özdemir Asaf and his literary personality as well as his writings as he is considered one of the important poets in the twentieth century. We will give a detailed interpretation of the book of Love poems – Lafinia in its literary concept by introducing a literary analysis for Love poems of Özdemir Asaf.

A review on the outcomes of comes narcissism regarding political psychology

Collective narcissism is a form of social identity that reflects the convictions about an in-group’s greatness and exceptionality. Since these grandiose beliefs are dependent on getting validation from other groups, those identiying with their in-groups in the narsissistic way have preoccupations about these in-groups being underappraciated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary on the outcomes of collective narcissism regarding political psychology in the Turkish literature. Accordingly, the first part of the review includues the theoretical background of collective narcissism and the empirical studies investigating its origins. The second part includes the review of the empirical studies that examined the effects of collective narcissism on politics under four sections (perceptions about country and history, conspiracy theory beliefs, voting preferences and views on democracy, supported policies and applications). The research reviewed demonstrate that collective narcissism studied in the national contexts predicts electorates’ political preferences and beliefs that could have harmful consequences both for internal and external politics. The last part of the review points out research gaps based on the critical analysis of the reviewed studies, and presents future research suggestions for the researchers and students who would like to study on this topic.

Exploring Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy Scale

Nursing students’ academic self-efficacy can be considered a significant factor in reducing their academic failure, which necessitates a valid measurement tool to reveal academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students. In this sense, we carried out this study to adapt the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy Scale (ANSES) into the Turkish context. The sample of this methodological study consisted of 235 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a state university in the Marmara Region. We collected the data using a descriptive information form and the Turkish version of the ANSES. Following the translation-back-translation of the scale, we submitted the items to the views of 20 experts and calculated content validity ratios to be 0.80 and above for each item. After analyzing the data descriptively, we attempted to test the construct validity of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and sought test-retest reliability with Peason’s correlation analysis and internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. According to the findings, the measurement model yielded an acceptable model-data fit. In addition, we found our measurement with the Turkish version of the ANSES showed high internal consistency (0.82). While item-total correlations varied between 0.32 and 0.74, test-retest reliability was found to be 0.81. Overall, we can propose that the Turkish version of the ANSES can validly and reliably be utilized to measure academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students. Thus, we can recommend using the scale, brought in the Turkish literature on nursing, to reveal the self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students and identify to what extent they have accomplished their learning goals.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА ТЮРКСКИХ НАРОДОВ: ОБРАЗ «ВРАГА» В КОНТЕКСТЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ИДЕОЛОГЕМЫ

The concept of the ‘enemy’ in the literature of the Turkic peoples of the Post-Soviet Turkic states is an important aspect of the study of cultural, identity and political relationships of these peoples. This article will consider various characteristics of the image of the enemy in the works of Turkic literature, as well as their influence on the formation of the ideologeme of the enemy among the Turkic peoples of the USSR in the period from the 1920s to the 1960s. The ideological and social factors associated with the Soviet era played an important role in shaping the image of the enemy in Turkic literature. However, it is worth noting that this image had its own regional characteristics, which reflected local cultural contexts. New enemy images such as "Basmachi", "Musavatists", "Jadidists" and others appeared in the works of the Turkic peoples of the USSR, in addition to the usual images of enemies developed in Russian Soviet literature. The mentioned images reflected the specific historical and socio-political conditions of these regions.

An Overview on the Determinants of Classical Turkish Literature Aesthetics

An Overview on the Determinants of Classical Turkish Literature Aesthetics

İki Akdeniz’in Kurucusu Kaygusuz Abdal – Maiyet, Maksat, Mahiyet

The historical information about the biography of Kaygusuz Abdal; is inversely proportional to his recognition in the tradition and history of literature. As much as Kaygusuz's poetry and ideas are concerned, precise information about his biography is less explored. Although Kaygusuz is the most frequently cited name in almost every Bektashi poetry collection, and all recent histories of Turkish literature mention him as an important person in the literary history of the Turks however the biographical information that should be available about him is insufficient. There is almost a consensus that he lived in the second half of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century. There is no consensus on where and when he died and where he was buried. The issue that Kaygusuz is the founder of Alawi and Bektashi literature is also discussed in two stages, historically and literary. Some state that Kaygusuz's founding feature carries both a literary and a historical notion, as his views are based on the interpretation of many issues in Bektashism. Here, Kaygusuz Abdal's life is discussed as a part of constituent phenomena. The one who gave birth to the reality of Kaygusuz spread it and kept it alive; the connection of the entourage, purpose, and essence has been construed. In most of the traces of Turkish literature and as a part of Turkish historiography, Kaygusuz has been referred to as the founder of Alawi and Bektashi literature. He is especially mentioned as the founder of Bektashism in Egypt. How it is mentioned is also important. There will be a discussion on the tension line here. An approach has been developed on Kaygusuz's history and his entourage, as well as the part of his legendary life that is thought to belong to him. To define a personality like Kaygusuz, to reveal the phenomenon of Kaygusuz, it is essential to turn to the common perception and to focus on the issues that make up the common way of understanding a historical and legendary poet, Sufi. Then Kaygusuz's intention; as a notion that grounds or defines intentions, the place of travel in the history of culture will be tried to be understood through the position of Egypt in the Turkic World and the Islamic world. In the last part, Kaygusuz's personality and qualities that determine his place in Alawi and Bektashi literature and the history of Turkish literature, in general, will be defined through the Mediterranean, the beginnings problem, and the paradigms of founding.

THE MAIN FEATURES OF BUKHAR ZHYRAU'S POEMS DEDICATED TO ABYLAI KHAN

The work of Bukhara in Kazakh poetry has become the garbage of systematic research is described In this article. In the given article analyzed creativity of Bukhar, aspects of Bukhara's participation in solving cases are revealed and images are revealed as an adviser to Abalai Khan. Bukhar zhyrau was a man who lived in the difficult time of the Kazakh people and was able to quickly respond to difficult technical times. Zhirau gave advice to Abylai Khan on the affairs of the country and pointed out the right path in the affairs of the country. With his works, he tried to unite his people under one banner in the fight against the invading enemy. Bukhar zhyrau, with his political and social songs, became the singer of the passionate struggle of his country. The article reveals the political and social views of Bukhar zhyrau, reveals the social meaning of the works of zhyrau, which have become the battle cry of the country on difficult becoming of the country. Poems written by Zhyrau for Abylai Khan are analyzed. It is concluded that Zhyrau, who wrote poetry of political and social significance, served at the palace, but was not a palace poet. If we look at world literature, we can find poets who worked in different areas and served at the khan's court in each period. Navoi who was a classic of the literature of the Turkic peoples, representatives of Turkish literature Mahmut Baki, Ahmed Nedim Efendi and others and the poets of the palace district in Kazakh poetry Januzak, Baytok and others. Focusing on the work of poets, on the basis of his works, a person who cares about the people of Bukhara is revealed.

Automatic item generation for online measurement and evaluation: Turkish literature items

Developments in the field of education have significantly affected test development processes, and computer-based test applications have been started in many institutions. In our country, research on the application of measurement and evaluation tools in the computer environment for use with distance education is gaining momentum. A large pool of items is required for computer-based testing applications that provide significant advantages to practitioners and test takers. Preparing a large pool of items also requires more effort in terms of time, effort, and cost. To overcome this problem, automatic item generation has been widely used by bringing together item development subject matter experts and computer technology. In the present research, the steps for implementing automatic item generation are explained through an example. In the research, which was based on the fundamental research method, first a total of 2560 items were generated using computer technology and SMEs in field of Turkish literature. In the second stage, 60 randomly selected items were examined. As a result of the research, it was determined that a large item pool could be created to be used in online measurement and evaluation applications using automatic item generation.

Mehmet Akif Ersoy’un Orta Asya Türk Dünyası İle İlgili Müşahedeleri

In his poems, Mehmet Akif Ersoy expresses the troubles and sufferings of the Central Asian, Caucasian and Balkan nations that were left unclaimed during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the issue of Central Asia and its problems in Ersoy's works will be discussed. The research draws attention to the backwardness, poverty and suffering of the local people of the Turkish world. Akif takes his place among the most important poets of Turkish Literature with his originality of the world of thought and his strong style in the language of poetry. The unique features of the poet's poems played an important role in Akif's special place among many poets of his time. The world view shaped around these values in Akif's works of understanding of Turkishness and Islam attracted attention not only in Anatolia but also in other places. Akif clearly describes some of the negative situations experienced by the geography of the Turkish World in his works. By drawing attention to the problems of the society in which he lives, he investigates how the problems arise and looks for ways to solve them. Akif also attaches special importance to the Turkish world living in the geography of the Islamic world. The poet, who describes the difficulties and poverty in the Turkish world in his works, tells the general situation in the Turkish world. In his work, Süleymaniye Chair, Abdürreşid İbrahim sheds light on the important issues of the region with his own words. The information about Central Asia in the poet's works reflects the understanding of national unity and integrity. Akif's influences in the Turkish World increased with Sırat-ı Müstakim, and it was effective in his transformation into a man of action. In this article, the characteristics of Akif, which are considered remarkable by the poets of the Turkish World, are discussed. In the examination, in which the interest shown by some Turkish World Poets to Akif's poems and personality is reflected in comparative texts, the identification of poets who had direct contact with Akif or who carried his influence into their poems, and the context in which they were affected, were evaluated considering the social and political conditions of the period. This study was carried out in order to determine the themes such as the problems of the Central Asian Turkish World, independence, awakening, underdevelopment and poverty in the works of Mehmet Akif Ersoy. In order to achieve this aim, qualitative research and comparison method was used in this study. In order to collect data in the research, the document analysis method from the qualitative research motifs was used. The data obtained are also given within the framework of the work “Safahat”. Key Words: Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Türk World, Safahat, Suleymaniye Kursusunde, Sırat-ı Müstakim.

Islamic Urdu Literature: A Heretical Islamic Literature in Indian Subcontinent

The Intellectual heritage of India is an integral part of Islamic civilization in Indian subcontinent and the development of Islamic civilization in India represents a regional pattern or a local formation of this civilization that occurred as a reaction and in response to the developments that were the result of Islam's insistence on survival in India and its fear for itself of being lost. The link among Urdu, Persian, Arabic and Turkish literatures is that each of them is considered influenced in its dimensions by Islamic civilization that emerges from the religion, science and art, and it is not permissible under any circumstances to sever the link among them, and we give an example for that saying that Persian literature is influenced by Arabic literature and the ancient Turkish literature is influenced by Persian literature influenced by Arabic literature, and Urdu literature is influenced by Arabic, Persian and Turkish literature, and from here we find similarities among these literatures that depict and speak about Islamic civilization in its various manifestations. Language of these different literatures is influenced by Arabic, as they contain countless Arabic words that evidence that they are all branched out from one origin, which is Islamic religion.

Nature-Human Relations in Shamanism and Other Ancient Turkic Literature

Şamanizm qədim Türk tarixində zəngin bir inanc sistemi olmuşdur. Şamanlar Göy Tanrını hər şeyin fövqündə duran bir qüvvə hesab edirdilər. Ruhlarla insanlar arasında əlaqələri tənzimləyən və praktik inama söykənən şamançılıq dünyagörüşü əski Türk mədəniyyətinin bütün qatlarına zaman-zaman öz təsirini göstərmişdir.
 Şamanizm Türk ruhuna yaxın bir inanc kimi təbiəti dərketmə və ona inamla şərtlənir. Burada ətraf mühit amillərinə inam anlayışı çox geniş və əhatəlidir. Onların inanc sistemindəki praktik fəaliyyəti bilavasitə təbiətlə bağllıdır. Ona görə də ətraf mühitin bütün komponentləri şaman söyləmələrində və əfsanələrində özünə geniş yer tapmışdır. Mahiyyətcə çətin və müqəddəs hal hesab edilən şaman doğulma bir qayda olaraq təbiətdən kənarda deyil, dağda, göl və çay qırağında, meşə və torpaqda baş verir. Bu səbəbdən də şamanlarda təbiətə inam çox güclü idi. Ağac və daş kultu şaman möcüzələrində və etiqadlarında xüsusi əhəmiyyət kəsb edirdi. Onların canlı orqanizm kimi heyvanlara qarşı münasibətlərində də bir doğmalıq olmuşdur. Məqalədə şamanizmin və qədim Türk ədəbiyyatında təbiətə inam, ətraf mühitə münasibət, onun qorunması yönündə həyata keçirilən tədbirlər araşdırılır. Əski Türklərin inanc sisemində təbiət ilahi varlıq kimi qəbul edilir. Onun gücünə əsaslanan şamanlar xəstə insanları sağaldır, həlli müşkül olan məsələləri asanlıqla həll edir, çoxalama ilə bağlı müvafiq ayinlər həyata keçirməklə nəslin kəsilməsinin qarşısını alır və növün davamlılığını təmin etmiş olurlar. Şamanlar bəduğur uğur insanları yamanlayır, cəza tədbirlər görür, bu yolla onları tərbiyə etməyə və düz yola qaytarmağa çalışırdılar. Bu zaman müxtəlif heyvanlardan vasitə kimi istifadə edirdilər. 
 Göründüyü kimi, tədqiqatımızda bioloji müxtəliflik, sağlam ətraf mühit və onun qorunması, insan ekologiyası kimi problemlərə də toxunulmuşdur. Araşdırmalarımız göstərir ki, qədim Türklərin həyat tərzində və onların inanc sistemində təbiətə özəl münasibət həmişə öndə olmuşdur.

Bir Varmış Bir Yokmuş: Fazıl Yenisey (1905-1967)

Bu çalışmada, Fazıl Yenisey’in hayatı konu edilmiştir. Fazıl Yenisey, eserleri arasında özellikle Bektaşi Kadın Şairler isimli eseriyle tanınmakta ve burada yayınladığı eserleri de tanıtılmıştır. Fazıl Yenisey, 1927-1967 yılları arasında Balıkesir, Bandırma, Malatya, Denizli, İzmir, Bursa ve İstanbul’daki resmî ve özel eğitim kurumlarında 39 yıl 3 ay 18 gün eğitimcilik ve idarecilik yapmıştır. Türk Kültürü, Türk Edebiyatı, Bektaşilik ve Bursa Folkloru konularında önemli ve öncü çalışmalar yapan Fazıl Yenisey’in bibliyografisi arşivler başta olmak üzere ulaşılabilen birçok kaynaklardaki verilere yer verilerek ele alınmıştır. Tüm bunlara rağmen, Fazıl Yenisey’in hayatı, eserleri ve kamu görevi hakkında bilinenler çok sınırlıdır. Yapılan müracaatlarda ve incelemelerde sicil dosyasının günümüze intikal etmediği tespit edilmiştir. Kandilli Kız Lisesi arşivinden hizmet cetveline, Fatih Kız Lisesi arşivinden ise son memuriyeti hakkındaki bilgilere ulaşılmıştır. Şair, yazar, romancı ve eğitimci kimliği yanında açıkça ifade etmese de, eserleri ve yakın çevresinden Bektaşi-meşrep olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Hizmet cetveli ve diğer kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgiler ışığında derlenen çalışmamızda; Fazıl Yenisey’in Türk Kültür tarihindeki önemi, mesleki yaşamı ve Türk Edebiyat Tarihi’ne katkısı ilk kez ortaya çıkarılmış ve ileride yapılacak neşriyata katkı sağlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak birçok eseriyle uzun süre yayın hayatında kalan ve birçok okuyucuya ulaşan Fazıl Yenisey hakkında ilk defa bu denli geniş ve ilk biyografi hazırlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Kültürü, Türk Edebiyatı, Bektaşilik, Bursa, Fazıl Yenisey.

From Prescription to Treatment: The Disciplinary (under)Achievement of IR in Turkey

International Relations (IR) in Turkey has been assessed by scholars on topics, including but not limited to the need to increase contributions from Turkish IR scholars to theoretical discussions, the need for homegrown theorizing, and to improve the methodological quality of IR research originating in Turkey. This literature has revolved around the diagnosis of and prescriptions for what is referred to as the ‘disciplinary underachievement’ of IR in Turkey. Recently, an increasing number of scholars have focused on disciplinary self-reflection discussing the limitations and prospects in the state of IR discipline in Turkey. Adding to this emergent literature, this paper identifies the reasons for the ‘disciplinary underachievement’ in Turkish IR. The paper discusses the conditions that hamper IR education in Turkey under three groups: 1) the structure and content of undergraduate and graduate curricula, 2) the state of IR as an academic discipline in Turkey, and 3) the state of IR literature in Turkish. The paper also offers suggestions for a prospective treatment to improve the state of the IR discipline and pedagogy in Turkey. It argues that an improvement in the quality of IR education has significant potential to contribute to further inclusion of locally produced IR knowledge into ‘global IR,’ which is widely cited in the existing literature as a significant sign of ‘disciplinary progress.’

A Treasury Continuously Renewed: Dictionary of Turkish Literature Works

Bilgiyi toplu olarak sunma amaçlı hazırlanan ansiklopedik sözlükler, öğrenimi kolaylaştıran başvuru kaynaklarıdır. Genel ağdaki çağdaş arama motorlarının işlevini çok önceleri gören bu çalışmalar, bilgiyi yaygınlaştırmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda bilgiye erişimi de daha zahmetsiz kılar. Türk Edebiyatı Eserler Sözlüğü de bir ansiklopedik çalışma olmasının yanı sıra genel ağ erişimine de uygun bir projedir. Bu yönleriyle edebiyat okuru veya araştırmacısı için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak olan sözlük, Türk edebî birikiminin bütün bilinmezleriyle ve sınırlarıyla görünürleşmesini sağlamıştır. Yetkin editör ekibi, çalışma grubu ve alanında uzman yazarları sayesinde ortaya çıkan Türk Edebiyatı Eserler Sözlüğü, Türkçenin başlangıç deneyimlerinden yola çıkarak 20. yüzyılda yenileşen Türk edebiyatının ilk eserlerine kadar geniş bir kapsamı içerir. Akademik bir titizlikle hazırlanan sözlükte madde başı olan eser hakkında tanıtıcı bilgi gayet pratik, yeterli ve öz şekilde verilir. Bu incelemede Türk Edebiyatı Eserler Sözlüğü’nde, tanıtımına da hizmet edecek şekilde, Türk edebiyatını oluşturan eserlerin ne şekilde, hangi yöntemlerle ele alındığını, sözlüğün kapsam ve önemini göstermek amaçlanmaktadır.

STORIES OF CATASTROPHE IN REFIK HALIT KARAY’S MEMLEKET HIKÂYELERI

Refik Halit Karay is considered one of the most important novel and short story writers in the Turkish Literature in the 20th century. He was born on 15 of March 1888 in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman State at that time. He died on 18 of July 1965 after a life lasted for 77 years. He was buried in his birthplace Istanbul in the cemetery of Zincirlikuyu. He wrote and published several works in different fields of literature. He added a great deal of contribution to Turkish literature especially in the republican period. Memleket Hikâyeleri is one of the books of the second stories of Refik Halit Karay. It is the most important and famous short story for the writer in the field of stories. Among other important stories are: the Poor Amina, Peach Gardens, the Big Bull, Wahbi Afandi Doubts, Yellow Honey, The Joke, The Brown Donkey, Neighbor‟s honor, the Deposit, Omar‟s Contest, Once a Year, a Teacher‟s Painting, Strange Gift, Attack, and the Destiny of Angry Aisha which contains about 18 short stories. It is undoubtedly the most interesting book in the field of short stories in Turkish Literature. The first edition of this book published in 1919 while the second edition published in 1947 received a revision by the writer himself. Although the subject of the story changes from one story to another, the book comes in the first place among stories of depression and sorrow. Depression is a state of being unable to exit from the current situation in addition to suffering from difficulties and hence feeling exhausted. Depression has its own concept and its own details. It reflects the dilemma in facing the unsolved problems or impossible to be solved. It has been studied earlier by the writers themselves. Depression, as humane and psychological concept, appears repeatedly in the book Memleket Hikâyeleri by the Turkish writer Refik Halit Karay and analyzes deeply this concept through accurate original expressions. This paper starts with this detailed abstract. After presenting life of the writer Refik Halit Karay and his literary personality as well as his works, there is an emphasis on his work entitled Memleket Hikâyeleri. After the introduction about the concept of depression, the paper studies this concept in Refik Halit Karay‟s Memleket Hikâyeleri

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE DIVAN OF IBRAHIM HAKKI ERZURUMI

Ibrahim Hakkı Erzurumi is an important historical personality in Turkish literature and Sufi‟s History. The Sufi writer was born in Erzurum in 1703 in the beginning of the 18th century. He died in Siirt in 1780 about 80 years old. He was buried in Tillo that belongs to Siirt town in Turkey. Although his writings in poetry and prose around 15, he was often known by his writings entitled the Divan and Marifetname (Book of Gnosis). Because he was a Sufi, he grew up with a Sufi upbringing and wrote most of his works in this context. A great part of his poems were considered an important source to be sung in the religious and Sufi festivals. The Divan is a work of poems written by Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi in 1755. Then, he continued writing about 366 poems with a religious and Sufi content. This volume has the title “Ilahi Nameh” Then, there are poems have the titles like vocabulary, Quatrains, Wasil Nameh, Band Nameh and Shukur Nameh. His poems that included in the Divan about 500 poems. The Divan, which dealt with several Sufi and religious instruction, focused on the form of religious education. Religious Education is transforming the religious subjects into the followers of that religion specially children. This can be applied also on adults. This method of teaching which can be made among teachers and students, teaches the basic principles of the religion which include worshipping, obedience, morality, and rituals. Every teacher and school have their own techniques and special concentration. The Islamic Sufi Shaykhs (Old men or Imams) in the first position among people who study the Sufi Interpretation to religion. Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi depended on a religious Sufi teaching method in his poetic work entitled The Divan. This research paper starts with this detailed abstract. It is followed by a brief summary about the life of the great Turkish poet Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi and his literary carrier alongside with the religious and Sufi aspect. There will be a detailed explanation for his work entitled The Divan. Then, there will be a study for the form of religious education in details. Finally, this research paper will be concluded with a study of the concept of religious Education in The Divan of Ġbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi.

THE ROLE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATION OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH ALISHER NAVOI'S WORKS

This article talks about the fact that a person should cultivate his ego throughout his life, Navoi's unparalleled services to the development of the language of Turkish literature, and at the same time, high feelings such as goodness, justice, and sophistication are expressed in his works.