Turkic World Research Articles

Artvin-Ahıska Ağızlarındaki /–(y)AnçA(y/ğ)i/ Biçimbirimi Üzerine

Artvin’den Ahıska’ya uzanan çizgide yer alan ağız bölgesi, her ne kadar Anadolu ağızlarının doğu grubu içinde değerlendirilmekteyse de içinde barındırdığı Oğuzca dışı dil unsurlarıyla bu ağızlardan ayrılmaktadır. Bu makalede ele alınıp incelenen /–(y)Ança(y/ğ)i/ biçimbirimi de bahsedilen unsurlardan birini teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmamızda biçimbirimin evvela tarihî ve çağdaş Türk lehçeleri içinde yayılımı ele alınmış, sonra yapısı ve işlevleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu biçimbirimin aynısı veya benzerlerinin tarihî lehçelerden Kıpçak, Harezm ve Çağatay Türkçelerinde; çağdaş lehçelerden ise Kazan Tatar, Karaçay-Malkar, Kumuk, Nogay, Kazak, Karakalpak, Kırgız, Özbek, Türkmen ve Yeni Uygur Türkçelerinde kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Artvin-Ahıska ağızları hariç ölçünlü Türkiye Türkçesi ve Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarında, Irak, Suriye, Gagauz ve Azerbaycan Türkçesi metinlerinde belirlenememiştir. Ancak az sayıda örnekte Gürcistan-Borçalı Terekeme-Karapapah Türkçesi ile Güney Azerbaycan Türkçesi ağızlarında Artvin-Ahıska ağızlarıyla paralel bir biçim ve kullanımla yer aldığı görülmüştür. Türkmen Türkçesindeki varlığını, Çağatay Türkçesinin tesiriyle açıklamak ve bu biçimbirimin Oğuz grubu lehçelerinde ortak unsur olmadığını iddia etmek doğru olacaktır. Dolayısıyla /–(y)Ança(y/ğ)i/ biçimbiriminin Artvin, Ahıska ile Borçalı Terekeme-Karapapak ve Güney Azerbaycan ağızlarındaki kullanımının ancak bölgedeki Oğuz dışı Türk yerleşimleriyle izah edilmesi mümkün görülmektedir.

Hodjamberdi Khan Epic by the Turkmen Folk Poet Shabende

Destanlar bir milletin tarihî ve kültürel kimliğini yansıtan aynı zamanda tarihsel gelişimine de katkı sağlayan önemli halk edebiyatı ürünlerindendir. Türk Dünyası edebiyatlarında yer alan destanlar, genel olarak halk kahramanlarının hayatlarını, yaşadıkları maceraları ve toplulukların hafızalarından silinmeyen birtakım olağanüstü olayları konu edinirler. Nazım ve nesir biçiminde oluşan destanlar geleneksel bir dil ve geçmişten gelen anlatım usullerine göre bir dinleyici kitlesi önünde anlatılmışlardır. Türkistan’daki Türk topluluklarından olan Türkmenistan Türklerinin halk edebiyatındaki destanlarda kahramanlık, aşk ve din konuları işlenmiştir. Ayrıca sözlü kültür belleği hâline gelen ve tarihsel olaylardan da bünyesinde izler bulan destanlar Türkmenler arasında yaygın bir şekilde icra edilmişlerdir. Bu destanların bir kısmı anonim olup bir kısmı ise belirli bir icracı tarafından oluşturulmuş veya tasnif edilmiş destanlardır. 18. yüzyıl Türkmenistan sahası halk şairlerinden olan Abdullah Şâbende de bu tarz halk şairlerinden biridir. Şâbende, İran-Türkmen ilişkileri temelinde Hocamberdi Han Destanı’nı oluşturmuştur. İran’da boy gösteren Türkmenlerin hâkimiyet arayışları, bu hâkimiyeti elde etmek için yapılan askerî seferler ve yaşanan duygusal olaylar Hocamberdi Han Destanı içinde yer almaktadır. Şâbende adlı halk şairi, eserini bir icra ortamında anlatır gibi kaleme alarak adeta destan içerisindeki olaylar silsilesine okuyanı dahil etmiştir. Çalışmada genel hatlarıyla destan tanımı ve Türkmenistan’da kullanılan destan terimlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca Hocamberdi Han Destanı’nındaki olaylardan yola çıkarak destanın tarihsel dönemi ve destan yazarı Şâbende’nin hayatına değinilmiştir. Sonrasında destanın özeti verilerek bu destanın Türkiye’de tanınması ve araştırmacılara kaynaklık etmesi amaçlanmıştır.

GÜNEY AZERBAYCAN TÜRKÇESİNDE BİR EDİLGENLİK İŞARETLEYİCİSİ: -mAK ol-

Güney Azerbaycan Türkçesinde -mAK ol- yapısı, esas itibarıyla bir edilgenlik işaretleyicisidir. Fiil + -mAK ol- dizilişindeki yapının hem olumlu hem de olumsuz çekimleri kullanımdadır. Bu yapıda çoğunlukla odaksıl olmayan ve her zaman, sürekli olan olayların sunulmasında kullanılan -(y)(A)r, -(y)(X)r ~ -(y)(X)rI / -mAz ~ -mAs, -mXr ~ -mXrI geniş ve şimdiki zaman eklerine yer verilmektedir. -mAK ol- yapılı cümlelerde genellikle düsturlar, kurallar, genel kabuller, gelenekler, yasaklar vb. yargılar bildirilmektedir. Bu cümlelerde edilgenliğin yanında ayrıca bağlama göre yeterlilik, yetersizlik ve gereklilik kiplik anlamları da aktarılmaktadır.
 -mAK ol- yapısıyla edilgenliğin bildirilmesi Türkiye Türkçesinde de bulunmaktadır. İki lehçe alanı arasında söz konusu yapının kullanım sınırları ve işlevleri bakımından birleşen ve ayrılan özellikler vardır. Türkiye Türkçesinde de -mAK ol- yapısından sonra genellikle -Ar ~ -Xr ~ -r / -mAz geniş zaman ekleri getirilmektedir. Fakat Türkiye Türkçesinde -mAK ol- yapısı, hem olumlu hem de olumsuz fiillerden sonra kullanılmaktadır. Olumsuz çekimli -mAK ol- yapısı, olumlu fiile eklendiğinde edilgen-olumsuz anlamda fiil; olumsuz fiile eklendiğinde ise edilgen-olumlu anlamda fiil ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkiye Türkçesinde -mAK ol- yapılı edilgenlikle gereklilik kipliği de sunulmaktadır.

XORАZM BАXSHICHILIK АN’АNАLАRINING TАRАQQIYOT DАVRI

Ushbu maqolada baxshichilik sanʼatining soʼnggi taraqqiyoti haqida soʼz yuritiladi. Shuningdek, Xorazmda tarqalgan parixon-poʼrxonlar ham shomonlarning bir koʼrinishi ekanligi, shomonlik esa baxshichilik sanʼatining shakllanishida dastlabki bosqichlardan hisoblanishi, soz va soʼz ustasi boʼlgan baxshilarda dastlab, tabiblik, afsungarlik kasblari ham sintezlashgani, hatto Ergash Jumanbulbul oʼgʼli ham “qoʼshkochlik” vazifasini bajargani haqidu (a) maʼlumotlar berilgan. Jumladan, maqolada А. N. Samoylovichning tadqiqotlarida Xorazm baxshilarining kitobiy dostonlar kuylaganliklarini, dutor, bulamon chalganliklarini hikoya qilganligini alohida taʼkidlanadi. Xorazmda ham shomon, oʼzon, baxshi soʼzlari ishlatilib kelingan va hozirda baxshi atamasi keng ommalashgan. Baxshichilik shaxsining ilohiylashtirilishi ularning yuksak xotirasi va soz, soʼz sohibi ekanligi bilan aloqadordir. Ushbu kasb egalarining doʼmbira joʼrligida doston kuylashlari X-XI asrlar bilan aloqador degan fikrlar mavjud. Bu hodisa ancha qadimiy boʼlishi ham mumkin. Qadimgi xorazm qalʼalaridagi “Аrfachi ayol xonasi”dagi rasmlar bunga asos boʼlishi mumkin. Xorazmda dastlabki baxshi va baxshilar piri hisoblangan tarixiy shaxs (1115-1191) Oshiq Oydin (Oshugʼiddin Umar Suxravardiy) boʼlib, u hozirda ham baxshilarning homiysi hisoblanadi. Uning shaxsi ham ilohiylashtirilgan. Tarixiy manbalarga koʼra Oshiq Oydin soz va soʼz ustasi va ayni paytda davlat arbobi boʼlgan. Musiqa toʼgʼrisida risola ham bitgan. Uning xorazmshohlar hukmronligi davrida yashaganini hisobga olsak, oʼsha davrlarda baxshichilik sanʼatining rivojlangan davri boʼlganligini anglab olish mumkin boʼladi. Oshiq Oydin pirdan keyin turkiy olamda dong taratgan oʼzon, shomon, baxshi Qoʼrqut otadir. XIX asr va XX asr boshlari Xorazm baxshichilik sanʼatining eng gullagan davri ekanligi aytib oʼtilgan.

DİL VE SÖZ BAĞLAMINDA KIRGIZ TÜRKLERİNİN ATASÖZLERİ

Türk toplulukları arasında ortak dil ve kültür unsurlarından biri atasözlerimizdir. Atasözleri, kısa ve özlü sözlerle öğüt veren kalıplaşmış sözlerdir. Bir dilin içerisinde yer alan atasözleri, toplumun dünya görüşünü, deneyimlerini, kültür ve geleneklerini, anlatım gücünü yüzyıllar boyunca devam ettirebilen sözlerdir. Atasözleri, kimi zaman değişime uğramadan yüzyıllar boyu aktarılabilir; kimi zaman da değişikliğe uğrar ya da tamamen kaybolur. Deyimler gibi atasözleri de, aynı dilin lehçelerinde varlığını sürdürebilir. Bütün Türk Dünyasındaki atasözleri, geniş bir alana yayılarak Türklerin ortak tarihini, kültürünü ve dilini yansıtır. Bu çalışmada, Türk dünyasının önemli boylarından Kırgız Türklerinin dil ve söz ile ilgili atasözleri ele alındı. Atasözleri, 1982 yılında Kırgızistan’da basılan “Kırgız Makal Lakaptarı” adlı kitaptan alındı. Dilin toplum içindeki rolü ve önemi değerlendirilecektir. İncelenen atasözlerinde, dil ve sözün hangi amaçlar için ele alındığı alt başlıklar şeklinde gösterilecektir.

EKSİLTİ BAĞLAMINDA AZERBAYCAN TÜRKÇESİNDE ELLİPTİK CÜMLELER

Eksilti, yazılı ve sözlü anlatımda bazı dil birimlerini, yine o dilin kuralları çerçevesinde derin yapıda bırakan bir dil olayıdır. Yazarken veya konuşurken konuşmaya canlılık katmak, akıcılık sağlamak, tekrardan kaçınmak, tasarruf etmek, vurgu yapmak vb. gibi nedenlerden dolayı dilde çeşitli eksiltiler yapılır. Hafz, eksiltim, eksilti, eksiltili anlatım, düşüm, düşürme, kısaltma, sıfır tekrar, elips vb. gibi çeşitli terimlerle adlandırılan eksilti, Türkiye Türkçesinde ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, söz dizimi konusunda karşımıza çıkar ve sesten cümleye kadar geniş bir alanda inceleme konusu sağlar. Bu çalışmada Azerbaycan Türkçesinde cümlede eksilti konusu ele alınacaktır. Azerbaycan Türkçesinde elliptik cümle olarak isimlendirilen bu dil olayı, “ellipse benzer, ellips şeklinde, cümlede kolaylıkla anlaşılan kelimenin düşürülmesine bağlı” şeklinde açıklanmaktadır. Bağımsız kullanılabilen yarımcık cümle statülü elliptik cümleler, konuşana az kelime kullanarak birçok düşünceyi açıklama imkânı sağlayan cümle türüdür. Yarımcık, yarım cümlelerin içerisinde incelenen elliptik cümleler, yazılı ve sözlü anlatımda yüklemin düşürülmesidir. Yüklemin düşürülmesi iki şekilde karşımıza çıkar: 1. Metne bağlı düşürülme, 2. Elliptik düşürülme. Metne bağlı düşürülmede yüklemin eksiltilmesi metne bağlıdır ve tekrardan kaçmak için düşürülür. Bu tür cümlelerde düşürülmüş, yani eksiltilmiş yüklemi metnin önceki cümlelerine göre yerine koymak mümkündür. Yüklemi düşürülen yarımcık cümlelerin diğer çeşidi ise elliptik cümlelerdir. Elliptik cümlelerde düşürülen yüklem, metne göre değil cümlenin kendi ögelerine ve anlamına göre belirlenir. Bu bağlamda metne bağlı düşürülmede metnin dışında kullanım söz konusu olmazken elliptik cümleler bağımsız olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Secondary Long Vowels in Words with Primary Long Vowels in the Turkish Dialects

Dillerde uzun ünlüler, birincil/aslî uzun ünlüler ve ikincil/dolaylı uzun ünlüler olarak ikiye ayrılırlar. Birincil uzun ünlüler; bir dilin bilinen ilk örneklerinden beri uzun olan ve herhangi bir ses olayına bağlı olarak uzamamış olan ünlülerdir. İkincil uzun ünlüler ise; bir dilin bilinen ilk örneklerinde uzun olmadıkları hâlde, daha sonra, ünsüz düşmeleri, hece kaynaşmaları, ünlü birleşmeleri ve benzeri ses olayları sonucunda meydana gelen ve genellikle anlam ayırıcı olmayan uzun ünlülerdir.
 Bu çalışmada, birincil uzun ünlü bulunduran bazı Türkçe ve yabancı kökenli kelimelerdeki ikincil uzun ünlülerin durumu değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarında birincil uzunluk bulunan kimi Türkçe kelimelerde, çeşitli ses olayları sonucu ikincil uzunluk da oluşmaktadır. Bu durum alıntı kelimeler için de geçerlidir. İkincil uzunluklar, genellikle, “ğ, k, l, r, v, y” ünsüzlerinin düşmesi/erimesi, hece kaynaşmaları ve sözcük birleşmeleri sonucunda meydana gelmektedir. Türkiye Türkçesinde birincil uzunluklar kısalarak normal süreli ünlülere dönüştüğü için, bu tür kelimelerdeki uzunluklar, genellikle ikincil uzunluk olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

ТҮБІ БІР ТҮРКІЛЕР ӘЛЕМІ: ТАРИХЫ ЖӘНЕ ЫНТЫМАҚТАСТЫҒЫ

Abstract. The article discusses the history of the formation of the countries of the Turkic world, the area of distribution on the Eurasian continent, the Turkic states that declared independence, and a large number of diasporas. The Turks on the Eurasian continent have a very long history of 3000-4000 BC. We must consider this in terms of space and time. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, due to radical political, social and socio-economic changes in Eastern Europe, the typology of the socialist system largely lost its character. At the end of 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ceased to exist as a single geopolitical space and subject of international law as a result of its collapse. Thus, the transformation of its allied republics into independent states structurally reanimated the world geopolitical system that developed after the Second World War. Before the collapse of the USSR, that is, until the 90s of the twentieth century, among the Turkic peoples, only the Republic of Turkey was an independent state. It also provides information on the geographical location of countries, member countries and autonomous regions, as well as issues of cooperation between the Turkic states. Keywords: migration; diaspora; THE USSR; UN; geopolitics; assimilation; typology, community, autonomy, climate, tourism, reporting.

Turkic world in the flow of civilizations

Significant changes in the dynamics of cultures and civilizations are taking place in the modern world: S. Huntington’s conclusion about the collisions of supercilizations no longer corresponds to the realities of the XXI century, the processes of localization and unification of cultural worlds («Russian world», «European way», «Malay civilization», «Turkic world», etc.) are becoming increasingly important. The purpose of the article is to consider the genesis, chronotopes and civilizational potential of the «Turkic idea». In this regard, the issue of finding ways of spiritual renewal and revaluation of priorities for the further cultural development of the Turkic peoples, preservation of the fundamental spiritual values of the ethnoculture of the Turks, unique and original, is of particular importance. Turkic-speaking thinkers have always sought to build a holistic philosophical image of a person. The anthropocentric philosophy of Central Asian thinkers reveals the place of the Turkic man in the world and his attitude to culture, analyzes the question of who a person can become by realizing his potential, what is the ratio of the sacred and profane in him, who is the «perfect human».

LITERARY STUDIES OF RAKHMANKUL BERDIBAY AND A LEGEND OF KOZKAMAN

The article deals with the literary research works and research articles of Rakhmankul Berdibay, a well-known literary researcher in the Turkic world and a scholar of turkology, that attracted public attention and contributed to the enlightenment of national consciousness. The researcher’s scientific works are distinguished by their scientific depth, novelty, and ability to timely address pressing issues of society. His works which were upraised tothe national and universal idealshave been appreciated. In this article the author focuses not only on Rakhmankul Berdibay’s works, which are important for the study of the Kazakh literature, but also analyzes his articles that reflect his civil position. The author also thoroughly analyzes his article “En ulken madeni bailyk” (The Greatest Cultural Wealth). The article considered the plight of the Kazakh language in society under Khruschev’s “Thaw” in 1956. It led to the author’s persecution, expulsion from his job at“Kazak Adebiyeti” (Kazakh Literature) newspaper, and expulsion from the party. It also draws attention to the principles of the scientist, which were displayed in his struggle against spiritual diseases in the society. In the first years of independence, Berdibay wrote scientific articles for the purpose of reviving the national consciousness and enlightening the spirit of the people. The main object of this study is the article “Kozkaman turaly anyz” (The Legend of Kozkaman) by a scientist who attracted the attention of the nation. The ideological purpose of the article is to explore the introduction of the concept “kozkaman” as a separate category in the scientific community.

Kazakh Language and Arabic Alphabet

The sounds in the word must be indicated by certain letters so that they are displayed in the written language and, accordingly, read. The sounds of the language are indicated in the text by certain graphic letters. A set of letters arranged one after another is called an alphabet. There are a certain number of alphabetic systems in the world. Because cultural and religious factors often play a role in place of phonological criteria as historical fact, spelling problems arise when there is an imbalance between certain scripts and the languages of the societies that use them. To date, the issue of the alphabet is one of the most discussed and still relevant in the Turkic world and in Turkic studies. Beginning in the 10th century, the rapid spread of Islam among the Turks made the Arabic script the common script of all Turkic countries. The Kazakh language is the most common among the Turkic languages. In addition to the Kazakh alphabet, a lot of research has been done on spelling. In this regard, the work of the Kazakh intellectual A. Baitursynov can be cited as an example. Baitursynov's Kazakh alphabet based on Arabic graphics was used until 1929 under the name «tote zhazu». Today, this alphabet is used by Kazakhs living in China. This study will consider the period of use of the Arabic alphabet by the Kazakhs, as well as the important questions and problems that have arisen in this.

Archaeological Research at the «Khan Ordasy» (Khan's rate) Complex Conducted in 2020

The steppe expanses are a source of spiritual, cultural, historical values and national identity of the Kazakh people, as well as the basis of the state integrity of the country. The history of the spiritual center of the Turkic world – the city of Turkestan has been studied for many years. Recent studies have shown that the history of Turkestan dates back to ancient times, as evidenced by the preserved monuments of history and culture, which are silent witnesses of the past. As a result of the study of historical and cultural monuments, we can show the younger generation our past history and culture. At the same time, we can take measures to protect historical and cultural monuments and preserve them for future generations. To this end, the authors decided to analyze and introduce into scientific circulation the results of archaeological research conducted in 2020 in the «Khan Ordasy» (Khan's rate), located in the spiritual capital – Old Turkestan. The article describes the existence of two khan's headquarters at the settlement of Eski Turkestan in the 17th-18th centuries. and provides information from written sources. The results of studies of cultural layers identified during archaeological excavations at the «Khan Ordasy» complex in 2020 are presented. In the course of research, it was established that the cultural layers date back to the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

Seyyid Nesîmî Dosdoğru Yol Romanında Zaman Mekân Hâl

Seyyid Nesîmî Dosdoğru Yol is a novel about the life of a Turkish Sufi, Seyyid Nesîmî (ö.1404). Seyyid Ömer İmâdüddîn Nesîmî was one of the most loyal followers of Fazlullah-ı Hurûfî, who systematized Hurûfîsm in Islam world. After Fazlullah-ı Hurûfî had been executed by Timur, Nesîmî left Azerbaijan and went to Iran, Iraq and Syria; and traveled South, West and East Anatolia, especially Ankara and Bursa to spread Hurûfism idea. Nesîmî got in touch with lots of Sufis of that time and guided many followers in Anatolia. He was accused of infidelity because of his Hurûfism ideas and got killed in Halep. In Turkish World literature, the life story of Seyyid Nesîmî, who died fearlessly for the sake of his beliefs by struggling with the most powerful statesmen of his time, was handled in the novel of Mahşer (The Last Judgment) (1982, Baku) by İsa Hüseynov. Seyyid Nesîmî Dosdoğru Yol (Istanbul, 2020) by Çınar Ata is the second novel that handles life of Seyyid Nesîmî via novel fiction. The material and spiritual path route of Nesîmî was set as Nakhichevan, Tabriz, Erzincan, Ankara, Bursa and Halep in the novel. These regions were under the control of Turkish people and Turkish language at the time. The novel attracts attention with its effort and success in describing certain natural factors and historical places that were located in these regions. A major part of the novel takes place in Ottoman Interregnum period, and thus, political and social background of the period was not overlooked. Besides, the novel emphasizes the authority of Emir Timur, and fear of it constantly, wherever Nesîmî goes, and this makes Timur a novel character so to speak. The main subject of the novel is Nesîmî, but it also mentions the other Sufis of the time with their distinctive personalities. Another feature of this novel is that it includes the ideas of Nesîmî within Hurûfism, especially ‘Ana Al-Haq’ (I am the truth – Haq means both the truth and the God) and ‘Wahdat-i Wujud’ (Unity of existence). These ideas are handled with a simplicity that ‘the reader’ can understand and interpret.

The artistic image of an angel in the Turkic world: yesterday and today

Abstract. The angel is a mythological character common to the Turkic peoples. Along with the spread of Islam and the glorification of God, its angels also became popular and praised. The duties and responsibilities of the four great angels given in the Qur’an, as well as people’s views and understanding of them, have been mentioned in the works written over the centuries and have become synonymous with kindness and honesty, purity and chastity. The article focuses on the use of everyday religious legends, fairy tales, and mythological stories about an angel in Turkic peoples and Kazakh poetry. There is a myth at the beginning of every fairy tale and song, that is, today’s fairy tales and songs can be carefully considered, based on certain rules, sorting and separating the ancient ideas about greed.The names of the angels «Gabriel», «Azrael», and «Munkir-Nankir» are found in epics and myths. Angels were messengers between the prophets and Allah, who sent down the Koran from heaven to earth. In this article we mentioned the nature and characteristics of the angel in folklore and literature with the character of «angel» in the Holy Qur’an. Specifically, in the ayats of the Holy Qur’an, Muslims should believe in angels as much as they believe and not question them. They are to be regarded as executors of the command of the Most High. However, in the folklore that arose after the spread and assimilation of Islam, the image of the angel Azariel began to be portrayed in a negative, deadly way. In other words, people adapted to their understanding and way of life. The singing of angels in the image of a beautiful woman and a newborn child is commonplace in Turkic poetry.It is well known that the literature of Turkic peoples has many common characters, similar and recurring plot lines, mythical legends, and folklore genres. One of the important topics is the study of the concept of «angel» common with the Islamic world, the nature and similarity of angelic religious epics in the transmission in the literature of Turkic peoples, the reflection of the image of «angel» in the understanding of people in literature. It is the development of the concept of «angel» that moved from mythology to folklore, from folklore to literature, turned into a motive network of numerous fairy tales and legends, epics, in the process of development the acquisition of individual character traits and descriptions inherent in each of the Turkic peoples, a topic requiring a comparative study. The article, as far as possible, noted the changed version of Әzireil into Esrel, Esrel, Esrelĕ, Esrelĕ; also noted the angels Harut and Marut, which God brought down to earth to help the people who are so strongly endowed with magic; the display in fiction of the angels Mănkүr-Nүkіr and Israfil asking many questions.The artistic image of the mythic hero-Angel, common to the Turkic peoples, is a viable subject. Therefore, it is important for us to understand their essence and meaning. The presentation of the characters common to the mythology of Turkic peoples is a complex and fascinating task.Such research is born only as a result of many years of research. In the future, we will continue our research on the common characters in the mythology of Turkic peoples.

Anadolu Üniversitesi Uluslararası Öğrencilerinin Eskişehir’in Kültürel Miraslarına Farkındalık Düzeyleri

Eskişehir is a city that stands out with its historical values and cultural richness in the northwest part of Central Anatolia. The city, which hosts various civilizations and cultures, has a potential for heritage tourism. It is one of the first settlements in the region dating back 9500 years. Eskişehir is recognized as an important historical and cultural center from which many Turkish poets and writers came out, as it is proof of peace and creativity. It has been named the “UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage” and was previously Eskişehir 2013 Turkic World Capital of Culture Agency. The city is also called the “Student City”. Factors such as cost of living and quality of education at city universities contribute to the influx of international students. The number of international students at the city's universities is increasing from year to year. In the research, the awareness and interest of international students studying at Eskişehir Anadolu University Turkish Teaching Application and Research Center (TÖMER) about the cultural heritage of Eskişehir are investigated. In this study, in which the quantitative research method was used, data were collected using the survey technique. In the survey, which lasted between 25-30 minutes, the opinions of 71 students from TÖMER center were taken in the 2019-2020 academic year. The collected data were analyzed with basic level descriptive analysis techniques such as “Frequency”, “Percentage”, “Arithmetic Mean”, “ANOVA” and “T-test” with SPSS 25.0 program. In the light of the results obtained at the end of the research, some suggestions are presented that will help international students to be more aware of the cultural heritage of Eskişehir.

New Nationalism of Turkish Republic

Turkish foreign policy, largely characterized as political selfishness, reflects the set of ideological concepts known as the new Turkish nationalism, which makes the country a rather difficult partner to deal with. This article examines the problem of the new Turkish nationalism. It focuses particularly on the Turkish-centric integration under the “neo-Ottoman” foreign policy as a new form of Turkish nationalism, which is especially evident on the space of the so-called “Turkic world”. The authors analyze the main features of Turkish nationalism in the econom ic, political, cultural, and educational spheres. They note that in the humanitarian sphere Turkey continues to focus on the “common Turkic” institutions as well as the ideas of the pan-Turkism ideologists of the past amidst the urge for unification. Moreover, the article considers the concept of Turkey’s self-perception as a “hub”, which generally occurs in all the above-mentioned areas. At the same time, all cases under study are affected by the populist expressions of the Turkish political elite about the unity of the Turks of the world.

The traditional decorations of Karabakh (examples of jewelry art) (Azerbaijan Republic)

  This article, based on the achievements of modern ethnographic science of Azerbaijan, examines the history of the creation of traditional women's jewelry in one of the most ancient regions of Azerbaijan - Karabakh. The jewelry art of this region has a deep tradition that go back to the origins of the most ancient civilizations of the Turkic world. Specific real images in the form of rethought conventional-decorative symbols were presented in jewelry, which were used as a talisman-amulet in the costumes of Karabakh residents. The sacred function has been strong in jewelry since its inception and has not lost its significance in some types of jewelry to this day. During the Middle Ages and modern times, a symbolic function has increased in traditional women's jewelry, which serves as an indicator of a woman's material condition, her gender and age category, position in society, and local belonging. Over time, in the traditional women's jewelry of Karabakh, their aesthetic component increased, and the sacred-magical function weakened, but did not completely lose its significance.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF GOD, HUMAN BEİNG AND NATURE IN TOPONIMIC LEGENDS: IN EXAMPLE OF ISSYK-KUL

People from the very beginning of their existence set the goal to understanding and interpretation the nature and environment. Within this goal, humanity instinctively created toponymic legends to explain the complex and unknown and to connect the cause. Legends are oral literary treasures that have emerged in the direction of interpreting human social events, natural events and forms. It`s important that in myths the heroes of events are ordinary people or animals, with a supernatural power that carry out extraordinary events. In the nomadic Kyrgyz culture the legends describe the relationship of human - God, human - nature and nature - God relations by kneading with many philosophical thoughts. It should be noted that describing this, both the old Turkic mythology and elements of Islamic beliefs and motives are used. In the life of ancient Turks the cult of places and water plays an important role, it is manifested in the names of places in the Turkic world. In the context of this belief, when the Turks called the places where they lived, and the water bodies they used, they usually associated them with an unusual event, giving it a special spirit and meaning. As in many parts of the Turkic world, in Kyrgyzstan almost every mountain, stone, water body and settlement in the surrounding region is explained by one or more myths. Researching the toponymic legends of Kyrgyzstan, in our work we touched upon the relationship between god, nature and man.

АРХИТЕКТУРА ИМАРЕТОВ ШУШИ

Reconstruction, restoration and preservation of the historical cities of Azerbaijan is one of the urgent problems of modern architecture. Among them, one of the most interesting cities is Shusha, which was declared the cultural capital of the Turkic world in 2023. In the presented article, for your attention are some notes about imarets (palaces), the genetic roots of which date back to folk housing. Historically, palaces - villas and palace complexes were built in medieval Azerbaijan. The construction of palaces was carried out in cities, no fewer of them were in the suburbs, their choice was due to the urban situation, the landscape of the area, the presence of a river, a lake.

Turkish World and Literary Relations of the East

All Turkic literature has a common cultural framework. A substantial confirmation of this fact comes from the national spiritual heritage, which has become the basis for the further development and flourishing of the verbal art of Turkic peoples. First of all, these are Китабы Деде Коркут of the Oghuz, the Kyrgyz heroic epos Манас (Manas), Идегей (Idegei) – the variants of which were widespread among the Kazakhs and the Tatars, the famous Чура батыр (Chura Batyr) among the Tatars, etc. The works such as A Thousand Nights and a Night (Мың бір түн), Shakhname or Shakh-Name (Шахнама), Kalila and Dimna (Кәлила мен Димна), Leili and Majnun (Ләйлі-Мәжнүн), Zhusip-Zylikha (Жүсіп-Зылиха), Takhir-Zukhra, Farkhad-Shyryn or Khosrov-Shyryn (Хұсрау-Шырын) have exerted a significant influence on the development of literature. The article concludes that, despite the national differences of the Turkic peoples, they are united by common literary background, common goals, and interests, moral, spiritual, and cultural values. It is proved out again that the literature of the Turkic peoples is abundant in authors and works, characterized by a variety of genres and poetic forms, ideological and thematic wealth, and a high artistic level. Emphasis is also put on the fact that in the eastern tradition, there are many samples of word-of-mouth literature of the general plot and cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples who had inhabited the eastern lands since ancient centuries.