Tuber Starch Research Articles

The functional properties of starch from arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) tubers using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)

Arrowroot tuber is a type of tuber that has not yet been widely cultivated by people. This tuber provides quite high starch in the rhizome. In addition, this tuber also contains functional compounds that become the source of polyphenols and have the function as antioxidants. Functional compounds from tuber starch can be preserved for a long time if the extraction process is carried out properly. One of the modern extraction methods that can be used to extract this starch is Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). This extraction does not need heat to work but it uses electromagnetic waves instead. Treatment E (4 minutes extraction time) had the highest data from each observation, namely swelling 1993%, solubility 91.52%, water absorption 83.98% and oil absorption 133.86%.

The Evaluation of Sweetness, Starch and Sugar Concentrations of Ipomoea Batatas L. cv. Rancing from Specific Location in the Villages of Cilembu and Cimaung

In order to examine the potency of a non-typical land for cultivation of Cilembu sweet potato (Rancing cultivars of I. batatas) to generate a similar sweet taste with that when planted in its typical land, evaluation of sweetness, sugar and starch concentration of the cultivated sweet potato was carried out at Cimaung and Cilembu villages. Results indicated that concentration of starch in the fresh tuber that harvested at Cilembu and Cimaung were 37% and 35%, and decreased to 19.6% and 31.5%, within 5 weeks after storage, respectively. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography analysis showed that fresh sweet potato consisted of soluble sugar of fructose, glucose and sucrose, while baked sweet potato showed the presence of maltose, fructose, glucose and sucrose. The total soluble sugar in the freshly harvested sweet potato from Cilembu was higher than that of Cimaung, 4.0% compared to 2.6% and reach maximum to 9.4% and 6.0%, at 4 weeks after storage. Principle component analysis indicated that starch and sugar content significantly showed positive correlation with elevation, rainfall, soil nutrient content, C/N ratio and cation exchange capacity levels. The tubers produced from Cilembu had sweet taste, while those from Cimaung had normal taste.

Finding Phenotypic Biomarkers for Drought Tolerance in Solanum tuberosum

Climate change models predict increased drought frequencies. Maintaining yield stability necessitates drought-tolerant crops. However, their breeding is challenging; drought tolerance is a multigene trait with significant environment interaction. Thus, the training of genomic selection models requires phenotyping a large genotype population under arid conditions. We aimed to identify phenotypic tolerance traits that facilitate the screening of large populations in the field. We performed three trials on 20 tetraploid Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum genotypes with significant drought tolerance variation. Plants were subjected to early, late and long-term drought under variable climate conditions. For each stress scenario, the drought tolerance index DRYMp was calculated from the relative tuber starch yield. A laser scanner system measured canopy development continuously over the crop’s lifecycle and provided estimates of leaf movement and canopy growth features. Growth curves were evaluated by logistic regression. Different multiple regression approaches were compared for their ability to predict tolerance from phenotype data of optimally watered or stressed plants. We established that early short-term stress can be used as a proxy for long-term stress in the absence of genetic variation for drought stress recovery or memory. The gen-otypes varied significantly in most canopy features. Leaf-area-based features combined significant genotype effects with environmental stability. Multiple regression models based on single-day data outperformed those based on the regression curve parameter. The models included leaf area and leaf position parameters and partially reproduced prior findings on siblings in a genetically more diverse population.

Cultivation pattern affects starch structure and physicochemical properties of yam (Dioscorea persimilis)

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a major food source in many countries due to its tuber rich in starch (60 %–89 % of the dry weight) and various important micronutrients. Orientation Supergene Cultivation (OSC) pattern is a simple and efficient cultivation mode developed in China in recent years. However, little is known about its effect on yam tuber starch. In this study, the starchy tuber yield, starch structure and physicochemical properties were compared and analyzed in detail between OSC and Traditional Vertical Cultivation (TVC) with Dioscorea persimilis “zhugaoshu”, a widely cultivated variety. The results proved that OSC significantly increased tuber yield (23.76 %–31.86 %) and commodity quality (more smooth skin) compared with TVC in three consecutive years of field experiments. Moreover, OSC increased amylopectin content, resistant starch content, granule average diameter and average degree of crystallinity by 2.7 %, 5.8 %, 14.7 % and 9.5 %, respectively, while OSC decreased starch molecular weight (Mw). These traits resulted in starch with lower thermal properties (To, Tp, Tc, ΔHgel), but higher pasting properties (PV, TV). Our results indicated that cultivation pattern affected the yam production and starch physicochemical properties. It would not only provide a practical basis for OSC promotion, but also provide valuable information on how to guide the yam starch end use in food and non-food industries.

Effect of infection of potato plants by Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus S (PVS), and Potato virus M (PVM) on content and physicochemical properties of tuber starch.

Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus S (PVS), and Potato virus M (PVM) infection of potato plants leads to decreased dry matter and starch content in tubers. Starch samples from potato tubers infected with PVY, PVS, and PVM had higher amylose content. Granules of starch isolated from potato tubers infected by PVS exhibit larger granules than starch granules isolated from tubers of healthy plants. In contrast, in the case of PVM and PVY infection, starch granules were significantly smaller in diameter. A decrease in the degree of crystallinity has been observed in all samples of starches obtained from the tubers of infected plants compared to starch isolated from tubers of healthy plants. A slight decrease in gelatinization temperature was noted for starch samples isolated from tubers infected by PVY and PVM, and a slight increase in gelatinization temperature for starch samples isolated from tubers infected by PVS compared to starch isolated from tubers of healthy plants. In all samples of starch obtained from tubers of infected plants, an increase in the value of gelatinization enthalpy was observed. Thus, it can be concluded that damage to potato plants by PVM and PVY leads to a significant decrease in the quality of starch in tubers. At the same time, infection by PVS had practically no considerable effect.

Effects of cinnamon essential oil-loaded Pickering emulsion on the structure, properties and application of chayote tuber starch-based composite films

The use of non-conventional starch sources to develop biodegradable and bioactive starch-based films have attracted increasing attention recently. In this study, a nonconventional chayote tuber starch (CTS) was functionalized by zein-pectin nanoparticle-stabilized cinnamon essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsion (ZPCO) to develop a novel bioactive composite films for food packaging application. Results demonstrated that antibacterial ZPCO featuring long-term stability was successfully obtained. FTIR and SEM analyses suggested that ZPCO have favorable dispersibility and compatibility with CTS matrix. With ZPCO increasing, the transmittance, tensile strength, and moisture content of composite films decreased, whereas their elongation at break, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities increased. ZPCO added at an appropriate level (2 %) can improve water-resistance of the films and reduce water vapor permeability. More importantly, ZPCO can achieve a slower sustained-release of CEO from composite films into food simulants. Furthermore, the composite film containing 2 % ZPCO is safe and nontoxic as proved by cell cytotoxicity test, and it can significantly prolong the shelf life of ground beef by showing the lowest total volatile base nitrogen and best acceptable sensory characteristic. Overall, the incorporation of ZPCO into CTS films offers a great potential application as a bioactive material in the food packing.

Effect Different Levels of Organic Fertilizer and Agricultural Sulfur on the Growth and Yield of Potato Solanum tuberosum L.

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriya in the spring season 2021 to know the effect of adding different levels of organic matter (poultry manure) and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of potatoes. The experiment included two factors: the addition of three levels of organic matter (0-10-20) Mg h-1, symbolized by OM0, OM1, and OM2 in sequence, and agricultural sulfur (0-1000-2000) kg h-1 and symbolized by S0, S1 and S2 in sequence. The treatments were distributed according to a randomized complete block design. The dry weight of shoots, number of tubers plant-1, total yield, starch and protein content of tubers and percentage of dry matter in tubers were calculated. The results showed that treatment S2 gave the highest dry weight of 8.41 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment S0 which gave 4.64 Mg ha-1 and treatment M2 gave 7.37 Mg ha-1 compared to treatment M0 which gave 5.92 Mg ha-1 and the interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest dry weight 9.0 Mg ha-1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave the highest number of tubers plant-1 was 9.4 compared to the measurement treatment 5.1. The interaction between the two factors M2S2 gave a higher yield of 59.56 Mg ha-1 compared to the measurement treatment 25.74 Mg ha-1. The M2S2 interaction treatment gave the highest values for the qualitative characteristics in potatoes, which are the percentage of starch, protein and dry matter 13.02, 8.4 and 19.09%, respectively.

Physiological and biochemical justification of second-crop potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The relevance of the conducted studies lies in the need to improve the technology of growing potatoes from freshly picked tubers in the conditions of summer planting to improve the quality of seed material. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the physiological and biochemical state and varietal characteristics of potato plants on the ability of freshly harvested tubers to form high-quality seed material for second-crop potatoes in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Field, statistical, computational, analytical, and laboratory methods were used to conduct the study. It is identified that harvesting the first crop for planting with freshly picked tubers during the flowering phase and within two weeks after its completion is ineffective for some varieties. Therewith, the first crop averages 18.5 t/ha, and the second – 5.1 t/ha. Some varieties have a low germination rate from freshly picked tubers (from 4 to 76%) or are not formed at all. This is due to the accumulation of germination inhibitors (abscisic acid etc.) in maturing tubers, which causes deep natural dormancy of tubers. It is proposed to consider the activity of germination inhibitors in freshly harvested tubers using allelopathic testing, which allows for determining the optimal time for their collection and planting. This ensures germination rate at the level of 80-87%. Therewith, the first crop of tubers is from 10.1 to 15.0 t/ha, and the second – from 26.2 to 9.3 t/ha. The dependence of the content of abscisic acid with the accumulation of starch in tubers allows visually determining their suitability for germination by the chemical reaction of vegetable juice with an iodine solution. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of obtaining two crops of seed potatoes per year, while the first crop is formed in 60-70 days, and the second – 90-100 days from planting. Despite the relatively low yield, the resulting seed material is physiologically young, free from diseases and has a high productivity potential. This allows for shortening the seed production scheme, increasing the reproduction rate of potatoes, and saving resources

Utilization of Indonesian root and tuber starches for glucose production by cold enzymatic hydrolysis

Utilization of Indonesian root and tuber starches for glucose production by cold enzymatic hydrolysis

Ectopic expression of the AtCDF1 transcription factor in potato enhances tuber starch and amino acid contents and yield under open field conditions.

Cycling Dof transcription factors (CDFs) have been involved in different aspects of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis and tomato, one member of this family (CDF1) has recently been associated with the regulation of primary metabolism and abiotic stress responses, but their roles in crop production under open field conditions remain unknown. In this study, we compared the growth, and tuber yield and composition of plants ectopically expressing the CDF1 gene from Arabidopsis under the control of the 35S promoter with wild-type (WT) potato plants cultured in growth chamber and open field conditions. In growth chambers, the 35S::AtCDF1 plants showed a greater tuber yield than the WT by increasing the biomass partition for tuber development. Under field conditions, the ectopic expression of CDF1 also promoted the sink strength of the tubers, since 35S::AtCDF1 plants exhibited significant increases in tuber size and weight resulting in higher tuber yield. A metabolomic analysis revealed that tubers of 35S::AtCDF1 plants cultured under open field conditions accumulated higher levels of glucose, starch and amino acids than WT tubers. A comparative proteomic analysis of tubers of 35S::AtCDF1 and WT plants cultured under open field conditions revealed that these changes can be accounted for changes in the expression of proteins involved in energy production and different aspects of C and N metabolism. The results from this study advance our collective understanding of the role of CDFs and are of great interest for the purposes of improving the yield and breeding of crop plants.

FORMULASI TABLET PARASETAMOL DENGAN KOMBINASI PVP DAN AMILUM UMBI PORANG (Amorphopallus onchopyllus) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGIKAT TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TABLET

Tablets are the most widely used preparations, this is because tablets have advantages that other pharmaceutical preparations do not have, both in terms of production, storage, distribution, and use. This study aims to determine the concentration of PVP and starch from porang tubers which can be used as a binder in the preparation of paracetamol tablets and to determine the combination of PVP and starch from porang tubers as a binder to the physical properties of paracetamol tablets. In this study, 4 paracetamol tablet formulas with PVP binder were made combined with porang tuber starch with a weight of 650 mg per tablet. The binder used was PVP in each formula, namely F1 0%, F2 1%, F3 3%, and F4 5%, and porang tuber starch in each formula was F1 5%, F2 0%, F3 6%, and F4 7%. Tablets were made using wet granulation, the granules obtained were tested for their physical properties. including moisture content, flow time, angle of repose, and compressibility. After the powder mixture was compressed with a hardness between 4-8 kg, the resulting tablets were then tested for their physical properties including weight uniformity, size uniformity, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The tablets produced from all formulas met the uniformity of weight, uniformity of size, and friability, the hardness that met the physical properties of the tablets was only found in formula I, which was 7.30 kg, and the fastest disintegration time in formula I was 9.6 minutes.

Effects of natural starch-phosphate monoester content on the multi-scale structures of potato starches

Starch phosphate content (SPC) is an important structural parameter affecting the functionality of tuber starches, but how different phosphate groups affect starch structures is still unknown. In this study, four potato starches with different SPC were selected as models to investigate the effects of SPC on their multi-scale structures. A higher SPC is related to more long amylopectin (AP) chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) >24, fewer short AP chains with DP ≤ 24, lower double helical content and crystallinity, higher long period distance, and lower scattering intensity (Imax), indicating that potato starch with a higher SPC is less ordered and has a more flexible nano-lamellar structure. Notably, two types of phosphate monoesters, namely C-3 (C3P) and C-6 phosphate monoesters (C6P), were both significantly positively correlated with the average chain lengths (ACL) of AP chains with DP 25–36 (fb2) and negatively correlated with Imax; however, only C3P was significantly positively correlated with ACL of AP chains with DP 13–24 (fb1) and negatively correlated with the absorbance ratio at 1047/1016 cm−1. C3P was the main reason for the disordered structure of starches with high SPC. These findings can be helpful for potato breeding to generate different functionality by controlling SPC.

The effect of biostimulants on Solanum tuberosum L. variety “Zakhar” in arid conditions of Orenburg Cis-Urals

The article presents the results of a study of biostimulants Fitosporin-M, Zh (AS) + amino acids and Bionex-Kemi, Zh, (NPK 21:4:4) + ME on potato productivity indicators. As a result of1 the research, a positive effect of biostimulants on the growth and accumulation of underground biomass of Solanum tuberosum L. variety "Zakhar" was established. The analysis showed that when Solanum tuberosum L. plants of Zakhar variety are treated with Bionex-Kemi, Zh, NPK 21:4:4 + ME, the content of starch in tubers increases by 1.3 %, and when plants are treated with Fitosporin-(M, F (AS) + amino acids) - by 0.9 % in comparison with the control variant. The accumulation of underground potato biomass was more intense when using Bionex-Kemi, G, (NPK 21:4:4) + ME. For the cultivation of potatoes in the conditions of the Orenburg Cis-Urals, it is recommended to use the biostimulator Bionex-Kemi, Zh, (NPK 21:4:4) + ME (bioactivated nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer), which stimulates plant growth and the accumulation of underground biomass.

Karakterisasi Kimia CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose) Umbi Ganyong

Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) a compound made from starch of tubers ganyong flour with added methanol, propanol and water. Four process involving alkalization process, karboksimetilasi, neutralization in the process of making the CMC. Carboxymethylization process involving alkazation process neutralization in the proess of making the CMC. Alkazation is reaction between cellulose and soda solution (alkaline) to become alkaline cellulose (cellulose is soluble in soda solution). Carboxymethylization is rection between alkaline cellulose and sodium chloro acetate compound to form sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na.CMC) which froms a viscous solution. Neutralization is solution neutralization process and the last prcess is the manufacture of CMC. Two processes were first made is Alkazation and Carboxymethylization by reacting 22 g NaOH and 20 g ClCH2COONa respectively. Acetic acid is added is used in the neutralization process, during the heating process in the oven. The overall results for each degree of substitution; pH; viscosity; water content; NaCl concentration; purity; Redemen of cellulose: Rendemen of CMC ganyong; 0.81; 8; 7 cP; 5% 2.01%; 97.99%; 2%; 98.5% respectively. CMC ganyong from the research that has been tested by FTIR spectra test results CMC ganyong can be seen in the picture there are similarities peaks that appears indicating CMC canna generated in this study have the same chemical molecules CMC commercially for food chemical codex is at 732 cm-1 while the peak of commercial CMC 725 cm-1 is carboxyl group and -CH. Based on the research results obtained, it can be concluded that the CMC is of good quality as a filler to make chemical bond stronger.

Relationship between structure and functional properties of starch from different cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb) cultivars used for food and industrial processing

This work investigated the functional properties of four varieties of yam starch and four varieties of cassava starch to better understand the relationship between the structure and properties of various forms of starch. The relationship between the functional properties and structure of starch was explored using Pearson correlation (PCs) and principal component analysis (PCA). The analyses demonstrated that yam starch and cassava starch differ significantly in structure and functional properties. Yam starches have a higher requirement during gelatinization, may hold a higher trough viscosity and final viscosity, and are easier to retrograde after gelatinization; this results in starch gels with a higher hardness and gel strength. While the cassava starches have a higher breakdown, their starch gels are fluid and squishy. The differences in starch functional properties were linked to particle size, short-range ordered structure, protein content, and average radius of gyration in PCs and PCA. The present investigation demonstrates a link between the functional properties of cassava and yam starch and their structural features and suggests that acceptable processing methods and applications for these tuber starches be selected based on their functional properties.

Tacca Tuber Starch—A Potential Substrate for Enzymatic Production of Glucose Syrup

AbstractGlucose syrup obtainable from enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava and corn is widely used as sweetener in food and pharmaceutical industries. This study evaluates the potential of starch from Tacca tuber in comparison with starch from cassava tuber to produce glucose syrup using amylase from fungal isolates. Spores of amylase‐producing cultures of Aspergillius niger and Rhizopus oligospora are grown on rice bran medium in solid state fermentation. Starch is obtained from Tacca (Tacca leontopetaloides) and cassava tubers using simple methods of extraction methods. Response Surface Method of the Central Composite Design version 6.0.8 is employed for optimization studies on the effect of pH, temperature, and time of hydrolysis on amylase activities of crude enzyme on the extracted starches. In comparison with cassava starch, physicochemical analysis of the glucose syrup obtained from cassava and Tacca tubers gives brix of 44 ° (cloudy appearance) and 40 ° (colourless in appearance) with a dextrose equivalent of 68.58 and 40.4 and specific gravity 1.200 and 1.169, respectively. An assessment of the microbiological quality of the glucose syrup produced shows no coliform or fungal growth. This study presents the potential of Tacca tuber as an economic and safe alternative to cassava starch for glucose syrup production.

Characterization of modified palmyrah tuber starch by pre-gelatinization, acid and dextrinization processes and its applicability

Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L) tuber is a cheap and rich source of starch. Modifications of native starches are carried out to provide starch products with specific properties. In the present study, three different starch modification techniques (pre-gelatinization, acid modification and dextrinization) were used to produce modified palmyrah tuber starch. The physicochemical and functional properties of the native and modified palmyrah tuber starch were evaluated and the applicability of the palmyrah modified starch as a thickner in instant soup also tested. The recovery yields of modified starches ranged between 75.90-91.96%. The dextrinized palmyrah starch showed significantly (p<0.05) the lowest swelling power and the highest average solubility. The gelatinization temperature (76.5-82.27 °C), amylose content (9.2-21.69%), amylopectin content (78.32-90.80%) varied among the native and modified starch. The particle sizes of the starch granules varied from 1.308-7.346 µm. The study revealed that the modification processes can greatly improve the physicochemical and functional characteristics of native starch. According to the sensory analysis of instant soup among trained panelists, high preference was observed for palmyrah pregelatinized starch than commercially available corn starch. Hence this study shows the feasibility of modified palmyrah starch as a thickening agent in instant soup.

Phenotypic variability and genetic diversity analysis of cultivated potatoes in China.

Phenotypic evaluation and molecular biotechnology are both important in the identification and utilization of crop germplasm resources. In this study, the phenotypic variation and genetic diversity of 149 main potato cultivars in China were investigated with 12 phenotypic traits and 24 SSR markers. The coefficient of variation of 12 phenotypic traits ranged from 12.11% to 156.93%. The results of SSR markers exhibited a relatively high level of genetic variation (Na =5.458 ± 1.499, Ne =3.300 ± 1.087, I =1.397 ± 0.298, Ho =0.797 ± 0.178, He = 0.660 ± 0.117, and PIC=0.702 ± 0.087). Population structure and phylogenetic tree analysis divided the varieties into three subgroups. The results indicated that ninety percent of the molecular variance was attributed to within-group differences, and the remaining 10% was attributed to variation among groups. Consistent with previous report, alleles of the STI032 marker were significantly associated with tuber starch content and growth period traits in the population. The results of this study could facilitate the utilization of potato germplasm resources, molecular genetic breeding and improvement.

Effects of growth temperature on multi-scale structure of root tuber starch in sweet potato

Sweet potato was planted at three soil and air temperatures (21, 25 and 28 °C) with the same humidity and light time/intensity. Root tuber starches were isolated, and their multi-scale structures were investigated to reveal the effects of growth temperature on starch properties. Growth temperature did not change the morphology and amylose content of starch, but markedly increased the size of starch from volume-weighted mean diameter 12.2 μm to 17.0 μm. Starch grown at high growth temperature exhibited less A branch-chains and lower branching degree of amylopectin and more B2 and B3+ branch-chains of amylopectin than at low growth temperature. With increasing growth temperature, starch changed from CC-type to CA-type, its relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity increased, and the thickness of crystalline and amorphous lamellae did not significantly change. Starch grown at high growth temperature exhibited significantly higher gelatinization temperature than at low growth temperature, but had similar gelatinization enthalpy.

The effect of ZnO (zinc oxide) and glycerol concentrations on the mechanical properties of bioplastics made from Canna tuber (Canna edulis) starch

The problem of plastic waste in Indonesia is increasingly worrying due to its long degradation duration. Bioplastics made from starch are easily degradable in nature and have a lower contribution to environmental pollution. This study aimed to determine the effect of ZnO and glycerol additions on the thickness, tensile strength, elongation, Young’s Modulus, water absorption, and biodegradation of bioplastics. The results indicate that adding ZnO and glycerol has significant effects on thickness, tensile strength, elongation, Young’s Modulus, water absorption, and biodegradation. A high concentration of ZnO and glycerol was parallel to an increase in the thickness of bioplastic. A high ZnO concentration and low glycerol concentration increases the tensile strength and Young’s Modulus, but decreases the water absorption. Glycerol at high concentration and ZnO at low concentration increases the elongation. The addition of ZnO in a small amount positively affects the biodegradation of bioplastics.