Tsinghua University Research Articles

Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom

Xin Sun is a PhD candidate at the School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University and a predoctoral fellow with the Environment and Natural Resources Program at the Belfer Center, Harvard University. He holds a BS degree in automobile engineering and a BS degree in business administration from Tsinghua University, China. His research focuses on the sustainability of critical materials for low carbon energy transition. He has conducted a series of trade-linked dynamic material flow analyses of battery-related materials and multiple integrated assessment models of material criticality. Minggao Ouyang is a professor at Tsinghua University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received a PhD degree in energy engineering from the Technical University of Denmark in 1993. He has long been dedicated to engineering education and academic research in electrified powertrain systems for transportation. Han Hao is an associate professor at the School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University. He received BS and PhD degrees from Tsinghua University. His research focuses on the resource and environmental impacts of transport electrification, battery-supply-chain sustainability, and emerging transport technologies.

Advanced insulating materials contributing to “carbon neutrality”: Opportunities, issues and challenges

Advanced insulating materials contributing to “carbon neutrality”: Opportunities, issues and challenges

Contributors

Contributors

Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab: First Approval.

Amubarvimab 安巴韦单抗注射液/romlusevimab 罗米司韦单抗注射液 is a combination of two neutralizing recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (amubarvimab and romlusevimab) against the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Jointly developed by Brii Biosciences, Tsinghua University and the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, it has been approved (in December 2021) by the National Medical Products Administration of China for the treatment of mild COVID-19 in patients aged ≥ 18 years, and those aged 12–17 years with a bodyweight of ≥ 40 kg (conditional approval) who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease, including hospitalization or death. An Emergency Use Authorization application for amubarvimab/romlusevimab is currently under review in the USA. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of amubarvimab/romlusevimab leading to this first approval for the treatment of COVID-19.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40265-022-01759-3.

Multi-person feature fusion transfer learning-based convolutional neural network for SSVEP-based collaborative BCI.

ObjectiveThe conventional single-person brain–computer interface (BCI) systems have some intrinsic deficiencies such as low signal-to-noise ratio, distinct individual differences, and volatile experimental effect. To solve these problems, a centralized steady-state visually evoked potential collaborative BCI system (SSVEP-cBCI), which characterizes multi-person electroencephalography (EEG) feature fusion was constructed in this paper. Furthermore, three different feature fusion methods compatible with this new system were developed and applied to EEG classification, and a comparative analysis of their classification accuracy was performed with transfer learning-based convolutional neural network (TL-CNN) approach.ApproachAn EEG-based SSVEP-cBCI system was set up to merge different individuals’ EEG features stimulated by the instructions for the same task, and three feature fusion methods were adopted, namely parallel connection, serial connection, and multi-person averaging. The fused features were then input into CNN for classification. Additionally, transfer learning (TL) was applied first to a Tsinghua University (THU) benchmark dataset, and then to a collected dataset, so as to meet the CNN training requirement with a much smaller size of collected dataset and increase the classification accuracy. Ten subjects were recruited for data collection, and both datasets were used to gauge the three fusion algorithms’ performance.Main resultsThe results predicted by TL-CNN approach in single-person mode and in multi-person mode with the three feature fusion methods were compared. The experimental results show that each multi-person mode is superior to single-person mode. Within the 3 s time window, the classification accuracy of the single-person CNN is only 90.6%, while the same measure of the two-person parallel connection fusion method can reach 96.6%, achieving better classification effect.SignificanceThe results show that the three multi-person feature fusion methods and the deep learning classification algorithm based on TL-CNN can effectively improve the SSVEP-cBCI classification performance. The feature fusion method of multi -person parallel feature connection achieves better classification results. Different feature fusion methods can be selected in different application scenarios to further optimize cBCI.

A unique gravitational wave signal from phase transition during inflation* *HA is supported by NSFC (11975134), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0402204) and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program. KFL was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF PHY-1748958) and by the Heising-Simons Foundation and acknowledges the hospitality of Kavli Institute for Theoretical

We study the properties of gravitational wave (GW) signals produced by first-order phase transitions during the inflation era. We show that the power spectrum of a GW oscillates with its wave number. This signal can be observed directly by future terrestrial and spatial GW detectors and through the B-mode spectrum in the CMB. This oscillatory feature of the GW is generic for any approximately instantaneous sources occurring during inflation and is distinct from the GW from phase transitions after inflation. The details of the GW spectrum contain information about the scale of the phase transition and the later evolution of the universe.

Evolution of field emitters on copper surface during conditioning

To understand the mechanism of structure conditioning under high-power RF fields, a cathode image beamline based on field emission current was built at Tsinghua University. Cathodes made of oxygen-free copper were conditioned on the beamline. To monitor the modification of the cathode surface during conditioning, a designed solenoid focused the field emission current from the cathode to a YAG screen 1m away. The experiment showed that strong field emitters spontaneously appeared after breakdowns occurred, and the emitters were eliminated with increasing RF power. These results suggest that the conditioning process converts subsurface defects into field emitters and eliminates the emitters to improve the gradient threshold of breakdown.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION KNOWLEDGE GRAPH OF MUSEUM DISPLAY DESIGN ORIENTED TO AUDIENCE'S PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION KNOWLEDGE GRAPH OF MUSEUM DISPLAY DESIGN ORIENTED TO AUDIENCE'S PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE

Q-SAT for atmosphere and gravity field detection: Design, mission and preliminary results

Q-SAT, a small spherical satellite designed and developed by Tsinghua university, was successfully launched on Aug 6, 2020 at Jiuquan satellite launch center in China. The mission of Q-Sat is the joint measurement of long-wavelength Earth gravity field and upper atmosphere density, which is of great significance for improving spacecraft orbit prediction and promoting the development of satellite gravity measurement technology. The satellite is designed in spherical shape innovatively and deploys high dynamic dual-frequency GPS as the main payload. On-orbit data shows that the atmospheric density detection precision is in the order of 10−14kg/m3 and the gravity recovery precision achieves the level of 30 orders. All mission success criteria and objectives were achieved. This paper presents the design, space mission, key technologies, science capabilities and preliminary results of the satellite.

The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty by Jia Liyuan

Reviewed by: The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynastyby Jia Liyuan Shaoming Duan Excavating Early SF in China. Jia Liyuan. "Xian Dai" yu "Wei Zhi": Wan Qing Ke Huan Ziao Shuo Yan Jiu[ The Modern and the Unknown: A Study of Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty]. Beijing UP, 2021. 316 pp. ¥59.00 pbk. Jia Liyuan is a professor in the School of Literature at Tsinghua University in Beijing. His monograph focuses on science fiction in the late Qing dynasty (1840-1912) from the thematic perspective of "the modern and the unknown," suggesting the difficulty and complexity of using "modern" visions to explore "unknown" space-times, and demonstrating the excitement and confusion of novelists in the late Qing period when trying to imagine the future Datong[Great Unity] world and the possibilities of interstellar exploration. Focusing on sf texts written by intellectuals, Jia's monograph enables readers clearly to understand the attitude of these elites toward science. The fundamental purpose of science fiction in that era was to save a backward and corrupt government, and its mission was to publicize science and technology. Jia argues that the motif of "soul separated from body" that concerned novelists at that time still appears in contemporary Chinese sf. The relationship between "heart" and "body" (to which I return below) in these early fictions later became the motif of Chinese sf in the twentieth century (276). In the final days of the Qing dynasty, when ancient and modern ideas collided fiercely, intellectuals looked at social changes with new eyes and began to speculate in their fictions about future worlds. At this time there was no entry for "science fiction" in Chinese dictionaries. The subtitle of Jia's monograph, Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty, is obviously a retrospective identification of its origins in China, something of great interest to Chinese researchers nowadays. Jia's study looks at late Qing sf from three perspectives: sf's origins in the late Qing era, the ways in which sf was expressed in these early writings, and the sf themes that were of particular interest to these early writers. The Modern and the Unknownis comprised of an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. Jia's introduction is entitled "What Is Science Fiction in the Late Qing Dynasty?" During this period, the Dowager Empress Cixi and her ministers decided to introduce elements of modern western civilization, hoping to reform the state system and reinvigorate China. The intellectuals began to learn new methods of observing the world, such as theories of evolution and [End Page 399]scientific positivism. For these writers, the exploration and conquest of unknown islands or planets was the "panacea" for China's rejuvenation and the guarantee that China would lead humanity into the Datong world (roughly equivalent to pantisocracy) after becoming world ruler (3). The novelists of the late Qing outlined imaginative future worlds in the hopes of enlightening a benighted people and inspiring them to take action. Jia's first chapter is entitled "Liang Qichao: The Precursor of Chinese Science Fiction." In 1902, Liang Qichao wrote his only work of fiction, The Future of New China, in which he imagined that 60 years into the future China has become prosperous and strong. Representatives from countries all over the world have gathered in the capital Nanjing to hold a peace conference. Because of disputes over the sovereignty of Tibet and Mongolia, the Qing government has gone to war with Russia. At the end of the novel, through the mediation of Hungary, the contradiction is resolved. The action is presented as set in a "revolutionary past" that is being recalled from the "future." The Future of New Chinademonstrated a modern consciousness and a new aesthetic attitude towards the future, providing a beautiful vision to be filled in by a future humanity. The second chapter is entitled "Mirror and Image: New Stone Storyand Wu Jianren's Ways of Observation." Wu Jianren published important works in the journal The New Novel, founded by Liang Qichao, and Wu became the main writing force of the journal. Among his many works, his novel New Story of...

Strategies for counteracting social engineering attacks

As the result of a five-year project investigating social engineering attacks, researchers at Tsinghua University, China have identified a number of strategies that organisations can use to protect themselves. However, they warn that there is no single strategy that works for all forms of attack. And when choosing the right methods it's essential to consider the context, the environment and the available facilities.

ARCHER - a new Three-Dimensional method of characteristics neutron transport code for Pebble-bed HTR with coarse mesh finite difference acceleration

A new deterministic code ARCHER using Three-Dimensional (3-D) Method of Characteristics (MOC) has been developed by Institute of Nuclear and new Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University, aiming to obtain high-fidelity transport solution of pebble-bed High Temperature gas-cooled Reactor (HTR) with explicit pebble-bed geometry. However, 3-D MOC usually suffers from the slow convergence rate without efficient acceleration methods. In this work, the Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (CMFD) based on regular mesh is implemented to accelerate 3-D MOC calculation, which is available for the problems with cylinder and cuboid geometry. The complex geometry of reactor core with randomly stacked spherical fuel elements and irregular helium flow area, as well as the topological relationships between fine Flat Source Region (FSR) mesh for MOC and coarse CMFD mesh, are the key but challenging tasks for high-fidelity transport solution. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Boolean operation are constructed to describe problem geometry, which has the ability to deal with complex topological relationships between meshes. In addition, tree grid structure is utilized to reduce the time complexity of ray tracing and obtain the grid mapping relationship between coarse mesh and fine mesh. Spatial domain decomposition parallel based on MPI is utilized to alleviate the memory pressure and pursue high computational performance. Ray parallel is further achieved through OpenMP with shared memory. Several problems have been used to verify the geometric modeling capability and computational performance of this new 3-D MOC code for pebble-bed HTR.

The Exploration and Practices of TusPark in Promoting Business Incubation and Industrial Development

As a new platform for innovation, China's national university science parks gather a wealth of resources for innovation. They are not only the carriers of new knowledge, technologies and systems, but also that of new cultures. As one of the first batch of national university science parks in China, TusPark, which is backed by Tsinghua University with the active participation of varied entrepreneurial, R&D and financial institutions, has basically developed an ecological network for innovation that is distributed throughout the country. It has become an important platform for further transformation of the scientific and technological achievements of universities, as well as promoting the development of strategic emerging industries. Focused on TusPark’s functions and roles in advancing startup incubation and industrial development, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of TusPark’s developmental path, with research based on interviews conducted with people involved in TusPark’s construction and operations, as well as reviewing the developmental history and models of global university science parks with international perspectives and extracting TusPark’s unique developmental path and model. The aim of this paper is to analyse how TusPark, as the science park of China’s top university, blazed a trail for business incubation and industrial development. The paper presents some typical cases and explains TusPark’s major models for business incubation and industry cultivation. It also discusses the main factors of TusPark’s success and explores its approaches for encouraging future development under new domestic and international circumstances. This article is mainly divided into two parts: The first part mainly introduces historical background, main functions, operation mode, core achievements, success factors and future development prospect of TusPark; the second part briefs planning, construction and the operation management organization TusPark - Tus-Holdings Co., Ltd., including the company's founding background, development history, equity structure, management team and other basic information, as well as the original business model by TusHoldings, that is, building an innovation ecosystem with features of TusHoldings through the "multi-dimensional triple helix" model of government-enterprise-university, park-industry-finance and technology-capital-industry; and the ways to enhance core competitiveness of TusHoldings by building global innovation network, vertical incubation system and innovative industrial clusters.

Analysis and Exploration on Winning Factors of the 22nd CUBA Tsinghua University Men’s Basketball Team Championship

Analysis and Exploration on Winning Factors of the 22nd CUBA Tsinghua University Men’s Basketball Team Championship

Обучение китайских студентов-русистов навыкам перевода: учёт принципов теории экотранслятологии (на примере рассказа А.П. Чехова «Зиночка»)

Introduction. The most important area of research in the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language is teaching translation to foreign students. The quality of translation depends not only on the degree of proficiency in Russian, but also on how well students can use their native language. This is also observed among Chinese students who have difficulty translating Russian-language texts into Chinese. Hypothesis: the method of teaching translation using the theory of “eco-translatology” developed by Professor Hu Genshen of Tsinghua University (China) is relevant. The purpose of the study is to prove the effectiveness of the application of the Hu Genshen's theory in the formation and development of literary translation skills in Chinese students. Materials and methods: the theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, content analysis, comparative analysis, description and analysis of research results. A group of 20 Chinese third-year students of the "Philology" training course took part in the experiment. They performed tasks on the written translation of A.P. Chekhov's story “Zinochka”. Results: variants of translations of several fragments of this work are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of students' translations are noted; the significance of the main approach of the theory of eco-translatology – “adaptation and selection” – for teaching translation is evaluated. Conclusions. To obtain an adequate translation, it is necessary to deepen the work on the original text and the theory of translation. The teacher needs to develop students' ability to sense the emotional mood of the characters through specially organized work on this aspect. It is important for students to acquire the skills of taking into account the context, situational and stylistic features, to learn the structural differences of languages and strive to bring their knowledge of Chinese to a higher level, to develop vocabulary as a prerequisite for high-quality translation of texts of different speech styles.

Uncovering Research Trends in Safety Culture in the Global Construction Industry: A Bibliometric Analysis (1995-2020)

Introduction: Safety culture has mainly been used across several safety management literatures to describe the level of safety within workplaces. This paper presents the research landscape and scientific developments on safety culture in the global construction industry. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was employed to identify, screen, and analyze the published documents indexed in the Elsevier Scopus database. Next, the research landscape and scientific developments on the topic were examined by bibliometric analysis (BA) through co-authorship, keywords co-occurrence, and citations. Results: Results showed that 738 documents were published and indexed on the topic between 1995 and 2020. The findings showed that articles are the preferred medium, whereas Engineering is the preferred subject theme for published documents on the topic. The journal of Safety Science (published by Elsevier) is the most influential source of publications on the topic. In contrast, Dongping Fang, based at Tsinghua University (China), is the most influential researcher due to the substantial research grants and financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation. Further analysis showed that the most prolific authors on the topic are based in China, Australia, and Indonesia, although the United States has published the most documents. BA also revealed large networks of researchers and co-occurring keywords and the organizations and countries that currently exist, collaborate, and cite each other works on the topic. Conclusion: The findings indicate that safety culture in the global construction industry has undergone significant scientific developments resulting in high research impact mainly due to its role in preserving the health and safety of workers.

GTOC 11: Results from Tsinghua University and Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering

In this paper, the methods and results from Tsinghua University and Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering for the 11th Global Trajectory Optimization Competition (GTOC11) are presented. To deal with the complicated “Dyson Sphere” building problem, a three-stage procedure is conducted. First, the pre-analysis is performed to reduce search space. It is found that two-impulse maneuvers between asteroid flybys are near-optimal, the semi-major axis of the “Dyson Ring” should be better at 1.0–1.5 AU, and the larger arrival mass asteroids tend to be selected. Second, the globally optimal trajectory design problem is further divided into two sub-problems, the mothership trajectory design and the asteroid assignment to the “Dyson Ring” power stations. For the first problem, beam search is used to obtain numerous single mothership trajectories based on a pre-constructed flyby trajectory database of 3–8 asteroids. The overall trajectories and asteroids visited are obtained by selecting 10 mothership trajectories with a genetic algorithm. For the second problem, we build a database of optimal rendezvous times for all the 83,453 asteroids at different phase angles to reach power stations of different radii and phase angles, then a greedy algorithm is proposed to obtain the asteroid arrival schedule based on all the asteroids visited by motherships. Finally, local optimization of asteroid sequence and flyby epochs is conducted. The activation time adjustment in combination with indirect continuous-thrust trajectory optimization is used based on the global optimization result. In the final submission, motherships fly by 388 asteroids, and the minimum mass of twelve power stations reaches 94% of the theoretical upper bound, which is defined using the minimum-time orbital transfers with free initial and target phases.

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

Editorial

<p class="Text">Wearable technology, also known as wearables, smartwear, skin electronics of fashion technology, is a category of hands-free electronic devices that can be worn as accessories or embedded into clothes or skin surface. The usage involves all kinds of industries such as medicine, sports, apparel, health monitoring and management, and artificial intelligence.</p><p class="Text">As a new journal focused on wearable technology, we hope to provide a good communication platform for scholars and experts from various industries. It is our honor to invite Prof. Jun Qiu from Tsinghua University and Prof. Pibo Ma from Jiangnan University to write articles involving different fields for the first issue. Prof. Jun Qiu lab reviewed the strategic choices for high-quality development of smart wearable sporting goods industry. In this article, a strategic policy of people-oriented is established, focusing on research and development, and scientific management. Prof. Pibo Ma and his team pointed out that the type, structure and weaving method of the conductive yarn were important factors which affect the performance and wearing comfort of knitted sensors, and the electrical characteristics of two-dimensional extension and three-dimensional deformation in the strain stretching process of knitted sensors determined the effective strain sensing range.</p><p class="Text">Furthermore, we collected several other excellent articles on application of wearable technology and mechanisms or models about this technology, hoping to show an overview of this rapidly developed subject.</p><p class="Text"> </p><p class="Text" align="right">Editor-in-chief</p>Dr. Zhen Cao

CASTING: A Potent Supramolecular Strategy to Cytosolically Deliver STING Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

CASTING: A Potent Supramolecular Strategy to Cytosolically Deliver STING Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination