Tsinghua University Research Articles

Salvage boron neutron capture therapy for pediatric patients with recurrent diffuse midline glioma.

Pediatric diffuse malignant glioma located in the brainstem was officially named "diffuse midline glioma" (DMG) by the World Health Organization in 2016. For this disease, radical surgery is not beneficial, and the only major treatment strategy is radiotherapy. However, the dose limitations to brainstem tissue mean that treatment by radiotherapy can only control and not eradicate the tumors, and there is no effective treatment for recurrence, resulting in short overall survival of 6-12months. This paper reports our experience with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a new treatment process, and its efficacy in treating children with recurrent DMG. From September 2019 to July 2022, we treated 6 children affected by recurrent DMG. With the collaboration of Taipei Veteran General Hospital (TVGH) and National Tsing-Hua University (NTHU), each patient received two sessions of BNCT within 1month. Among the six patients, three showed partial response and the rest had stable disease after the treatment. The overall survival and recurrence-free survival duration after treatment were 6.39 and 4.35months, respectively. None of the patients developed severe side effects, and only one patient developed brain necrosis, which was most likely resulted from previous hypofractionated radiotherapy received. BNCT elicited sufficient tumor response with low normal tissue toxicity; it may benefit vulnerable pediatric patients with DMG.

Relationship between Locomotive Syndrome and Musculoskeletal Pain and Generalized Joint Laxity in Young Chinese Adults

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of locomotive syndrome (LS) and to examine the relationship of LS with musculoskeletal symptoms (pain, generalized joint laxity (GJL)) in young Chinese adults. Our study population (n = 157; mean age of 19.8 ± 1.2 years) comprises college student residents at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. Three screening methods were used to evaluate LS: 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25), a two-step test, and a stand-up test. Musculoskeletal pain was assessed by self-report and visual analog scale (VAS), and joint body laxity was evaluated using the GJL test. The prevalence of LS was 21.7% of all participants. Musculoskeletal pain affected 77.8% of the college students with LS and was strongly associated with LS. A total of 55.0% of college students with LS had four or more site joints that were positive for GJL, and higher scores of GJL were associated with a higher prevalence rate of LS. Young Chinese college students have a relatively high prevalence of LS, and musculoskeletal pain and GJL were significantly related to LS. The present results suggest that we need early screening of musculoskeletal symptoms and LS health education in young adults to prevent the mobility limitations of LS in the future.

"A Succinct Summary of Vision-based Building Occupancy Estimation"

Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology A Succinct Summary of Vision-based Building Occupancy Estimation Kailai Sun* Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems, Department of Automation, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China *Corresponding author:Kailai Sun, Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems, Department of Automation, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Submission: January 27, 2023;Published: February 07, 2023 DOI: 10.31031/ACET.2023.05.000615 ISSN: 2639-0574 Volume5 Issue3

Mapping of Cross-Lingual Emotional Topic Model Research Indexed in Scopus databases from 2000-2020

The scientific research on Cross-Lingual Emotional Topic models (CLETM) saw rising interest over the years. This study aims to identify the publication trends and growth potential of CLETM studies which will offer a better understanding and potential future research directions using bibliometric tools. All published articles related to ‘Cross Lingual’ or ‘Emotional topic model’ from Scopus were identified and analyzed using Bibliometrix R-package and VOSviewer software. A total of 1,188 publications were identified from 2000 to 2020 published in 429 journals contributed by 2529 authors with a 2.22 collaboration Index and 2.13 authors per document. Lecture Notes in Computer Science are most sources of published papers with 120 articles, h-index 12. The most active country was China with (TNP=145) documents. National Natural Science Foundation of China was the leading organization engaged in CLETM research funding. Li H who is affiliated with the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore was the most active author with 17 articles and h-index 9. Tsinghua University is the top author’s affiliation with 30 articles. The findings of this study provide landmarks, baseline information on vital research productivity, and insights into the historical progressions of CLETM research.

Annalen der Physik – Wiley's Physics Forum and Center of Excellence

<i>Annalen der Physik</i> – Wiley's Physics Forum and Center of Excellence

Design of the Tsinghua Tabletop Kibble Balance

The Kibble balance is a precision instrument for realizing the mass unit, the kilogram, in the new international system of units (SI). In recent years, an important trend for Kibble balance experiments is to go tabletop, in which the instrument’s size is notably reduced while retaining a measurement accuracy of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> . In this paper, we report a new design of a tabletop Kibble balance to be built at Tsinghua University. The Tsinghua Kibble balance aims to deliver a compact instrument for robust mass calibrations from 10 g to 1 kg with a targeted measurement accuracy of 50 μg or less. Some major features of the Tsinghua Kibble balance system, including the design of a new magnet, one-mode measurement scheme, the spring-compensated magnet moving mechanism, and magnetic shielding considerations, are discussed.

Contrastive Analysis of American and Chinese University Websites—A Case Study of Tsinghua and Harvard University

With the improvement of China’s national strength, more and more institutions of higher learning begin to seek international development, and the willingness of overseas institutions of higher learning to conduct international exchanges and cooperation with Chinese institutions of higher learning is also increasing. In the era of increasingly fierce competition in the world of higher education, colleges and universities are trying to seek higher level of cooperation institutions, which can not only train their students into more international talents, but also improve their own international image. For this reason, many Chinese colleges and universities’ web pages are made in both Chinese and English, and the English profile of the university plays an important role in providing foreign scholars and students with a better understanding of the university. In recent years, the number of Chinese students who go aboard for further study has risen sharply, however, the number of students coming to China to study grow slowly, one of the reasons is that the publicity of Chinese colleges and universities foreign propaganda is not enough, or the web site home page introduction in English does not accord with international friends of reading and thinking habit, which leads to the lack of the understanding of foreign students in Chinese universities, and then they don’t come to study in China.By comparing the differences between the website of Harvard University in the United States and the English version of the website of Tsinghua University in China, this thesis makes a comparative analysis of the differences between English and Chinese languages, hoping to give an in-depth thought on the comparative study of English and Chinese languages and the English translation of the websites of Chinese universities.

Generative AI, learning and new literacies

Launched in November 2022, OpenAI’s ChatGPT garnered over 100 million users within two months, sparking a surge in research and concern over potential risks of extensive AI experiments. The article, originating from a conference presentation by Tsinghua University and NTHU, Taiwan, provides a nuanced overview of Generative AI. It explores the classifications, applications, governance challenges, societal implications, and development trajectory of Generative AI, emphasizing its transformative role in employment and education. The piece highlights ChatGPT’s significant impact and the strategic adaptations required in various sectors, including medical education, engineering, information management, and distance education. Furthermore, it explores the opportunities and challenges associated with incorporating ChatGPT in educational settings, emphasizing its support in facilitating personalized learning, developing 21st-century competencies, fostering self-directed learning, and enhancing information accessibility. It also illustrates the integration of ChatGPT and text-to-image models in high school language courses through the lens of new literacies. The text uniquely integrates three layers of discourse: introductions to Generative AI by experts, scholarly debates on its merits and drawbacks, and practical classroom applications, offering a reflective snapshot of the current and potential states of Generative AI applications while emphasizing the interconnected discussions across various layers of discourse.

User Experience: A Bibliometric Review of the Literature

User experience is a well-discussed topic in the field of human–computer interaction. To describe the status of research on this topic, a bibliometric analysis of publications concerning user experience from 2011 to 2021 was conducted using the Web of Science database. The main functions of Derwent Data Analyzer software include data cleaning, mining, and visualization. The historical trends of the year, leading countries, leading institutions, major contributors, and leading research fields and journals were investigated, and a keyword analysis of the highly cited literature was performed. The key findings are as follows. The United States, China, and Britain are the three most productive countries. Tsinghua University in China is the most productive organization, and Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea has the highest average citations per publication. User experience has attracted the attention of numerous scholars in 204 research fields, and computer science information systems is the main field. “Usability,” “virtual reality,” “human–computer interaction,” and “augmented reality” are the most used keywords. A recent trend is the focus on molecular biology.

It takes more than being LAZY: regulation of shoot branching angle by BRXL4

It takes more than being <scp>LAZY</scp>: regulation of shoot branching angle by <scp>BRXL4</scp>

IEEE SSCS Beijing Chapter Organizes Five ISSCC Promotion Seminars [Chapters

The IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society (SSCS) Beijing Chapter, together with the SSCS Tsinghua Student Chapter, organized five International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) promotion seminars from late March to April, at Tsinghua University, Peking University, Beijing University of Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, respectively. The participants were mainly undergraduates majoring in electronic engineering and junior graduate students majoring in IC design.

An accurate prediction of the origin for bone metastatic cancer using deep learning on digital pathological images.

Determining the origin of bone metastatic cancer (OBMC) is of great significance to clinical therapeutics. It is challenging for pathologists to determine the OBMC with limited clinical information and bone biopsy. We designed a regional multiple-instance learning algorithm to predict the OBMC based on hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining slides alone. We collected 1041 cases from eight different hospitals and labeled 26,431 regions of interest to train the model. The performance of the model was assessed by ten-fold cross validation and external validation. Under the guidance of top3 predictions, we conducted an IHC test on 175 cases of unknown origins to compare the consistency of the results predicted by the model and indicated by the IHC markers. We also applied the model to identify whether there was tumor or not in a region, as well as distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumor. In the within-cohort, our model achieved a top1-accuracy of 91.35% and a top3-accuracy of 97.75%. In the external cohort, our model displayed a good generalizability with a top3-accuracy of 97.44%. The top1 consistency between the results of the model and the immunohistochemistry markers was 83.90% and the top3 consistency was 94.33%. The model obtained an accuracy of 98.98% to identify whether there was tumor or not and an accuracy of 93.85% to differentiate three types of cancers. Our model demonstrated good performance to predict the OBMC from routine histology and had great potential for assisting pathologists with determining the OBMC accurately. National Science Foundation of China (61875102 and 61975089), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong province (2021A15-15012379 and 2022A1515 012550), Science and Technology Research Program of Shenzhen City (JCYJ20200109110606054 and WDZC20200821141349001), and Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund (2020Z99CFZ023).

Robust Inventory Management: A Cycle-Based Approach

Problem definition: We study the robust formulation of an inventory model with positive fixed ordering costs, where the unfulfilled demand is either backlogged or lost, the lead time is allowed to be positive, the demand is potentially intertemporally correlated, and the information about the demand distribution is limited. Methodology/results: We propose a robust cycle-based policy that manages inventory by dividing the planning horizon into nonoverlapping inventory cycles, where an order is placed at the beginning of each cycle. Our policy selects the lengths and order quantities for all inventory cycles to minimize the worst-case total cost incurred over the planning horizon. When the uncertain demand belongs to a general polyhedral uncertainty set, the decisions in our policy can be computed by solving linear programs (LPs) for the backlogging model with any lead time and the lost-sales model with zero lead time; however, the number of LPs that need to be solved grows exponentially in the length of the planning horizon. In the special case where the uncertain demand belongs to a box uncertainty set, the decisions in our policy can be computed using a dynamic programming (DP) recursion whose complexity grows polynomially in the length of the planning horizon. We also propose a one-cycle look-ahead heuristic to handle large problem instances with a general polyhedral uncertainty set. This heuristic can be applied for both the backlogging and lost-sales models with any lead time, and it only requires solving LPs whose number grows quadratically in the length of the planning horizon. Results from extensive computational experiments clearly show that both a rolling-cycle implementation of our policy and the one-cycle look-ahead heuristic have very strong empirical performance. Managerial implications: Our robust cycle-based policy and the one-cycle look-ahead heuristic are conceptually simple and can accommodate multiple realistic features in inventory management problems. They provide a very effective approach to robust inventory management, especially in the lost-sales setting. Funding: Y. Chen was supported by a start-up grant from Nanyang Technological University. C. Wang was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71802115] and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1168 .

A Cleavable Self-Inclusion Conjugate with Enhanced Biocompatibility and Antitumor Bioactivity

A Cleavable Self-Inclusion Conjugate with Enhanced Biocompatibility and Antitumor Bioactivity

Open for All at ChemElectroChem

Open for All at <i>ChemElectroChem</i>

High-Fidelity Neutron Transport Solution of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor by Three-Dimensional Linear Source Method of Characteristics

Recently, a three-dimensional method of characteristics (MOC) code called Advanced Reactor CHaracteristics tracER (ARCHER) has been developed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, to solve the neutron transport problem in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTRs) with explicit pebble-bed geometry. Although the spatial domain decomposition using the message passing interface (MPI) and the ray parallel using OpenMP have been implemented in the previous version of ARCHER, in order to simulate practical HTR problems it is still necessary to reduce the great computational burden through efficient algorithms. Therefore, the linear source approximation (LSA) scheme, which allows coarser transport calculation grids while maintaining high accuracy, has been added in the latest version of ARCHER to relieve memory pressure together with the MPI-based spatial domain decomposition. Moreover, on-the-fly calculation of the relative position coordinates of the ray segment center can further reduce the memory for storing segment information under LSA. In addition, time-consuming MOC transport sweeps can be reduced greatly with coarse-mesh finite difference (CMFD) acceleration. Numerical results show that both LSA and CMFD acceleration contribute to simulate the practical HTR-10 problem successfully.

Approaching Transcultural Communication and the Global South: A Conversation With Prof. Herman Wasserman

Abstract Herman Wasserman is a Professor of Journalism at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. He has published widely on media, ethics and democracy in Africa and has consulted for organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the Centre for International Media Assistance and given keynote addresses and invited lectures at universities worldwide. He has been a visiting scholar at Indiana University, Tsinghua University, the University of Houston and the Ludwig–Maximilian University. His awards include the Georg Foster Prize from the German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, a Fulbright Fellowship, amongst others. He is often quoted in international media and serves on the editorial boards of more than fifteen international scholarly journals. He is Editor-in-Chief of the African Journalism Studies and the Annals of the International Communication Association. He is a Fellow of the International Communication Association and an elected member of the Academy of Science of South Africa. In this interview, Wasserman talks about international inequality in communication and media studies, the importance of decolonizing communication studies, and the need to include more vantage points from the Global South in communication scholarship and knowledge production in general. Wasserman also discusses about the importance of revisiting indigenous philosophy while alerting us against romanticizing or essentializing these philosophies. He further talks about his recent works on media ethics, disinformation, and how they connect to the wider debate on topics such as information disorder in the Global South.

Clinical and gastroscopic features of children with cyclic vomiting syndrome: an analysis of 63 cases

To study the clinical and gastroscopic features of children with cyclic vomiting syndrome. A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 63 children with cyclic vomiting syndrome who were hospitalized and followed up in Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University from August 2019 to March 2022. Among the 63 children, there were 30 boys and 33 girls, with a mean age of 6.11 years, a mean course of disease of 2.57 years, and a mean vomiting period of 4.04 days. The most common accompanying symptom was listlessness or somnolence (55/63, 87%), followed by anorexia (45/63, 71%), abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort (40/63, 63%), constipation (19/63, 30%), salivation (12/63, 19%), nausea (11/63, 17%), headache (11/63, 17%), fever (6/63, 10%), and rash (1/63, 2%). All 63 children underwent gastroscopy, among whom 3 had no marked abnormalities, 22 (35%) had chronic superficial gastritis or chronic non-atrophic gastritis alone, and 38 (60%) had other abnormal changes aside from chronic gastritis (16 children with reflux esophagitis, 12 with bile reflux gastritis, 13 with duodenitis, 10 with erosive gastritis, and 5 with gastric or duodenal ulcer). Among the 63 children, 42 underwent pathological examinations of gastric mucosa, among whom 5 had no marked abnormalities, 34 had mild chronic gastritis, 2 had moderate chronic gastritis, and 1 had severe chronic gastritis. Among the 63 children, 15 received 24-hour dynamic esophageal pH monitoring during the interictal period, among whom 9 children were found to have pathological acid reflux. In addition to recurrent vomiting, most children with cyclic vomiting syndrome also have the symptoms such as somnolence or listlessness, anorexia, and abdominal pain. The main manifestation on gastroscopy is chronic gastritis, and most children may also have reflux esophagitis, bile reflux gastritis, and erosive gastritis. Mild chronic gastritis is the main pathological change of gastric mucosa.

Chinese Named Entity Recognition Method Combining ALBERT and a Local Adversarial Training and Adding Attention Mechanism

For Chinese NER tasks, there is very little annotation data available. To increase the dataset, improve the accuracy of Chinese NER task, and improve the model's stability, the authors propose a method to add local adversarial training to the transfer learning model and integrate the attention mechanism. The model uses ALBERT for migration pre-training and adds perturbation factors to the output matrix of the embedding layer to constitute local adversarial training. BILSTM is used to encode the shared and private features of the task, and the attention mechanism is introduced to capture the characters that focus more on the entities. Finally, the best entity annotation is obtained by CRF. Experiments are conducted on People's Daily 2004 and Tsinghua University open-source text classification datasets. The experimental results show that compared with the SOTA model, the F1 values of the proposed method in this paper are improved by 7.32 and 7.98 in the two different datasets, respectively, proving that the accuracy of the method in this paper is improved in the Chinese domain.

Long and Covalently Conjugated Branched DNA Structures for in Situ Gelation in Vivo

Long and Covalently Conjugated Branched DNA Structures for in Situ Gelation in Vivo