Truthful Information Research Articles

Ethical Dilemmas and Team Dynamics in Providing Therapeutic Care for a Mother–Baby Dyad With HIV

Health care providers are grounded in the concept of providing patient-centered care in an environment of beneficence and nonmaleficence and promoting patient autonomy and truthfulness. Patients’ rights to truthful information, informed consent, and privacy as well as freedom from discrimination provide the framework for care delivery.

Incentivizing Wi-Fi Network Crowdsourcing: A Contract Theoretic Approach

Crowdsourced wireless community network enables the individual users to share their private Wi-Fi access points (APs) with each other, hence it can achieve a large Wi-Fi coverage with a small deployment cost via crowdsourcing. This paper presents a novel contract-based incentive framework to incentivize such a Wi-Fi network crowdsourcing under incomplete information (where each user has certain private information such as mobility pattern and Wi-Fi access quality). In the proposed framework, the network operator designs and offers a set of contract items to users, each consisting of a Wi-Fi access price (that a user can charge others for accessing his AP) and a subscription fee (that a user needs to pay the operator for joining the community). Different from the existing contracts in the literature, in our contract model, each user’s best choice depends not only on his private information but also on other user’s choices. This greatly complicates the contract design, as the operator needs to analyze the equilibrium choices of all users, rather than the best choice of each single user. We first derive the feasible contract that guarantees the user’s truthful information disclosure based on the equilibrium analysis of the user choice, and then derive the optimal (and feasible) contract that yields a maximal profit for the operator. Our analysis shows that a user who provides a higher Wi-Fi access quality is more likely to choose a higher Wi-Fi access price and subscription fee, regardless of the user mobility pattern. Simulation results further show that when increasing the average Wi-Fi access quality of users, the operator can gain more profit, but (counter-intuitively) offer lower Wi-Fi access prices and subscription fees for users.

La evidencia y el debate clínico del nuevo SLI-LNG 19,5 mg y su uso en la mujer nulípara a revisión

The high rate of unwanted pregnancies results in a high social and economic impact worldwide. One of the most important strategies to reduce this problem is to increase the use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, due to their efficacy, cost-effectiveness and the independence that these methods provide to their users. LARC methods have been shown to be safe for most women, regardless of age and parity. Kyleena® is the new LARC option. A new levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) containing 19.5mg of levonorgestrel and provides a high contraceptive efficacy over 5years of use, with a cumulative 5-year Pearl Index of 0.29. Its small size allows a narrower insertion tube to be used and is more suitable for nulliparous women or those women with a narrower cervical canal. In addition to the contraceptive efficacy, Kyleena® may benefit users by providing a reduction in the duration and volume of menstrual bleeding. Many women and healthcare providers have shown certain resistance to intrauterine contraception due to the existence of misperceptions towards these methods. It is important to overcome these barriers, providing contrasted and truthful information about all existing methods, so that health professionals can provide complete contraceptive counselling for all women. This review approaches the clinically relevant aspects of the new LNG-IUS 19.5mg Kyleena® method and the benefits it can provide to women.

Adverse events of vaccines and the consequences of non-vaccination: a critical review.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE:To analyze the risks related to vaccines and the impacts of non-vaccination on the world population.METHODS:This is a narrative review that has considered information present in the bibliographic databases NCBI-PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), between November 2015 and November 2016. For the analysis of outbreaks caused by non-vaccination, we considered the work published between 2010 and 2016.RESULTS:We have described the main components of the vaccines offered by the Brazilian public health system and the adverse events associated with these elements. Except for local inflammatory reactions and rare events, such as exacerbation of autoimmune diseases and allergies, no causal relationship has been demonstrated between the administration of vaccines and autism, Alzheimer's disease, or narcolepsy. On the other hand, the lack of information and the dissemination of non-scientific information have contributed to the reemergence of infectious diseases in several countries in the world and they jeopardize global plans for the eradication of these diseases.CONCLUSIONS:The population should be well informed about the benefits of vaccination and health professionals should assume the role of disseminating truthful information with scientific support on the subject, as an ethical and professional commitment to society.

La protección constitucional del consumidor frente a la publicidad engañosa

The dynamics of the consumer society has turned misleading advertising into one of the main problems that citizens face in contemporary times. The need of the entrepreneur to extend his products to a massive public, in a competitive market, sometimes leads him to alter the information he disseminates, misleading consumers. The objective of this article is to analyze the new advertising scenario, checking if the person's ability to choose is flawed, thus violating free competition. This increase in the assumptions of misleading advertising requires legal research on advertising discourse at present and the application of the principle of truthfulness, in accordance with the doctrinal positioning of various authors specialized in the subject. In summary, this research studies the right to receive truthful and objective information that the consumer has, focusing on the protection that the constitutional text establishes for the cases of deception or error in advertising.

Partial disclosure of information in the presence of presumable nocebo effects: an ethical analysis

When prescribing a treatment, the physician should give truthful information about the likely benefits and the potential adverse effects, allowing the patient to make an autonomous decision about whether to take the treatment. However, the mere expectation of adverse effects may precipitate the corresponding symptoms. This is called "nocebo effect", which in contrast to the placebo effect, can lead to harm to the patient due to psychological factors. Nocebo effects are common and clinically significant, although often unnoticed. This situation generates conflicts in medical ethics guiding principles, namely the moral obligation to disclose all possible effects of the prescribed drug as opposed to the duty of avoiding the harm of side effects that are likely to occur in a case. In other words, the physician faces a dilemma between the due respect for autonomy and the duty of non-maleficence. This article reflects about this conflict, by exploring the limits of the principle of autonomy and how to balance it with the principle of non-maleficence. We suggest an interpretation of the principle of autonomy from a patient-centered perspective, suggesting that it is ethically sound to give a prudential, partial disclosure of information to the patient, for the sake of avoiding potential nocebo effects. The article concludes with some cautionary considerations to be considered about this decision.

Derechos humanos y democratización de los medios de comunicación

El presente artículo se propone analizar la relación que hay entre la libertad de prensa, concebida y practicada por los grandes medios de comunicación, y el derecho humano a una información independiente y veraz, tal como se entiende y propone en algunos tratados, pactos, convenciones y declaraciones internacionales con respecto a la libertad de opinión y la libertad de expresión como derechos humanos. Para ello se toman en cuenta las controversias vividas entre los grandes medios de comunicación y algunos de los gobiernos progresistas en América del Sur en los últimos tres lustros. Se exponen y analizan los argumentos esgrimidos con respecto a los derechos humanos que la sociedad civil requiere al recibir la información y los derechos que los dueños de los grandes medios consideran les asisten. Dado que la prioridad de las empresas privadas de comunicación es el lucro, entonces la información se convierte en un producto más de consumo. Se concluye que esta situación es un problema real para la formación y configuración de una sociedad democrática, y se propone la necesidad de que los medios de comunicación sean democratizados para resguardar los derechos humanos de todos.

A Spectrum Auction Enables Spectrum Spatial Reuse Among SUs in Cognitive Networks

Spectrum auction has been considered as an effective way for dynamic spectrum access. In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum auction framework which enables spectrum spatial reuse among secondary users (SUs) and the payment rule is optimized here. There are two stages during the framework: auction and payment. Auction phase, the winner determination problem (WDP) is modeled as a 0/1 knapsack problem, and the Genetic Algorithm is selected to solve it. Payment phase, a payoff function similar to the Second-Price Auction is made, to ensure that all the SUs can get non-negative utilities only with their truthful information. Finally, simulation experiments show that the proposed auction mechanism has a better performance in solving the problem of WDP.

EXPENDITURE CONTROL IN THE DEPARTMENT: PER DIEM ALLOWANCES AND SNR COMMISSIONS

By maintaining adequate management in the Superintendence of Notary and Registry SNR, where there are departments in its organi- zational structure that maintain a level of priority, so that most of the money enters or leaves for any of the operations that are recorded in the base of data within the department of per diem and commissions having a control of the money that enters and leaves in an orderly manner and with truthful information that allows us to demonstrate the proper functioning and con- trol of the expenses that are generated by the trips made by the officials. According to the research carried out, the Viaticals and Commissions area is taken into account, since the change of the year from 2017 to 2018 by order of the board diminished the money allocated to this department, evidencing an unjustifiable increase related to the previous years, generating in this way an alert to be entered to review the disbursements that are made and maintain an effective con- trol avoiding the additional charges not just by the officials where unnecessary trips are evidenced generating in this way a increase in the budget.

Receiver’s dilemma

In a sender–receiver game, the sender’s concern for his credibility as a source of truthful information will boost his incentive to report truthfully. However, because his preferences over the outcomes differ from the receivers’, he still has an incentive to manipulate information in his favor. While the receivers comprehend this incentive, we nevertheless show that they do not ignore his message and play according to his preferences, which leads to his (not their) favorite outcome. This is the dilemma that the receivers are faced with. We identify a generic game that shows this receiver’s dilemma.

Who to select: Identifying critical sources in social sensing

Social sensing has emerged as a new data collection paradigm in networked sensing applications where humans are used as “sensors” to report their observations about the physical world. While many previous studies in social sensing focus on the problem of ascertaining the reliability of data sources and the correctness of their reported claims (often known as truth discovery), this paper investigates a new problem of critical source selection. The goal of this problem is to identify a subset of critical sources that can help effectively reduce the computational complexity of the original truth discovery problem and improve the accuracy of the analysis results. In this paper, we propose a new scheme, Critical Source Selection (CSS), to find the critical set of sources by explicitly exploring both dependency and speak rate of sources. We evaluated the performance of our scheme and compared it to the state-of-the-art baselines using two data traces collected from a real world social sensing application. The results showed that our scheme significantly outperforms the baselines by finding more truthful information at a higher speed.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО- ІНСТИТУЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

The article defines the essence of entrepreneurship and reveals the views of domestic scientists on this term. The characteristic features and functions of entrepreneurship are given, the subjects that are related to entrepreneurial activity are indicated and the categories of citizens who are not allowed to engage in entrepreneurial activity. The author reflects the types of business entities, which are divided into micro-enterprises, small, medium and large depending on the size, average number of employees for the reporting period (calendar year) and annual income from any activity of the enterprise. The dynamics of the number of operating enterprises in Ukraine, including agriculture, forestry and fisheries during 2016-2020, is analyzed, the reasons leading to the decrease in the number of enterprises and their competitiveness are given. The presented work reflects the main components of organizational and institutional support of entrepreneurship, which consist of two important parts - organizational and institutional. The importance of human resources is noted, because today in Ukraine there is an increasing question of improving its efficiency in enterprises. Wages are one of the ways to motivate staff, through which the company is able to retain creative and promising employees. The article highlights the need to provide enterprises with technical means and technologies, the formation of equity and borrowed capital, the use of the latest developments in science and technology. It is equally important to provide the company with reliable and truthful information about the domestic and global markets.

Moral externalization is an implausible mechanism for cooperation, let alone "hypercooperation".

To facilitate cooperation, moral externalization requires truthful and meticulous information about others' moral commitments (Stanford target article, sect. 6). By definition, this information does not exist in the low-information environments where humans display their "hypercooperativeness." Furthermore, collecting that information-if possible-entails costs that other mechanisms for correlated interaction avoid. Hence, moral externalization is an unlikely mechanism for cooperation, let alone "hypercooperation."

Methodological proposal for the supply chain risk management within the aeronautical sector

This works describes the agents involved in the supply chain of the aeronautical sector. These agents are in charge of receiving and processing truthful information that is subject to a series of risks. Within the paradigm of globalisation of markets, the aeronautics industries must face the risks derived from the decentralisation of their value processes. Even though this decentralisation is mainly aimed at reducing costs, it also generates uncertainty due to the introduction of suppliers in developing markets. We propose a methodology that helps identify and classify these risks and allows selecting and sizing the most appropriate strategy to deal with them. The most frequent reactions developed by the companies to manage the risks are explained through a real case study of the aeronautical sector. Finally, in only six months, the application of the methodology to the real aeronautical case has allowed the risk management department to reduce them by 35%.

Russian banking system: searching for trust

The article is devoted to the study of trust, as an economic resource, contributing to the reduction of transaction costs. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, the authors define trust, as the transaction participants’ conviction that they can rely entirely on the counterparties’ promises. After that, the character of the damage that the society experiences from the disappearance of the relationship of trust is determined. These losses are caused by the switching of resources from the productive area to the scope of transaction management. Then the authors formulate the conditions that are necessary for the emergence of trust as such and for its spread in the Russian economy. There are two such conditions. The first is the impossibility of changing the contract unilaterally, without taking into account the interests of the counterparty. The second condition is the ability to control the execution of the transaction at any time by the counterparty. Later, the authors set out the reasons why trust has not spread in the political and economic life of contemporary Russia. The second part of the article explores the specific economic problems that arise in connection with the lack of trust between the parties to the contract. As an example, the banking sector, that is, perhaps the most important branch of the modern economy is considered. The second part begins with a short historical overview of the development of the banking sector of modern Russia. It is noted that real interaction between commercial banks and the Russian households began only in the 21st century, when the ruble exchange rate stabilized and the household incomes began to grow rapidly. At the same time, the practice of opportunistic behavior of commercial banks in relation to households was formed. This practice manifests itself in the systematic provision of false information to the customers or withholding truthful information from them. The opportunism of banks, along with high real interest rates, has caused the extremely small role played by Russia’s banking system in shaping consumer demand and, accordingly, overcoming the economic crisis. The passive position taken by the Bank of Russia in confronting banks and households is noted.

El balanceo constitucional y la aplicación del método de proporcionalidad en las encuestas electorales

El presente articulo tiene como objeto determinar la posibilidad de reglamentar las encuestas electorales en Colombia. Para ello, se aborda desde la metodologia de la linea jurisprudencial y de la dogmatica juridica, cuales serian las normas legislativas que, por una parte, respetarian la libertad de opinion e informacion y, por otra parte, se desarrollarian dentro de la funcion legislativa y el limite de informacion veraz.

Strategic Communication for Capacity Alignment with Pricing in a Supply Chain

We study a supply chain comprised of a retailer who sources a product from a manufacturer. The retailer has superior forecast information about market demand, and the manufacturer builds the capacity and sets the wholesale price prior to demand realization. We explore forecast information sharing between the retailer and the manufacturer by means of cheap talk. We show that meaningful forecast information can be shared truthfully only before the manufacturer sets both the capacity and the wholesale price. By sharing the demand forecast with the manufacturer, the retailer faces the trade-offs between inflating the forecast to convince the manufacturer to increase capacity and deflating the forecast to persuade the manufacturer to offer a lower wholesale price. When the value of forecast information sharing is high, the trade-offs are balanced, and incentives are aligned, leading to truthful information sharing. Moreover, we find that larger demand uncertainty can promote credible information sharing and, surprisingly, can benefit both firms. Finally, we demonstrate that under general distributions, in equilibrium, firms share forecasts as a form of range/interval, which has been also implemented in practice. This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.

Sabotage in Capital Budgeting: The Effects of Control and Honesty on Investment Decisions

This study examines the sabotage of feasible investments in capital budgeting in response to hurdle contracts as a means of formal control. Managers sabotage investments by falsely claiming that the investment misses the hurdle although it does not. We develop an analytical model and conduct a laboratory experiment to examine factors that drive or inhibit sabotage. Our results show that managers sabotage investments to reciprocate the distrust that the firm’s choice of the hurdle contract signals to them. Sabotage is thus largely driven by negative reciprocity. Conversely, budget requests that require factual assertions activate managers’ preference for honesty, which inhibits them from misreporting information in order to sabotage investments. Interestingly, we find an interaction between honesty and negative reciprocity: honesty suppresses negative reciprocity and therefore reduces sabotage not only directly but also indirectly. Our findings highlight sabotage as a hidden cost of control in participative budgeting. They also show that honesty, in addition to eliciting more truthful information, has an ethical spill-over effect as it suppresses negative reciprocity. Our findings warn firms to consider sabotage as a cost of control in capital budgeting.

A Study of The Effect of Demand Uncertainty for Low-Carbon Products Using a Newsvendor Model.

This paper studies the effect of uncertain demand on a low-carbon product by using a newsvendor model. With two different kinds of market scales, we examine a game whereby a manufacturer produces and delivers a single new low-carbon product to a single retailer. The retailer observes the demand information and gives an order before the selling season. We find in the game that if the retailer shares truthful (or in contrast unreal or even does not share) forecast information with the manufacturer, the manufacturer will give a low (high) wholesale price through the sequence of events. In addition, as a policy-maker, the government posts a subsidy by selling the low-carbon product per unit. The manufacturer creates a new contract with a rebate for the retailer. We also take the consumer aversion coefficient and truth coefficient as qualitative variables into our model to study the order, pricing, and expected profit for the members of supply chain. The research shows that uncertain demand causes a the major effect on the new low-carbon product. Thereby, we suggest the retailer should share more truthful information with the manufacturer.

Managing and reallocating inventory across two markets with local information

Consider a firm that controls inventory centrally for two separate markets that are managed by regional managers having local demand information. The central planner provides a dedicated inventory level to each market, to ensure a minimum service level, but can reallocate inventory once associated demands are filled. How should such a firm solicit regional managers to share their local information so inventory levels can be set efficiently? In this paper, we study a forecast sharing game in such a firm, where demand information lies within regions and inventory is managed by a central decision maker. We show that incentives are misaligned and truthful information sharing is not an equilibrium. We study two potential ways to improve the system: a) regional managers directly place orders (rather than simply passing demand forecasts), or b) a pricing scheme for inventory reallocations is imposed. We show that under direct ordering a unique pure strategy Bayesian Nash equilibrium exists and makes retailers place orders based on their true forecasts, although the requested order quantities are not system optimal (e.g., some inventory pooling benefits are lost). Under an endogenous transfer pricing mechanism set by the central planner, we find that a first best truth telling equilibrium is possible under certain conditions. We conduct a numerical study to examine the different cases and find that when the critical fractile is high, direct ordering results in lower inventories while the reverse is true when the critical fractile is low. Expected profit comparisons show the value of local information.