Truthful Information Research Articles

COVID-19, Fake News, and Vaccines: Should Regulation Be Implemented?

We analysed issues concerning the establishment of compulsory vaccination against COVID-19, as well as the role of misinformation as a disincentive—especially when published by health professionals—and citizen acceptance of measures in this regard. Data from different surveys revealed a high degree of hesitation rather than outright opposition to vaccines. The most frequent complaint related to the COVID-19 vaccination was the fear of side effects. Within the Spanish and European legislative framework, both compulsory vaccination and government regulation of FN (Fake News) appear to be feasible options, counting on sufficient legal support, which could be reinforced by additional amendment. However, following current trends of good governance, policymakers must have public legitimation. Rather than compulsory COVID-19 vaccination, an approach based on education and truthful information, persuading the population of the benefits of a vaccine on a voluntary basis, is recommended. Disagreements between health professionals are positive, but they should be resolved following good practice and the procedures of the code of ethics. Furthermore, citizens do not support the involvement of government authorities in the direct control of news. Collaboration with the media and other organizations should be used instead.

ЕКОНОМІЧНА СУТНІСТЬ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ЗВІТНОСТІ, МЕТОДИКА ЇЇ СКЛАДАННЯ І АУДИТУ

The article investigates theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence of financial reporting, its purpose and definition in the economic literature. In Ukraine, financial statements are defining as a system of interrelated generalized indicators that characterize the financial condition of the enterprise at a certain date and the results of its activities for the reporting period. Preparation of financial statements is basing on the accounting of the enterprise. Information from the financial statements is the main sources of information for the analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise, and the forms of financial statements are the objects of research during the audit, forensic economic examinations, etc. It is on the bossing of financial statements can be considered in detail and assess the financial condition of the enterprise, and accordingly make informed management decisions. The concept of “financial reporting” is forming, which is taking into account the characteristics of various economic entities, both legal entities and individuals. The results of the study made it possible to summarize the results of the study and to classify the main users of financial statements based on their information needs. The basic normative-legal provision and state regulation of financial reporting in Ukraine are defined and systematized. It is establishing that the purpose of accounting and financial reporting is to provide users for decision-making complete, truthful and unbiased information about the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the enterprise. It established that the results of the audit of financial statements assess the actual state of the economy and explore the prospects for growth of business activity to improve the efficiency of economic activity. The audit of financial statements in times of crisis complicated by the desire of companies to hide the negative impact of certain business transactions and their consequences on the financial condition and performance of the company, which poses a threat of unreliability of financial statements. The study identified the peculiarities of the formation of financial statements in times of crisis and systematized crisis markers that allow you to focus as compilers and users of financial statements on the main caveats caused by the crisis.

ОСНОВЫ ТЕОРИИ ПРЕДДОГОВОРНОГО ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА

The article deals with the relatively new rules of Art. 434.1 the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the conduct of negotiations. Taking into account the current wording of the said rule and the experience of foreign legislation on pre-contractual liability, the article argues for different theories justifying the nature of pre-contractual legal relations and liability and gives different positions of the authors on this issue. Proceeding from the doctrinal concept of obligation and characteristics of pre-contractual relations themselves the conclusion is made that these relations, firstly, are regulated by law and, secondly, they are not simply a legal relation but an obligation. It is based on certain actions of the negotiating partners that give rise to such an obliga-tion. As such, any action that is sufficiently certain (in some cases it may be required by law) and expresses the intention of the person to regard himself as negotiating with the addressee, who will in return perform the same sufficiently certain action, can be regarded as such. The specified characteristics of an action allow us to conclude that, from the point of view of classification of legal facts, this action is an act (because it is performed with a certain in-tention evident to other participants of civil turnover) and, moreover, it is also a transaction. Special rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulate that the actions performed to enter into negotiations (for example, if the conclusion of a contract is binding on one party) or the actions of both partners entail legal consequences - the obligation to negotiate in good faith. The analysis of these legal relationships identifies three stages in their development, charac-terises them and attempts to answer more precisely the question of who can be a participant in the negotiation process depending on the stage of the negotiation process. The subject matter of an obligation arising during pre-contractual contacts will be actions aimed at negotiating and concluding a contract. The content of the obligation arising in the course of pre-contractual contacts, based on Art. 434.1 of the Civil Code will be the obligation to negotiate in good faith (paragraph 2 of the above rule). Assuming that the legislator provides an indicative list of actions that should fall within the scope of bad faith conduct, an indicative list of the "standard" of good faith conduct at the negotiation stage is given. This includes the obligation to provide full and truthful information to a party, including the reporting of circumstances that, due to the nature of the contract, must be brought to the attention of the other party (e.g. in a sale, all encumbrances on the subject of the contract must be reported). In addition, persons are obliged to negotiate only if they intend to conclude a contract, not to terminate negotiations suddenly and unjustifiably, and to take into account the rights and legitimate interests of the other party to the negotiation. The obligation under this obligation may also include a requirement not to disclose infor-mation obtained during the negotiation of the contract.

Deepfakes, Privacy, and Freedom of Speech

Inauthentic media depictions can harm a person’s privacy and reputation and pose a risk to broader society, as well. “Deepfake” technology allows the creation of a type of inauthentic media using “deep machine learning” techniques, using a computer to quickly swap or simulate faces, voices, and movements. In a blog post on the YourWitness Blog (yourwitness.csulaw.org), Professor Christa Laser argues that Notice and Takedown procedures available in copyright law can be expanded to protect persons from deepfakes. Professor Eric Goldman thinks that such a reform would inhibit the dissemination of truthful information.

Activities of The First Ukrainian Representation in Istanbul: State Mission of Diplomats

The article offers an insight into the foundations and main directions of work of the Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Istanbul through the prism of the personalities of its leaders. The author paid particular attention to the problems that Ukrainians had to face at the first stage of the formation of Ukrainian-Turkish diplomatic relations. The article was prepared on the basis of archival information contained in documents, which are mainly stored in the Central State Archives of the High Authorities and Administration of Ukraine. The results of studies of Ukrainian and Turkish scientists are taken into account. Based on the documents revealed and historiography, it was stated that the activity of the first Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Turkey lasted more than three years. During April 1918 – June 1922, there were five heads of the diplomatic mission, namely Mykola Levytskyi, Mykhailo Sukovkin, Oleksandr Lototskyi, Jan Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, Lev Lisniak, each of whom exerted best of their strengths, intelligence and devotion to the national idea to implement the state mission. Mykhailo Sukovkin inflicted harm on the image of Ukraine maintaining contacts within the White Guard and demonstrating a non-Ukrainian position. The author states that the main areas of activity of the diplomatic mission were to establish political and economic relations, disseminate truthful information about Ukraine, achieve recognition of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, popularize and institutionalise the idea of the Black Sea Union, organise aid to Ukrainian prisoners of war and refugees in Istanbul, form them into Ukrainian army units. The termination of the activities of the Embassy of the UPR was the result of the signing of interstate treaties between Turkey and the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR in 1922. The mutual diplomatic presence of the UPR and the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and the extension of the stay of the Ukrainian diplomatic mission in Istanbul in June 1922 give grounds to suggest that after the restoration of Ukraine’s state independence in 1991, the Ukrainian-Turkish diplomatic relations were not established but restored. Keywords: Ukrainian People’s Republic, Ukrainian State, Embassy of the UPR in the Ottoman Empire, Brest Peace Treaty.

Vaccine fake news: an analysis under the World Health Organization's 3Cs model.

To analyze fake news about immunobiologicals using as reference vaccine hesitancy in the World Health Organization's 3Cs model (confidence, complacency and convenience). This is an exploratory qualitative research that used content analysis to analyze fake news on three national news-checking sites. Twenty fake news related to immunobiologicals were analyzed, with 55% published in 2018 and 63% related to yellow fever vaccine. From analysis of results, two empirical categories have emerged: Immunobiologicals have a potential risk of death/sequel; Immunobiologicals are ineffective. Fake news have the potential to produce vaccine hesitancy based on the 3Cs model. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink communicative health practices that do not underestimate the asymmetries and inequities that characterize the unequal Brazilian society. Considering that nursing is the largest workforce in immunization rooms, there is a need for professionals' engagement as an active vehicle of truthful information in immunobiologicals for the population.

СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ НЕДОВЕРИЯ К ЧУЖОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ В НЕМЕЦКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ

This article describes the main ways of expressing mistrust in information received from third parties, based on the material of modern German and Russian languages. Despite the calls of thinkers to produce extremely truthful information, there is a regular deviation from these slogans in communication. However, the speaker has in his arsenal the means to express distrust of information of such a plan. We are talking about the conjunctiva, the infinitive constructions of the modal verbs sollen and wollen in the secondary function and the modal word angeblich in the German language, while in the Russian language we can talk about constructions with modal speech particles мол, дескать, де, якобы.

Co-creation in North American and European digital native media: Web, social networks and offline spaces

Organisations from various productive sectors are increasingly involving their audiences in their co-creation processes, both for production and for the ideation and marketing of the products they offer. This research analyses this issue in native digital newspapers, offering a comparative perspective between Europe and the United States. The co-creation options that these newspapers, developed on and for the internet, provided to their readers, are investigated in the three scenarios in which it is possible to co-create: via web, social networks and offline spaces. The findings indicate that the spaces enabled for co-creation are still residual and that the media should continue to value citizen’s contributions, and carrying on incorporating those contributions within their agendas, thus protecting freedom of expression, as well as the right to receive truthful information.

Constructing Discourses on (Un)truthfulness: Attributions of Reality, Misinformation, and Disinformation by Politicians in a Comparative Social Media Setting

In the setting of increasingly more fragmented digital communication settings, the accuracy and honesty of (political) information has become subject of fierce debates and partisan attacks. Hence, the challenge of mis- and disinformation not only pertains to the truthfulness of information itself, but also to the discursive construction of supporting information as truthful and dissonant information as untrue or deliberately false. This paper inductively analyzes discourses of (un)truthfulness (Study 1, N = 1,777) and uses an Automated Content Analysis (Study 2, N = 56,666) to assess how reality, mis-, and disinformation are constructed by politicians in Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands. The findings point to an affinity between populism and disinformation: Right-wing populist politicians take issue ownership in discrediting established knowledge and attempt to create momentum for alternative realities that resonate with populist worldviews. Such discourses of (un)truthfulness may have an important impact on defining reality for voters.

Синтаксичні анормативи у текстах інтернет-видань

Introduction . Speech culture of journalistic texts at both national and regional levels is perhaps the most acute issue in terms of quality presentation of information-literate content. The modern reader needs not only truthful information, but also its qualified presentation. Lingual design of a large number of online publications indicates a violation of language norms at all levels: spelling, lexical, stylistic, grammatical. In view of this, the fixation and careful analysis of errors in the texts of online publications will help to improve the skills of journalists and editors to practically evaluate the text, find language flaws and eliminate them. The purpose of the study is to scientifically describe syntactic anomalies in online media, identify the most typical of them and point out the main error-prone places. Results . A common syntactic error in the texts of online publications is "overdoing sentences with a split predicate in the form of a verb + verb noun, where the meaning is conveyed by the noun, and the verb only indicates the action in general. Such a predicate, on the one hand, is a typical manifestation of the nominal nature of the statement, uncharacteristic of the Ukrainian language, in which the logical emphasis falls on verbs, and on the other hand - burdens the sentence with unnecessary words. Attracts attention in media materials abuse of passive forms of verbs with the postfix -sya, together with which sometimes use a noun to denote an object in the form of a nominative case (and sometimes - a noun to denote a subject in the instrumental case), which is characteristic of Russian book styles language, but is not a typical syntactic and stylistic feature of the Ukrainian language. A characteristic feature of three-component passive constructions with the verb of the passive state on -ся is that the logical subject, which in meaning means the actor and should be the subject, for some reason became an adjunct in the instrumental case, but instead the logical object to which the action is actually directed and which should be an appendix, has become the subject. At the syntactic level, errors are common in the choice of the case in control, in the coordination of sentence components in the number, in the structure of a homogeneous series, and so on. It is not always correct for journalists to use constructions that indicate an approximate number Conclusion . Thus, a large number of anomarts in the media texts of online publications at the syntactic level leads to mismanagement, overuse of sentences with a split predicate in the form of a verb + verb noun, oversaturation of texts with passive language units, including abuse of passive forms of verbs with postfix –sya, the presence of sentences in which the figure is given by the appendix in the instrumental case, violation of coordination, incorrect construction of structures that mean an approximate number. Occasionally we come across the misuse of sentences with adverbial inflections

Section 13(b) of the FTC Act at the Supreme Court: The Middle Ground

In 1981, while in the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection, two of the authors were instrumental in initiating the FTC's fraud program, relying on Section 13(b)'s authority to obtain a permanent injunction to seek equitable relief, including asset freezes and consumer redress. The fraud program has become a mainstay of the Commission's consumer protection program, and the agency now coordinates local, state, national, and international agencies to fight the many faces of fraud. When the Obama Administration claimed that 13(b) could be used beyond fraud an authority that all previous Commissions believed they lacked, we warned that this overreach could threaten the heretofore uncontroversial fraud program. A case currently before the Supreme Court challenges the FTC' s ability to obtain monetary relief under 13(b) in any circumstances, which we call the Never position. The Commission takes the opposite extreme, arguing that monetary relief is available in any case it chooses, which we term the Always position. We argue that both positions are wrong. Among other problems, the Never position would terminate the fraud program, ending 40 years of successful use of an important, practical solution to one of the major problems that consumers face, with no clear evidence that the Commission has exceeded its authority. The Always position ignores both the text of Section 13(b), which limits permanent injunctions to proper cases, and the statutory structure, which itself limits the FTC's ability to obtain monetary relief. Congress originally considered Section 13(b) as part of a comprehensive set of changes to enhance the Commission's authority, which also included what became Section 19 two years later. That section limits the FTC's ability to obtain monetary relief to conduct that a reasonable person would know was dishonest or fraudulent. We argue instead for a middle ground. Because Section 19 requires separate administrative proceedings before the Commission can seek monetary relief, the money would be gone without the ability to obtain extraordinary relief, especially an ex parte asset freeze. It therefore cannot be used to attack fraud successfully. The middle ground would allow 13(b) to be used against fraudsters. Another advantage of the middle ground is that it respects the original vision of the FTC that there are some law violations for which monetary relief is inappropriate, a view codified in both 1914 and again in Section 19 in 1975. For example, complex issues of advertising substantiation, as well as issues about the adequacy of disclosures to consumers, about which reasonable experts often disagree, should normally be resolved through the administrative process. To subject all violations of the FTC Act routinely to potential monetary relief risks chilling the provision of truthful and useful information, as well as other conduct beneficial to consumers.

Fake news detection for epidemic emergencies via deep correlations between text and images

In recent years, major emergencies have occurred frequently all over the world. When a major global public heath emergency like COVID-19 broke out, an increasing number of fake news in social media networks are exposed to the public. Automatically detecting the veracity of a news article ensures people receive truthful information, which is beneficial to the epidemic prevention and control. However, most of the existing fake news detection methods focus on inferring clues from text-only content, which ignores the semantic correlations across multimodalities. In this work, we propose a novel approach for Fake News Detection by comprehensively mining the Semantic Correlations between Text content and Images attached (FND-SCTI). First, we learn image representations via the pretrained VGG model, and use them to enhance the learning of text representation via hierarchical attention mechanism. Second, a multimodal variational autoencoder is exploited to learn a fused representation of textual and visual content. Third, the image-enhanced text representation and the multimodal fusion eigenvector are combined to train the fake news detector. Experimental results on two real-world fake news datasets, Twitter and Weibo, demonstrate that our model outperforms seven competitive approaches, and is able to capture the semantic correlations among multimodal contents.

Vacinação em tempos de fake news: um olhar sobre a literatura

Objetivo: compreender os aspectos teórico-conceituais relacionados í vacinação e as implicações das Fake news. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, realizou-se as buscas nas bases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Google Scholar, sendo selecionados 11 artigos para análise. A busca se deu nos meses abril e maio de 2020. Resultados: A adesão í vacinação é observada como uma importante estratégia que busca ampliar a cobertura vacinal. Na atualidade, é possí­vel afirmar que as mí­dias sociais são os principais meios de propagação das Fake News sobre vacinação, e a partir disto pode interferir na diminuição da cobertura vacinal. Conclusão: O estudo acena para a necessidade da ressignificação das práticas de vacinação por parte dos profissionais e usuários, com vistas a disseminar informações verí­dicas e consolidar a vacinação como medida preventiva de doenças.

The Value of Information Searching against Fake News

Inspired by the Daley-Kendall and Goffman-Newill models, we propose an Ignorant-Believer-Unbeliever rumor (or fake news) spreading model with the following characteristics: (i) a network contact between individuals that determines the spread of rumors; (ii) the value (cost versus benefit) for individuals who search for truthful information (learning); (iii) an impact measure that assesses the risk of believing the rumor; (iv) an individual search strategy based on the probability that an individual searches for truthful information; (v) the population search strategy based on the proportion of individuals of the population who decide to search for truthful information; (vi) a payoff for the individuals that depends on the parameters of the model and the strategies of the individuals. Furthermore, we introduce evolutionary information search dynamics and study the dynamics of population search strategies. For each value of searching for information, we compute evolutionarily stable information (ESI) search strategies (occurring in non-cooperative environments), which are the attractors of the information search dynamics, and the optimal information (OI) search strategy (occurring in (eventually forced) cooperative environments) that maximizes the expected information payoff for the population. For rumors that are advantageous or harmful to the population (positive or negative impact), we show the existence of distinct scenarios that depend on the value of searching for truthful information. We fully discuss which evolutionarily stable information (ESI) search strategies and which optimal information (OI) search strategies eradicate (or not) the rumor and the corresponding expected payoffs. As a corollary of our results, a recommendation for legislators and policymakers who aim to eradicate harmful rumors is to make the search for truthful information free or rewarding.

Evaluating heart rate variability as a predictor of the influence of lying on memory

ABSTRACT Previous research suggests self-provided misinformation (lying) impairs memory for the truth, whereby more incorrect details are remembered compared to being truthful. The cognitive control processes evoked by inhibiting retrieval of truthful information may come at the expense of retaining that information in memory. Because lying requires quick adaptability to the situation, heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting cognitive control processes, is a useful metric of these cognitive demands. The present experiment extends previous research (Paige et al., 2019) and had participants complete a questionnaire orally in front of a panel while electrocardiography (ECG) data was collected. Participants were instructed to tell the truth for half of the questions and lie for the other half. For a subset of the questions, participants were instructed to elaborate on their response. After a delay, participants completed the same questionnaire on the computer, responding truthfully to all items. Results revealed that correct memory was lower for items participants previously lied about compared to truthful items. Although prior work suggests increased HRV is associated with increased cognitive control, HRV did not predict memory for truth or lie items. These findings are consistent with past literature showing that lying impairs memory for veridical information compared to truth-telling.

Preserving Honest/Dishonest Users’ Operational Privacy with Blind Interference Calculation in Spectrum Sharing System

Spectrum sharing has been gaining its popular adoption as a potential solution to improve spectrum utilization in future wireless systems. Both Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) support dynamic spectrum access (DSA) as an enabling technology for spectrum sharing. To effectively realize DSA in practice, users (from both defense and commercial sectors) are required to share their (radio) operational information, which risks exposing their security, privacy, and business plan to unintended agents. Protecting users' operating information is hence the key to DSA's success. In this paper, taking the FCC's spectrum access system (SAS) as a study case, we investigate the operational privacy issue of Incumbent Users (IUs) and honest/dishonest Secondary Users (SUs). For the case of IUs and honest SUs, we propose a privacy-preserving scheme for DSA by leveraging encryption and obfuscation methods (PSEO). To implement PSEO, we introduce an interference calculation scheme that allows users to calculate an interference budget without revealing operational information (e.g., antenna height, transmit power, location...), referred to as the blind interference calculation scheme (BICS). BICS also reduces the computing overhead of PSEO, compared with FCC's SAS by moving interference budgeting tasks to local users and calculating it in an offline manner. To further save the overhead in calculating the interference map, we introduce a quantization method and optimize the grid sizes of the terrestrial area of interest. Additionally, for the case of IUs and dishonest SUs, we propose a “punishment and forgiveness” (PF) mechanism, which draws support from SUs' reputation scores (RSs) and reputation histories (RHs), to encourage SUs to provide truthful information. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulations show that our proposed PSEO and PF-PSEO schemes can better protect all users' operational privacy under various privacy attacks, yielding higher spectrum utilization with less online overhead, compared with state of the art approaches.

Fuzzy based Load Balancing in Sensor Cloud: Multi-Agent Approach

In recent years, sensor cloud showing its impact in the networking field and also it is being used for most of the applications. The major concern for sensor cloud is its lifetime because yet nodes are operated with limited energy, bandwidth and exhaust very soon affecting the whole network. To make reliable communication and optimizing the whole system for improving network lifetime, load balancing concept is included in sensor cloud. The fuzzy optimizer is responsible for finding the deserving cluster head and precise next hop node for information transmission. Fuzzy method is conducted at the sensor cloud server and the information is shared to sink node for physical network setup. Based on the importance of the information coming from physical network, it can be saved into priority or non priority servers using information classification technique leading to load balancing at server also. Agents are triggered into the network for information collection along with truthful information delivery ratio in a minimum time. The proposed method is compared with existing popular methods to check the load balancing capacity, and it is found that the proposed work is far better than existing methods with respect to response time, delay, energy consumption, minimum packets transmission and network lifetime.

COVID-19 en la prensa española. Encuadres de alarma y tranquilidad en las portadas de El País, El Mundo y La Vanguardia.

Se presenta un análisis de las noticias incluidas en portada por los tres medios más leídos en España (El país, El mundo y La vanguardia) durante el estado de alarma y la situación de confinamiento por la Covid-19 en los meses de marzo y abril de 2020. El principal objetivo del estudio es analizar si los citados medios han trasladado los hechos noticiosos a través de mensajes de alarma o de tranquilidad aparentemente injustificados. En la introducción se analiza el papel de los medios de comunicación convencionales, los medios digitales y las redes sociales en períodos de pandemia, así como los posibles marcos de interpretación (framing) en la cobertura de la crisis. Se han revisado 1.154 noticias de portada e identificado para el análisis 419 elementos, pertenecientes a 162 hechos noticiosos comunes, publicados al menos en dos de los tres diarios analizados que conforman la muestra de este estudio. El instrumento de análisis está basado en herramientas de medición de framing ya validadas y empleadas en numerosos artículos de referencia. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento de la información en clave de alarma y tranquilidad no obedece tanto a la objetividad de los hechos noticiosos relatados ni a razones sanitarias, como a intereses políticos a favor o en contra del Gobierno u otros intereses. Se concluye que, dada la importancia de los medios de comunicación durante las pandemias, tanto en la creación de la realidad percibida como en la valoración de su gravedad, sus responsables deben ser conscientes de la responsabilidad social y función educativa de la comunicación. Para conseguir una información veraz y de servicio público se plantean como necesarias la independencia económica de los medios y la formación en educación mediática de sus profesionales.

US direct-to-consumer medical service advertisements fail to provide adequate information on quality and cost of care

BackgroundIn the 1970s, the Federal Trade Commission declared that allowing medical providers to advertise directly to consumers would be “providing the public with truthful information about the price, quality or...

Communicating with Youth about Pain: Developmental Considerations.

Background: Pain experiences can negatively impact children and adolescents, leading to trauma symptoms and nonadherence to important health behaviors. Developmentally-tailored communication strategies may mitigate this risk. Methods: This article reviews cognitive and linguistic developmental factors, within the familial and cultural context, that are important to consider when communicating with youth about acute, procedural, and/or chronic pain. Results: Youth undergoing acute or procedural pain benefit from pain education, truthful information about the procedure, and advance preparation. The use of analogies may be particularly helpful for patient understanding of chronic pain development, maintenance, and treatment. Youth with developmental disabilities may express pain differently than their normative peers, requiring adaptation of communication strategies. Conclusion: Developmentally-tailored pain communication is an important tool for caregivers and healthcare providers that may foster adaptive functioning in youth who experience pain.