Oil Trunk Research Articles

UPDATED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE TRUNK PIPELINE SECTION WITH LOOPING IN CASE OF LEAKAGE

Pipeline transport is the main method of moving volumes of oil and oil products, as it has several advantages, for example, quality safety and high throughput. At the same time, it also has some disadvantages, which can include the difficulty of increasing throughput without high capital investments and possible leaks and unauthorized tie-ins into pipelines, which are sometimes difficult to identify. Looping is one of the main ways to increase the throughput of the existing pipeline system, when the need to increase the volume of oil and oil products supplies requires the construction of several parallel pipelines — looping. At the same time, the basic mathematical model for calculating the section of the trunk oil pipeline with looping does not fully cover all the physical processes associated with the distribution of flows in the parallel section, which arise due to turbulences in the connection nodes, as well as head loss along the length of the jumpers. Taking into account the resulting flow redistributions, it becomes difficult to detect a potential leak, since any of the detection methods can not solve the problem with high accuracy with determining the leak coordinate with an unknown distribution of fluid flow rates in a parallel section. As part of the study, an updated mathematical model of the oil export pipeline section with looping was developed, which took into account the presence of a potential leak in the parallel section. Mathematical modeling was carried out on the basis of the assumption of a known coordinate, the effect of leakage on the redistribution of flows in a parallel section was estimated. To assess the impact of the leak, various coordinates and volumetric flow rates were set, based on the calculation results, graphs of the flow rate in looping versus its length and internal diameter were plotted. The study is the initial phase of developing a hydraulic location leak detection system for the oil export pipeline section with looping. The need to refine the mathematical model for determining the flow rate in the parallel section is an urgent and necessary task, the solution of which will allow identifying potential leaks with reliable accuracy.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE OIL TRUNK PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT: A SCENARIO APPROACH

The article is devoted to the development of a scenario approach in assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project. A pressing issue is the formation of an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of the oil trunk pipeline construction project, in connection with the impact of various types of risks and uncertainties of the external environment (technical, economic, environmental). Based on this, a particularly important aspect is to study the impact of these various risks on the project and take into account the scenario approach in this (taking into account both the pessimistic scenario and the optimistic scenario for project implementation), which will improve the efficiency of the entire oil trunk pipeline construction project. The methodology proposed by the author, used when assessing the effectiveness of a main oil pipeline construction project, allows us to take into account the predictable uncertainty of the project's effectiveness. Unified integral indicators of the economic effect of the project for all three scenarios were developed on the basis of standardized indicators and their weighted significance. The most effective project for implementation has been identified, taking into account three scenarios, which, depending on one of the three implementation scenarios, will provide the best values of project performance indicators: net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return and payback period.

INVESTIGATION OF OIL PIPELINE EQUIPMENT FAILURE-FREE PERFORMANCE DEPENDING ON INTRODUCED QUALITY MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS

The industry system for assessing the conformity of the main types of products used by Transneft has been operating since 2004 and is implemented on the basis of the Research Institute of Pipeline Transport of Transneft Research Institute. Conformity assessment shall be carried out for products of producers ensuring the technological processes of oil and petroleum products transportation and safety of facilities of oil trunk pipelines and petroleum product pipelines, including products operated under excess pressure of oil and petroleum products.As part of the implementation of this area of activity, the institute solves the following tasks:— expert examination of technical documentation of products;— participation in factory tests of products;— conducting tests of products on their own at the Research and Development Center of NII Transneft LLC (Ufa);— participation in the inspection of the production of products. In turn, Transneft has defined a list of the main types of products that are subject to mandatory conformity assessment and inclusion in the ORP Register, after which they are allowed to be used at Transneft’s hazardous production facilities, as well as developed its own industry regulatory documents of the type general technical requirements that take into account the uniqueness of the operating conditions of the equipment. Management of equipment reliability at different stages of the life cycle in an oil transportation enterprise represents a complex multilevel system of interrelated scientific, methodological and organizational and technical measures that directly or indirectly affect the reliability of equipment.Within the framework of the studies carried out by the specialists of Transneft Research Institute, more than thirty such measures were analyzed for direct or indirect impact on the reliability of equipment, including incoming control of equipment, factory, bench, resource, laboratory tests, production inspections, technical supervision of manufacturing, construction control of installation, diagnostics, maintenance, repairs, development of industry standards and other procedures. The variety of such processes makes up the system reliability of hazardous production facilities for pipeline transport of oil and petroleum products. The heterogeneity and sometimes redundancy of such processes negatively affect both operating organizations and equipment manufacturers.

Fermentation Characteristics (In Vitro) of Palm Oil Trunk Waste as Feed for Lactating Dairy Cow

This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of palm oil trunk waste utilization as a feed source for lactating dairy cows using an in vitro approach. This study used a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 3 groups. Treatment consisted of P0 (control diet), P1 (control diet supplemented with 12.5% palm oil trunk), P2 (control diet supplemented with 25% palm oil trunk), P3 (control diet with commercial concentrate). The parameters observed were rumen pH, NH3 concentration, total VFA concentration, and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD) coefficients. The findings of this study showed a significant 41.73% in NH3 concentration, 24.96% in total VFA concentration, 10.47% in IVDMD, and 10.91% in IVOMD, upon introducing 25% palm oil trunk waste into the ration (p<0.05), except for rumen pH. It can be concluded that palm oil trunk waste can be used at a level of up to 25% in the diet of lactating dairy cows.
 Keywords: digestibility, fermentation, in vitro, palm oil trunk, unconventional feed

Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Pinus densiflora Essential Oil.

The Korean mountains are home to the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora). Pine needle oil has been used as a food additive and a traditional herbal medicine; however, any health-related properties of its trunk oil remain unknown. Herein, we assessed antibacterial and antiviral properties of essential oil extracted from the trunk of P. densiflora. Th extracted oil was hydrodistilled using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested using the microbroth dilution technique against 10 bacterial species (6 g-positive and 4 g-negative) and fungi. The extract exerted strong antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia furfur (minimum inhibitory concentration = 10 mL/L). Additionally, it exhibited dose-dependent activity against influenza virus A and feline coronavirus. Furthermore, among 20 identified constituents accounting for 98.7% of the oil contents, the major components included 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (10.12%), 2-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-2-propanol (9.09%), fenchone (8.14%), O-isopropyltoluene (6.35%), and isothymol methyl ether (6.14%). The P. densiflora trunk essential oil showed antibacterial and antiviral activities that depended on its chemical composition and the microbial strains tested herein. The essential oil can be used as an antimicrobial agent and disinfectant.

Using Satellite Data of Palm Oil Area for Potential Utilization in Calculating Palm Oil Trunk Waste as Cofiring Fuel Biomass

Using Satellite Data of Palm Oil Area for Potential Utilization in Calculating Palm Oil Trunk Waste as Cofiring Fuel Biomass

INFLUENCE OF OPERATIONAL LOADS ON BALLASTING PARAMETERS OF UNDERWATER CROSSINGS OF TRUNK OIL AND GAS PIPELINES

The trunk oil and gas pipelines are under operational loads affecting the strength and reliability of the structure. The most significant effect of loads is manifested at pipeline crossings across rivers. The stability of underwater pipeline design position and thus its reliability is achieved by ballasting with the required intensity. The current regulatory document SP 36.13330.2012 provides for the required intensity determination, taking into account the water buoyancy force and pipeline crossing along the longitudinal profile of the transition. At the same time, it should be noted that ensuring pipeline bending along the longitudinal profile of the crossing with the use of ballasting of the required intensity also depends on the internal forces acting in the pipeline wall during operation. However, this document does not take into account operational loads when determining the required ballasting intensity. In addition, ballasting with the ensuring pipeline bending along the longitudinal profile of the crossing leads to the occurrence of bending stresses, in some cases quite high, which affect the level of total stresses, strength and reliability of the structure. In many cases, water occupies only part of the concave section of the pipeline at crossings. Taking into account the above conditions and features, studies of the ballasting of underwater crossings of trunk oil and gas pipelines were carried out.
 The aim of the work is to obtain analytical dependences of the ballasting intensity and bending stress in an underwater pipeline at different altitude water levels at the transition from operational loads and geometric characteristics of the crossing.
 The research method is a theoretical study of the stress-strain state of an underwater pipeline under the action of operational loads and weights.
 The dependences of ballasting intensity with weights of the underwater pipeline on the operational loads and the geometric characteristics of the transition at different elevations of the water level at the transition are obtained, and the highest bending stresses in the pipeline wall at the underwater crossing are determined. Recommendations to reduce the total longitudinal stress level in an underwater pipeline are given.

Essential Oil Trunk Injection Into Orchard Trees: Consequences on the Performance and Preference of Hemipteran Pests.

Apples and pears are among the most widely cultivated fruit species in the world. Pesticides are commonly applied using ground sprayers in conventional orchards; however, most of it will not reach the target plant, increasing the contamination of nontarget organisms such as natural predators, pollinators, and decomposers. Trunk injection is an alternative method of pesticide application that could reduce risks to beneficials and workers. Essential oils represent a 'green' alternative to pesticides due to their reported insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, nematicidal, and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the impact that the injection of a cinnamon essential oil solution into the trunk of apple and pear trees could have on their respective pests, Dysaphis plantaginea and Cacopsylla pyri, respectively. The feeding behavior (preference), the life history traits (performance), and the timing of this effect were measured. The injection of an essential oil emulsion in trees impacted hemipteran host-plant colonization, as for both species a modification of their preference and of their performance was observed. The feeding behavior of D. plantaginea was altered as a significantly lower proportion of aphids ingested phloem sap on injected trees, suggesting that the aphids starved to death. On the contrary, the feeding behavior of the psyllids was little changed compared to the control condition, implying that the observed mortality was due to intoxication. The results presented here could theoretically be used to control these two orchard hemipteran pests, although the effectiveness in real conditions still has to be demonstrated.

Material properties of palm bark Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) infill wall for earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete buildings: a preliminary investigation

This study conducts a preliminary investigation to determine the material properties of Cross- Laminated Timber (CLT) made from the bark of unproductive palm trunks. One-third of the lower part of palm trunks, aged over 20 years, was used for this purpose. CLTs were created by laminating palm boards into three and five layers, each measuring 200 mm x 20 mm x 1500 mm. A chemical epoxy was employed for lamination. The palm stems were dried in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours. Test results revealed a water content of 6.79% and a specific gravity of 0.23 gr/cm3 in oil palm stems. According to ASTM D143-94- 2005 and JIS Z210-21118 standards, wood's acceptable moisture content ranges from 12% to 20%. Given its low specific weight and minimal water content, palm oil trunks, including infill walls, show promise for use in earthquake-resistant construction.

ANALYSIS OF CURRENT STATE AND MAIN TENDENCIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR MEASURING OIL VISCOSITY DURING PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

There are factors that cause the necessity of viscosity measurement on the main oil pipelines. The article presents the principles of various existing viscometers and the latest research in this area. The authors consider the characteristics of oil flow, trunk pipelines and trends in the oil industry. They analyse viscometric methods from the point of view of the control of trunk oil flows. The authors evaluate the methods, on the basis of which they make recommendations for their modernisation for the control of main oil streams. The research showed the absence of a method that meets all the requirements of the main oil flow and the trends of development of the oil industry. According to the authors it is necessary to make further research of measuring methods based on piezoelectric elements and capacitive sensors and possibly implement them in new oil pipelines. Authors believe that the greatest potential for the oil industry has a radical modernization of the bubble pneumatic method to suit the specific features of the control object (main oil flow).

PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI LIMBAH BATANG KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis) MENGGUNAKAN Zymomonas mobilis DENGAN PERLAKUAN CRUDE ENZIM Trichoderma reesei DAN Aspergillus niger

<p><em>Bioethanol is an alternative energy that is starting to be needed, along with the depletion of petroleum reserves. Bioethanol can be obtained from various wastes, including palm oil trunk waste which contains 86.03% cellulose. The purpose of this study was to determine the production of bioethanol from oil palm trunk waste by treatment with crude enzymes Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger. This research is an experimental study using a completely randomized design, namely the ratio of crude enzymes from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger (0:0), (1:0), (0:1), (1:1), (2:1), (1:2), (3:1), (1:3) on sugar and bioethanol content of fermented oil palm stem waste using Zymomonas mobilis. Sugar content was measured using the DNS method, bioethanol content was measured using an alcoholmeter. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. The results showed that the crude enzymes T. reesei and A. niger could increase the sugar content, namely the ratio of crude enzymes T. reesei and A. niger 3:1 (11.89 g/mL). The highest bioethanol content was in the ratio of crude enzymes T. reesei and A. niger (2:1), which was 2.34%.</em><em></em></p>

Residual Operation Life Estimation of Trunk Oil Pipeline Submerged Crossing

Commonly known, diagnostic results show that all pipelines contain a large number of defects that are unacceptable in terms of standards and building codes. An attempt to eliminate all defects can lead to the fact that the costs of further operation will become prohibitively large and not economically justified. In practice, the only way to ensure safety is to exclude only those defects that really pose a danger to the pipeline, taking into account the operating conditions. This is how the problem of assessing the residual resource of objects that have been in operation for a long time appears.Authors do not always use the same meaning in the term “residual resource”. To avoid confusion in terms, the article provides some considerations defining this term and accepts an interpretation in which it is a value derived from the strength and safety of the pipeline. A number of factors are given, which in a key way affect the strength and safety, which should be involved in the assessment of the residual resource. As a result, this approach, in contrast to the previously available ones, allows taking into account all the main factors affecting the strength, durability and safety of the pipeline.

Development of status, strength and operating life diagnostics and monitoring methods for continuously operating oil trunk pipelines

This article covers the issue of determination of strength and resource of long-term operated oil pipelines and oil product lines. Justification of strength and resource of long-term operated pipelines and oil product lines is based on the results of technical diagnostics and verification calculations. Methods for technical diagnostics and monitoring of oil pipeline and oil product line condition, calculation expressions and its parameters for verification calculation are presented, as well as decisions on further oil pipeline and oil product line operation, based on the results.

Flow modeling of high-viscosity fluids in pipeline infrastructure of oil and gas enterprises

Today, the issues related to solving the problem of finding an effective distribution of oil flows through the system of oil pipelines in order to reduce the total energy consumption are relevant. The solution to this problem is connected with selection of rational pumping modes for various technological sections of oil pipelines using modern methods of mathematical programming or new techniques for improving the energy and transport characteristics of oil.Reducing energy consumption during pumping of crude through oil trunk pipelines can be achieved by various methods. Numerous investigations in this direction are mainly carried out to save energy on separate single-line pipelines. However, due to the development of the network of trunk oil pipelines in the world over the past decades, the issues of energy efficient management of oil flows throughout the entire oil pipeline system of oil and gas enterprises become urgent.This paper analyses parameters for pipeline transport of high-viscosity and heavy oils. The article proposes a method for assessing the rheological properties of oil for further planning of pumping taking into account the preservation of oil quality and an increase in energy and transport characteristics. The proposed solutions and tasks for predicting changes in the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the flow for blends of different oil types are especially relevant in the current conditions of an increase in the share of oil production with complex rheological characteristics. Results of the presented investigations may be used for planning the measures of efficient transportation of high-viscosity and heavy oils.

Penerapan inovasi dan teknologi pengolahan batang sawit untuk varian produk mebel dan interior bangunan di Desa Pancuran Gading, Kecamatan Tapung, Kampar

Solid waste from oil palm trunks after replanting activities in oil palm plantations has the potential to be utilized. However, the community's perspective considers that oil palm trunks cannot be utilized because they are easy to mold and have low strength. The application of innovation and technology will be able to provide solutions to community empowerment and utilization of the potential of oil palm trunks. The purpose of the service activity is to provide assistance to innovation and technology on how to use palm oil trunk waste as raw material for furniture and building interior products in Pancurangading Village, Tapung District, Kampar Regency. The results of service activities can be declared successful in providing community understanding, attitudes, and skills. The success rate of the program based on pre-test and post-test data was 37.5% (do not understand) and increased to 84.7% (understand). People's perceptions of oil palm trunks have been able to change so that they are able to understand, utilize and produce palm wood raw materials into various variants of furniture and building interiors. Utilization of oil palm trunks can provide business opportunities for the community in the future.

Wettability Properties of Heat-Treated Oil Palm Trunk Under Various Heating Times

Oil palm trunk has become one of the waste that could damage the environment. Efforts that could be made to minimize the impact oil palm trunk’s existence were to turn the oil palm trunk into composite products. A composite product that could be made from palm oil trunks was blockboard. Oil palm trunk could be used as cores on block boards. Oil palm stems as raw material still have weaknesses. This weakness was the low dimensional stability due to hygroscopic properties. The treatment that could be done to increase dimensional stability while improving the adhesive quality was heat treatment. In this study, heat treatment of 140 °C and 160 °C for 1, 2, and 3 hours was carried out. The obtained results were 116.10°, 128.44°, and 133.52° for 1, 2, and 3 hours of treatment sequentially. The L* value in the heat-treated OPT tended to decrease, while the a* and b* values tended to increase compared to the control. The brightness level (L*) of the heat-treated OPT was more affected by temperature than the heat treatment time. Meanwhile, the a* and b* values were almost identical between treatments but differed from the controls. The total color change (?E) of the heat-treated OPT was not too large between treatments (moderate dark orange), but differed from the control (mostly desaturated dark orange).

Synthesis of natural starch from Elaeis guineensis trunk biomass applying bisulphite steeping method: Optimization by RSM

ABSTRACT A massive quantity of Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) trunk biomass, containing a significant amount of natural starch, is available in Malaysia as biowaste because of annual replantation. The efficient extraction of this starch (carbohydrate polymer) would be worthwhile concerning the environmental sustainability and economy through conversion to bioresources. This study investigated the effectiveness of the bisulfite steeping method for starch synthesis from oil palm trunk (OPT) biowaste. The central composite design (CCD) of Design-Expert software executed an experimental model design, data analysis, evaluated the impacts of process variables and their interaction through response surface methodology to optimize the bisulfite steeping method for starch synthesis. The developed quadratic models for four factors (strength of sodium bisulfite solution, steeping hour, mixing ratio with the bisulfite solution, and ultrapure water) and one response (%Yield) demonstrated that a significant starch yield (13.54%) is achievable employing 0.74% bisulfite solution, 5.6 steeping hours, for 1.6 and 0.6 mixing ratio with the bisulfite solution and ultrapure water respectively. Experimental outcomes were consistent with the predicted model, which eventually sustains the significance of this method. Malvern Zetasizer test revealed a bimodal granular distribution for starch, with 7.15 µm of hydrodynamic size. Starch morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction investigation exhibits an A-type model, specifying persistent characteristics, while FTIR confirms the presence of hydroxyl, carboxylic, and phenolic groups like other cereal starches. Implications: Malaysia is the 2nd largest palm oil exporter in the world. About 110 million tons of palm oil trunk (OPT) biomass is available annually during replanting activities. Modification of bio-wastes into a beneficial form (only 22% presently) like starch extraction would ensure potential reuse as a natural coagulant for wastewater and leachate treatment, food source, adhesives towards boosting the country’s economy by sustainable waste management. The current study achieved better starch yield (13.54%) than previous, from the OPT biomass through the novel bisulfite steeping method. Therefore, this method will ascertain the effective implication of numerous economic activities.

CALCULATION FOR THE STRENGTH AND ENSURING THE OPERATION SAFETY OF PIPELINES WITH EXTERNAL CORROSION

Background The main oil and gas pipelines are mainly laid underground. Under the influence of the environment surrounding the underground pipeline, over time, there is a decrease in the protective properties of the outer insulation coating of the pipeline. In addition, for various reasons, mechanical destruction of the coating occurs in certain sections of the pipeline. These processes lead to external corrosion of the pipe wall in sections of underground pipelines. Corrosion is associated with a decrease in pipe wall thickness and an increase in the level of hoop stresses in them. As a result, the problem arises of assessing the strength of pipes and ensuring the safe operation of pipelines with external corrosion. At present, the installation of a metal sleeve on a pipeline in places with external corrosion has received a fairly widespread use. The coupling takes a part of the load from the operating pressure and thereby reduces the load and hoop stresses on the corroded section of the pipeline. At the same time, the coupling creates a local deformation stiffness under the operating pressure with a significant change in the stressstrain state of the pipeline. The stress-strain state of a pipe-wire with external corrosion and a sleeve installed on it depends on the geometric characteristics of the pipe and sleeve, as well as the residual pipe wall thickness after corrosion. Aims and Objectives Ensuring the strength of a pipeline with external corrosion repaired with the use of a coupling and the safe operation of oil and gas trunk pipelines based on a reasonable calculation of the geometric characteristics of the repair couplings. Results Calculation formulas were obtained and, on their basis, an assessment of the magnitude of stresses from the action of the working pressure in the walls of the pipeline and the coupling in the corroded section, as well as in the sections of the pipeline along the edges of the repair coupling outside of it, was carried out. Technical solutions are proposed to ensure the safe operation of a pipeline section with external corrosion, repaired using repair couplings.

Обобщенный показатель эффективности использования насосного оборудования

The article is devoted to assessing the efficiency of operation of trunk oil pipelines. Based on the analysis, a generalized indicator of the efficiency of use of pumping equipment was obtained, which allows us to predict the ef-ficiency of operation of pumping equipment as a whole on the technologi-cal section of the pipeline. The article also presents the main components of the indicators.

Energy and material saving technologies for construction of main pipelines for oil and gas transportation

Based on the study and analysis of technologies and technical means for transporting oil and gas through main pipelines, energy and material-saving methods of their construction are scientifically substantiated. A method for designing trunk oil and gas pipelines with variable wall thickness is proposed, which is possible under the conditions of the current interstate standard GOST 31447-2012. The technique is based on the use of methods of mathematical and statistical modeling and construction of a multifactor experiment and processing of experimental data. Based on the results of the construction of the model, the optimal parameters for the construction of pipelines were found, new technical solutions were proposed that would significantly reduce the energy and material consumption of laying pipes during one run, i.e. between transfer pumping stations.