Oil Trunk Research Articles

OIL TRUNK PIPELINES RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

Background Reliability and safety of oil trunk pipelines are ensured by the development and application of scientifically proven technical and technological solutions at the design, construction and operation stages. The basics of reliability and safety of oil trunk pipelines during design are laid by the adoption of technical and technological solutions using calculation methods that fully reflect the actual operating conditions. Strict adherence to scientifically based design decisions during construction and operation ensures the reliability and safety of pipeline systems. Taking into account the fact that the reliability and safety of oil trunk pipelines are largely determined by the level of mechanical stress in the structural elements that bear the main load and the nature of the change in this level, technical and technological solutions should be aimed at reducing stress levels and ensuring the stationary nature of the product transfer regime, on which the nature depends stress changes. At the same time, the quality of these solutions is evaluated by ensuring minimum stresses and the minimum frequency of their changes in structures under the conditions of the loads assigned to them. Changes in the situation near facilities and structures of oil trunk pipelines during their long-term operation, as well as scientific and technical achievements of recent years in the reliability and safety of pipeline systems, determine the need and allow the adoption of current measures to maintain the efficiency of operation of oil trunk pipelines. During the technical operation of the oil trunk pipelines, repairs and reconstruction of structures are carried out in order to maintain reliability and safety in the changed conditions. A comprehensive safety indicator is the risk of accidents. High technical and economic indicators of trunk pipelines are achieved by reducing the risk of accidents. In order to further successfully develop the network of oil trunk pipelines, it is necessary to develop technical and technological solutions to reduce technological risks, ensure the reliability and safety of the structure. Aims and Objectives Theoretical and experimental studies of the stress-strain state of underground pipelines during their operation, analysis of the consequences of accidents on the linear part of the oil trunk pipelines. Results Analytical dependences of the influence parameters of operational loads, geometric characteristics of pipes, technical solutions for the construction of the pipeline, the properties of the environment interacting with the pipeline, on the stress-strain state of the underground pipeline are obtained. Methods for ensuring the reliability and safety of trunk pipelines based on technical and technological solutions are proposed.

Development of complex laboratory studies and field tests for oil trunk pipelines

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Experimental studies of operational properties of asphaltene-resin-wax deposits formed in oil trunk pipelines

The paper presents the results of experimental laboratory studies of the properties of asphaltene-resin-wax deposits (ARWD) affecting the efficiency and reliability of pumping. The analysis of negative and positive properties of deposits, including corrosion impact of ARWD on the oil pipeline wall, was carried out. The thermal conductivity coefficient of heavy oil deposits samples taken from existing oil trunk pipelines (OTP) was measured. To assess the influence of the deposit layer on the smoothness of the inner surface of the pipe wall, tests were carried out to determine the roughness coefficient using the samples of pipe spool segments. The samples were cut from the sections of OTP under repair, the inner surface of which is covered with a layer of ARWD, accumulated and hardened during the long-term operation of pipelines, periodically affected by in-line cleaning pigs. The results of laboratory studies of the ARWD thermophysical properties confirmed the relatively high thermal insulation properties and smoothing ability of the deposit layer. Tests to assess the corrosion properties of ARWD showed the possibility of reducing the corrosion rate due to the passive protection of the deposit layer formed on the inner surface of the pipe wall.

Assessment of the flow performance of oil pipelines using the operation discipline monitoring data

The article presents a method of quantitative assessment of the oil transportation efficiency through the trunk pipelines’ segments, considering the flow performance of the line section. In accordance with the methodology, the assessment of the oil pipelines’ energy performance parameters is performed according to the data recorded by built-in tools of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, including: • efficiency factor of the oil pumping station – according to readings of pressure gauges installed at the pump station inlet and in the discharge header; • control factor of the automated pressure control system (APCS) – according to the readings of the pressure gauges installed in the discharge header and in the pumping station outlet line; • flow performance of the oil pipeline segment – according to the readings of the pressure gauges at the inlet/outlet of the oil pumping station and at the end of the technological segment of the oil pipeline. Using the example of the oil pipeline operation data analysis, it is shown that the proposed comparison criterion, the performance factor of the technological segment, enables to determine all the traditionally used criteria for assessing the actual operating conditions of the trunk oil pipelines, to identify the characteristic features of each mode, to compare the operation parameters of the pipelines with various diameters and designs.

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH BATANG SAWIT MENJADI PUPUK KOMPOS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN DEKOMPOSER MIKROORGANISME LOKAL (MOL) BONGGOL PISANG

One of the main problem in palm plantations during the rejuvenations is the utilization of palm oil waste especially the palm trunks that reaching 220 m3/hectare. Based on that reason, we need a method of utilizing it that can increase the value from palm oil waste, not just for the benefits of oil palm farmers but also for the environment. Palm oil waste has the potential to become the raw material for making organic fertilizer (compost), it has a high nutrient content and can improve the quality of the fertilizer produced. The objective of this research was to produce a bio-fertilizer with a high quality based on the proper standards. This research was conducted in two stages including the produce of local microorganism (MOL) from banana stem and the composting stage. The composition of local microorganism materials was banana stem: cattle urine: coconut water: brown sugar with the raio of 2: 1: 1: 1. The composting stage was started after all materials were chopped and stirred together before it composted for one month by varying between the main materials and additional ingredients. The compositions of the palm trunks as the main ingredient were divided in five variations, i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15% (w/w/), this variations were composted together with two types of additional ingredients of POME and goat manure. Based on the results of the compost analysis, the best composition was the variables of palm trunks: pome: rice husk: ash = 3: 10: 2: 1 with the results of analysis were water content of 16.30%, total NPK of 6.08% , c-organic content of 44.10% , the ratio C/N of 16.30 and pH of 8.16 and it had been fitted with bio-fertilizer standard (Permentan No. 70/Permentan/SR. 140/10/2011).Keywords: palm oil replantation, bio fertilizer, palm oil trunks, decomposer, local microorganism

THE USE OF PALM OIL TRUNK POWDER AS FILLERS IN THE MAKING OF GYPSUM CEILING SHEETS WITH POLYURETHANE BINDER

A study has been conducted on the effect of palm oil trunk powder as fillers in the making of gypsum ceiling sheets for physical, mechanical, and DTA properties. The type of adhesive used is a polyurethane binder. Palm oil trunk powder is varied in 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g. The results showed that the physical properties (density of 1.6 g/cm3 and water absorbency of 15.08%) in the composition of 5 grams of palm oil trunk powder were the best results. The higher the powder level the higher the density value but the lower the water absorbency. The results of the physical properties test still meet the standards of SNI 03-2105 1996 and are still above the physical properties of the Jaya Board gypsum ceiling. The results of mechanical test (impact test 2.0 x 10-4 J/mm2, tensile test 305.8 kPa, flexural strength test/MOE 7233.8 kg/cm2, and fracture strength test/MOR 13.44 MPa) were the best results and at composition of 25:25:15. This composition is the most homogeneous composition so that its mechanical properties are optimum. Keywords: ceiling sheets, palm oil trunk powder, and polyurethane.

INFLUENCE OF COUPLING DESIGN AND CONDITIONS OF ITS INSTALLATION ON PIPELINE SECTION STRENGTH

Background During operation to ensure the strength of pipeline sections of trunk oil and gas pipelines with external corrosion, couplings are widely used. The coupling installed on the corroded part of the pipeline takes up part of the load of the internal pressure, ensuring that this load is reduced by the reduced wall thickness due to corrosion. Coupling installation can be fulfilled with the tension of its wall and in the presence of internal pressure in the pipeline. Thereby, the efficiency of the corroded pipeline section is achieved. At the same time, coupling installation leads to a change in the stress-strain state of the pipeline sections adjacent to the coupling with the appearance of local bending stresses. With all this, the level of mechanical stresses in the walls of the corroded section of the pipeline and coupling during operation should not exceed the normative. In order to ensure the strength of the repaired sector, it is necessary to determine the maximal stresses in the walls of pipeline and coupling depending on their geometrical characteristics and installation conditions and after that to conduct a strength test in accordance with the requirements of SP 36.13330-2012. Aims and Objectives To obtain analytical dependences of the maximal stresses in the wall of the coupling and the pipeline arising from the action of internal pressure, depending on their geometrical characteristics and installation conditions of the coupling. Methods Theoretical research of pipeline corroded section and repair coupling stress-strain state during operation. Results The dependences of the stresses in the coupling wall and pipeline on their geometric characteristics, coupling installation conditions and internal pressure are obtained.

FLOW CAPACITY OF MAIN OIL PIPELINES WITH PREDEFINED OIL PUMPING STATIONS LOCATION WITH PERIODICAL PARTIAL OIL DUMPING

Transportation of oil via main pipelines often requires the need for a permanent or periodic dumping of some part of the flow for further shipment of crude oil to oil refineries or filling stations. The application of such technology leads to a change in the operating mode of oil pumping stations and the oil transportation system in general. In case of emergency, an analogue of dumping is an oil leak from the pipeline in a case of violation of its integrity. Resetting a part of the flow is accompanied by a change in a liquid flow ahead of and behind the discharge point, which inevitably leads to a redistribution of pressures at the inlet and outlet of transitional petroleum pumping stations. Increasing of pressure at the output of the stations may lead to the violation of the pipeline strength; reducing of input shoring may cause cavitation operating modes of the equipment. Therefore, the study of the impact of discharges on the parameters of the operation of oil transportation systems in order to ensure their reliable, safe and economically efficient functioning is a relevant point of this area. For this purpose, based on the proposed calculated algorithms implemented in the software, the authors conducted the research on the impact of periodic oil discharges on the redistribution of hydraulic flows, energy losses at the bends, pressure at the inlet and outlet of oil pumping stations, as well as the volume of trunk oil pipelines capacity. The approbation of the proposed elaboration is carried out by defining the operational parameters of processing in functioning of oil and transport system «Druzhba» at the Mozyr-Tukholsky pass, which runs throughout the territory of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the obtained results it was established that, depending on the volume of a discharge, the location of the limiting area, which limits the entry capacity of the trunk pipeline in general, might be changed. At the same time, the bend, ahead of which the part of oil is discharged, is not always limiting. Increasing the volume of a discharge leads to growing capacity of the pipeline at the area ahead of the point of discharge in the case when the limiting pipeline bend is behind the discharge point. If such a bend is located on the pipeline ahead of the discharge point, the increasing discharge does not affect the capacity of the initial area of the pipeline.

CONTEMPORARY GEODYNAMICS OF THE GAROMAI ACTIVE FAULT (SAKHALIN ISLAND)

In the northern Sakhalin Island, the tectonic activity of the fault zones is a potential threat to the industrial infrastructure of the petroleum fields. Recently, the background seismicity has increased at the Hokkaido‐Sakhalin fault that consists of several segments, including the Garomai active fault. In the studies of the regional deformation processes, it is important not only to analyze the seismic activity, but also to quantitatively assess the dynamics of deformation accumulation in the fault zones. In order to study the contemporary geodynamics of the Garomai fault, a local GPS/GLONASS network has been established in the area wherein trunk oil and gas pipelines are installed across the fault zone. Based on the annual periodic measurements taken in 2006–2016, we study the features of surface deformation and calculate the rates of displacements caused by the tectonic activity in the fault zone. During the survey period, no significant displacement of the fault wings was revealed. In the immediate vicinity of the fault zone, multidirectional horizontal displacements occur at a rate up to 1.6 mm/yr, and uplifting of the ground surface takes place at a rate of 3.4 mm/yr. This pattern of displacements is a reflection of local deformation processes in the fault zone. At the western wing of the fault, a maximum deformation rate amounts to 1110–6 per year. The fault is a boundary mark of a transition from lower deformation rates at the eastern wing to higher ones at the west wing. In contrast to the general regional compression setting that is typical of the northern Sakhalin Island, extension is currently dominant in the Garomai fault zone. The estimated rates of relative deformation in the vicinity of the Garomai fault give grounds to classify it as ‘hazardous’.

Solution of Local Rheological Nodal Task to Problem of the Maximum Flow of the Minimum Cost in Complicate Branched System of Trunk Oil Pipelines

The paper considers a new approach to identifying the possibility of saving pumping energy for in the oil trunk pipeline system by optimization the mixing ratio of the oils pumped to different directions in complicate branched network. To get the effect of energy consumption reduction, optimal mixing concentrations are calculated on the simplex space characterizing the composition of the oil blend. The problems of calculating the flow rate and required energy by a more explicit function type without iterative methods are considered. Attention is paid to determining the boundaries of possible ratios of blending taking into account the condition of mass balance. An example to solving the task aimed to optimization of oil flows distribution in condition of differences of their rheological properties in the case of the simplest configuration type of the pipeline network is also shown. The considered method presents the local nodal solution of a more complete transportation optimization task – The Maximum flow of the Minimum cost.

The Method of Shut-off Valves Optimal Placing on Trunk Oil Pipeline

The shut-off valves are an important element to the safe operation of a trunk oil pipeline. Actual problem of shut-off valves optimal placing on trunk oil pipeline is defined with respect to minimal oil spill during accidents and planning repair operations. The method of optimal placing is presented as a problem of nonlinear mathematical programming with limits and these limits are minimal distance between line valves. The solution of mathematical programming problem is given with the help of rigorous (alternance) parametric optimization method which is founded on special qualities ultimate solution. The approach of shut-off valves placing on three and four linear block valves taking into account typical cases. The results of optimal linear block valves placing calculation are shown at a site of trunk oil pipeline 77 km long. As a result of the application of the proposed technique, a reduction of the maximum volume of oil spill on the linear part of the oil trunk pipeline by 25 percent or a reduction in the number of shut-off valves from four to three for the initial value of the maximum oil spill can be achieve.

Coiled Heat Exchanger with Small Radius Bent Tubes for Controlled Heat Treatment of High Viscosity Waxy Oil

The necessity of using the controlled heat treatment technology of oil instead of «hot pumping» is substantiated. A number of advantages of the “cold” transportation of oil are presented, as well as the main tasks that need to be solved for the successful usage of the above technology at the trunk oil pipelines. The main drawbacks of the heat exchanging equipment used at the heating and pumping stations of trunk pipelines for non-Newtonian solidifying waxy oils. Particular attention is paid to deposition and accumulation of wax in the flowing part of the equipment as well as the possibility of their safe quickly cleaning. The use of domestic twisted steel heat exchangers based on small radius bent tube is proposed. Constructive advantages of the proposed twisted heat exchangers are compared with the traditionally used equipment - shell-and-tube exchangers with horizontal and U-shaped arrangement of pipes, fully-welded plate heat exchangers, as well as finning air cooling units. For comparison, such technical and economic indicators as heat transfer rate, per surface area of heat exchange, complexity of operation, maintenance and repair, reliability and structural strength under cyclic loads in difficult thermobaric conditions are adopted. The issues of using twisted steel heat exchangers based on small radius bent tubes at trunk pipelines objects are considered taking into account successful experience of application in other industries.

Predictive model of the trunk oil pipeline technological section on the basis of results of transient conditions test

The paper deals with the problem of predicting the hydraulic parameters of the trunk oil pipeline (TOP) in transient operating practice. The requirements and assumptions for the model of the trunk oil pipeline are discussed. The basic differential equations describing hydraulic processes in the linear part of the TOP and pumping units are given. The paper analyzes the features of building models of trunk oil pipelines using the Matlab / SimHydraulics tool. As a result, a method for modifying standard Matlab / SimHydraulics tools for building TOP models was proposed. The TOP model “Omsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk” was built using the modified features of the Matlab / SimHydraulics tool. A model quality criterion is proposed. Comparison of the results obtained in the TOP modeling with measurement data revealed the need to further adjust the model. Using optimization algorithms embedded in the Matlab package, the unknown parameters of the trunk oil pipeline model were adjusted according to the test of transient operating practice using the selected quality criterion.

CALCULATION OF VERTICAL STEEL TANK (VOLUME 5000 m3) STRESS-STRAIN STATE UNDER HORIZONTAL SEISMIC ACTION IN THE SOFTWARE PACKAGE ANSYS

Russia is one of the largest suppliers of oil in the world market, and therefore the problem of oil storage is one of the main for oil companies. The development of the infrastructure of oil trunk transportation facili- ties, the emergence of new supply routes necessitates the construction of warehouses of commercial oil, petroleum products in areas with high seismic activity. In seismically active areas, large-capacity oil ware- houses are operated in the North Caucasus region, which include vertical steel tanks with volume up to 100 thousand m3. To ensure tanks safe operation, it is necessary to develop and improve approaches to the cal- culation of seismic resistance of such facilities. Oil and gas production facilities are classified as hazardous production facilities, which in case of accidents pose a serious threat to humans and the environment. Natural disasters (thunderstorms, earthquakes, etc.) are one of the main causes of tank accidents. An analysis of the effects of earthquakes shows that reservoirs can suffer significant damage. Despite some progress made in recent years in this segment of production, oil and petroleum products tanks remain among the most vulnerable to seismic effects. Therefore, the problem of ensuring the strength of cylindrical tanks for storage of petroleum products is important and very relevant. Also, the relevance of this issue is due to the increasing, according to recent data, the seismic activity of the planet. In the center of the earth- quake breaks occur and intense inelastic deformation of the medium. Deformations in the hearth are irreversible, and in the area external to the hearth, are continuous, elastic and mostly reversible. It is in this area that seismic waves propagate.

Application of Nonwoven Geosynthetic Materials in Construction in Wetlands

The article contains the results of research on the development of optimal in terms of time and complexity of work, energy intensity, consumption of materials and cost, the design of the roadbed for use in the construction of oilfield roads in wetlands. Trunk oil and gas pipelines in Western Siberia and north of the European part of Russia began to be built approximately from the mid-1960s. From the very beginning, designers faced serious problems: complex natural and heavy ground and hydro geological conditions, namely, permafrost soils and swamps. The length of the swamp sections is tens and hundreds of meters, and in some cases – tens of kilometers. Road construction in wetlands is a very difficult engineering task. Conditions of excessive moisture, extremely low load-carrying capacity of marsh soils, a characteristic deficiency of quality mineral materials - all this creates obstacles, the overcoming of which is associated with significant material costs. The average cost of road construction through the swamp is 3-5 times higher than in normal conditions. A constructive solution for the roadbed using a layer of non-woven synthetic material in the cage to ensure year-round and uninterrupted movement of technological transport for maintenance of oil facilities was chosen.

Analysis of Crack Resistance of an Oil Trunk Pipeline Considering the Varying Failure Viscosity in the Neighborhood of a Welded Joint

This article presents a development of the method of analysis of crack resistance of an oil trunk pipeline in the zone of the transverse welded joint during operation. The nonlinear nonstationary heat conductivity problem was solved by the finite difference method using the boundary conditions of third kind. Modeling of the kinetics of conversion of austenite to ferrite and bainite under non-isothermal conditions during welding was carried out based on the theory of isokinetic reactions. The calculation of the residual welding stress is performed by solving the problem of thermoelastic plasticity using the finite element method for material with a nonstationary structure. The calculation of the crack resistance is based on Irwin’s force failure criterion, and the dependence of the failure viscosity on the structural composition is considered.

Characterization of composite boards made of oil palm trunk flour/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene

The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize various properties of composite board prepared from oil palm tree flour (KK), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene ( PPd-g-AM), divinyl benzene (DVB) and benzoil peroxide (BPO). The oil palm oil trunk was floured with a size of 80 mesh and dried in an oven so that the water content reaches 2% and then soaked in 3 % sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 24 hours. The flour was then filtered, washed repeatedly with water until free of sodium hydroxide . Flour of oil palm l tree flour that had been treated with sodium hydroxide solution was determined lignin levels and extractive substances. Furthermore, the oil palm tree flour was made into a composite board by blending of KK, PPd-g-AM, DVB and BPO in various compositions and casted at 170°C, 10 minutes and 40 bar pressure . The composite boards obtained were stored for 2 weeks and then characterized by physical properties (moisture content, density and thickness development), mechanical properties (MoR and MoE), and morphology. The results shown that the optimum composition of the composite boards was in the KK: PPd-g-AM: DVB: BPO (60: 24: 8: 2%) or KK33

Oil and gas pipeline system of the Tyumen Oblast: social and spatial analysis

The article describes the spatial analysis of the trunk oil and gas pipeline system running on the territory of the Tyumen Oblast, in combination with the near-route populated utilitarian settlements forming a unique territorial production cluster.

Simulation of Surge Reduction Systems Using Dimensionally Reduced Models

AbstractThe focus of this paper is to study transient flow processes in a trunk oil pipeline initiated by a sudden stoppage of a pumping station equipped with an overpressure protection system. Our...

Statistical analysis of mechanical test results for samples of pipes from trunk oil pipelines after long-term operation

CONDUCTING ANY SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH includes the process of acquiring, processing, and analysing data which are obtained as a result of one or a series of experiments. Over the prolonged period for which science has existed, a multitude of methods have been created for obtaining experimental data. As part of studying the properties of materials, standard methods are applied for tensile, impact toughness, and hardness tests, as well as fatigue tests. This list of tests can be taken as a base which is used to establish the level and character of loads the given material is capable to sustain during operation. This paper examines approaches to processing experiment results which are obtained using standard (basic) methods when testing pipe steels for trunk oil and oil product pipelines. At the present time, the degree of automation in experimental equipment is fairly high. However, there is still some human participation when preparing samples and setting-up the experiments, which may lead to errors occurring when performing the tests (the human factor). This article presents some approaches which make it possible to perform initial processing and verification of experimental data for errors and reliability, and against hypotheses and distribution laws for the results obtained. Methods are also suggested for determining the minimum quantity of samples to be tested, based on evaluation of the mechanical property variations in pipe steels. Several approaches may be applied to solve the task of identifying links and relationships between the analysed parameters. The first approach is deterministic and requires long-term study. When one takes into account the considerable number of factors being studied, it is also fairly expensive and involves rather complicated experiments. The second approach is probabilistic and statistical, which allows implicit dependences to be established between series of measurements (correlation analysis) and linear (pair regression) and non-linear dependences (multiple regression) to be revealed between the parameters being examined. This study applies the statistical approach to analysing data from mechanical tests of pipe steels in trunk oil and oil product pipelines.