Oil Trunk Research Articles

Enhancement of cyanobacterial control by fungi degraded palm oil trunk

The elliptic azimuthal anisotropy coefficient (v2) is measured for charm (D0) and strange (K0 S, Λ, Ξ−, and Ω−) hadrons, using a data sample of p þ Pb collisions collected by the CMS experiment, at a nucleonnucleon center-of-mass energy of ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sNN p ¼ 8.16 TeV. A significant positive v2 signal from long-range azimuthal correlations is observed for all particle species in high-multiplicity p þ Pb collisions. The measurement represents the first observation of possible long-range collectivity for open heavy flavor hadrons in small systems. The results suggest that charm quarks have a smaller v2 than the lighter quarks, probably reflecting a weaker collective behavior. This effect is not seen in the larger PbPb collision system at ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sNN p ¼ 5.02 TeV, also presented.

Pertumbuhan dan Uji Gula Reduksi 5 Isolat Jamur Asal Batang Kelapa Sawit ke Potongan Batang Kelapa Sawit

Fungi is a microorganism that has been widely used to accelerate the rate of decomposition of organic matter. This research was conducted in the soil biology laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara. This study was aimed to examine the potential of fungi isolates derived from palm oil trunks. This research begins by isolating the fungi contained in the cutting of oil palm trunk from the plant rejuvenation. The isolate is purified to obtain a pure culture. Selected isolates were identified by DNA sequencing using PCS 28s ITS and the results were identified as Rhizopus arrhizus Strain ATCC 111450 (A), Rhizopus microspores var rhozopodiformis Strain IFM 46417 (B) Syncephalastrum racemosum isolate VPCI 1857/11) (C), Trichoderma asperellum Strain ATCC 52438 (D), and Trichoderma asperellum Strain G (E). All isolates were applied to sterilized palm oil trunks. The results of this study were Rhizopus microspores var rhozopodiformis Strain IFM 46417 capable of growing well in pH 4, 6, and 8, Trichoderma asperellum Strain G (E) had the fastest growth rate of 64.58 mm / day. Test of cellulase enzyme production by using a method of Fehling A and B aiming at the fungus Trichoderma asperellum Strain G (E) produces the highest cellulase enzyme.

Кластерный анализ изменений пространственного положения трубных секций магистрального нефтепровода по данным внутритрубных обследований

Кластерный анализ изменений пространственного положения трубных секций магистрального нефтепровода по данным внутритрубных обследований

A comprehensive study of steel properties in trunk oil and petroleum product pipelines with various service lives

The article examines the approaches of a number of scientific institutions to the degradation of mechanical properties in pipe steels which may occur over long-term service life. It also presents the results of research into the actual mechanical properties and chemical composition characteristics of pipe steels with various service lives. The classification (ranking) of pipe steels of various grades used by PJSC Transneft is presented according to the criteria of length, service life, manufacturer, regulatory documents for supply, etc. The pipe steels are grouped according to their actual mechanical properties: ultimate strength, elongation, impact toughness, and chemical composition characteristics.

A systematic approach to developing measures for preventing and containing the consequences of accidents on oil pipelines in the Russian Federation’s Arctic zone

THE ZAPOLYARYE - PURPE trunk oil pipeline runs through an area with an arctic climate (Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region), which is characterized by a prolonged, harsh, winter and relatively short but warm summer. In these conditions, the technology for transporting crude hydrocarbons necessarily includes preliminary heating to +60°C of the high-viscosity oil mix which is to be pumped. However, in the case of damage to the pipeline system, a ‘hot’ oil spill could cause the deformation of permafrost soils, as could subsequent actions to deal with the emergency situation and its consequences. This deformation would lead to irreparable damage to the Arctic environment and may result in more accidents on the trunk pipeline. In order to develop protective measures, the sections of the pipeline which are potentially most dangerous must be identified; the possible volume of an oil spill in the case of an accident should be calculated; and the route it would spread should be predicted. This article examines the most dangerous possible incident, where the main factor affecting the spread and accumulation of spilled oil would be the topography of the area. A guillotine rupture of the pipeline was chosen as the event triggering the spill, because this type of failure would cause the greatest volume of transported liquid to be spilled. Modelling allows the furthest places where the liquid could drain and accumulate to be assessed. In order to exclude the threat of oil entering bodies of water, the necessity of constructing permanent barriers is indicated, which would prevent the spill from spreading. In order to save time in mobilizing technology and equipment to the site of the emergency situation, the creation of base stations is recommended: technically equipped bases, which would be located in the immediate vicinity of the most vulnerable sections of the pipeline route. The systematic approach described in this article allows us to obtain the fullest and most realistic picture of events in the case of an accident on the trunk pipeline. These results may be used to develop protective measures aimed at minimising damage and at reducing as much as possible the impact of a possible oil spill on the fragile natural balance of the Arctic. The results may also be relevant when planning new trunk pipelines and reconstructing existing pipelines, and for setting-up a system of protective structures.

The use of digital technology to optimize oil pipeline transportation

THE ARTICLE PRESENTS the results of developing digital technology to optimize ‘hot’ oil pumping. Digital technology is used to model and optimize oil pumping practices in a pipeline section by integrating the SmartTran software and the SCADA system. The problem of selecting optimum pumping practices without heating the oil was solved by D.T.Jefferson who determined the optimum pumping practices in a pipeline section for a fixed oil flow rate, providing that the cost of electricity used by all pumps per unit time was minimal. The problem of optimizing ‘hot’ pumping has been studied by V.S. Yablonsky. The optimality criterion has been formulated for a fixed oil flow rate. It is not fulfilled when the pipeline throughput and the temperature in a section with several pump stations and heating points is changed. The algorithm for solving this problem has been constructed with a new approach using the dynamic programming method. The search task is divided into several overlapping subtasks in order to find the optimal substructure. The object of each subtask is the cost function of pumps and preheaters at the stations of the pipeline section. The combination of working pumps and preheaters which gives the minimum cost for energy consumed is being searched for a solution. The discussion presents the results of ‘hot’ pumping calculations for the Kasymov-Bolshoy Chagan section of the Uzen-Atyrau-Samara trunk oil pipeline. The calculation algorithm was implemented in the SmartTran software for modelling and optimizing ‘hot’ pumping. The initial calculation parameters were loaded from the SCADA system. The SmartTran software calculation results (oil pressure and temperature, pumps power, pumping and heating costs and other parameters) for ‘hot’ pumping are in accordance with the experimental data of the SCADA system. Energy savings when operating pumps and preheaters can be found provided that the oil temperature in the pipeline section does not fall below the pumping safety conditions. The optimal practice calculation results demonstrate the economic efficiency of ‘hot’ pumping. Thus, the integration of SmartTran software with the SCADA system creates the digital technology for optimizing the technological practices of ‘hot’ oil pumping.

REVIEW OF MAIN PIPELINES ENERGY EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION METHODS

Background. Analysis of the data of AK Transneft JSC shows that the main costs for the transfer of oil through pipelines fall on electricity. Thus, the main criterion for the efficiency of the main oil pipeline and trunk pump aggregates is the cost of electricity. The principle of minimizing the cost of electricity for pumping oil must be observed throughout the entire technological cycle of oil pumping, beginning with the planning of operating modes of the main oil pipeline and ending with the control of actual oil transfer rates. Aims and Objectives. The aim is to develop a methodology for calculating the efficiency of the main oil pipeline and the main pump unit based on the results of the analysis of scientific and technical literature in this field. Results. The analysis of scientific and technical literature in the field of assessing the efficiency of the main oil pipeline for developing a methodology for calculating the efficiency of the main oil pipeline and trunk pump unit, is held. Methods and approaches to assessing the efficiency of the main oil pipeline have been identified. Their analysis made it possible to identify factors that should be taken into account for a correct assessment of the efficiency of the trunk oil pipeline of the organization of the Transneft system: distribution of cargo through main oil pipelines within the organization of the Transneft system; changing the scheme for pumping oil through trunk pipelines; the rheological characteristics of the pumped product; the operating time of the technological section of the main oil pipeline; distribution of electric power for pumping equipment and own needs of each object of main oil pipelines.

MODERN METHODS AND MEANS OF ENSURING SAFE EXPLOITATION OF OIL TRUNK PIPELINES

High requirements apply to safe exploitation of oil trunk pipelines. Safe exploitation of oil trunk pipelines significantly mentions not only system of oil transportation, but also others adjacent systems. So, for example, safety inhibition active oil trunk pipelines owing to his damage may cause the stop of oil pumping from oil extraction spot to oil refining spot with violation of normal operating modes manufacturing plants of recovering and refining oil. Acceptance of evidence-based technical and technology solutions in design stages, high-quality building and strict observance of rules of technical operation ensure safety of operation on a production object. Properties of metal of pipes and the equipment of the main oil pipelines, their intense deformed state, the environment and properties of the pumped-over oil form parameters of safe operation of objects. Increase in level of mechanical tension in a wall of pipes and the equipment, change of tension in size and the sign, increase in frequency of these changes negatively influence safety of operation of the oil pipeline. Corrosive attack of the pumped-over product and the environment to metal of pipes and the equipment and also power impact of the environment on them reduce safety at operation of a construction. During long operation of pipelines there is a gradual deterioration in metal properties of pipes and the equipment and also accumulation of the defects leading to decrease in their safety. Safety of pipelines in the course of their operation can be reached by renovation, reconstruction, periodic determination of the actual technical condition and timely carrying out repair. Carrying out repair work is the most widely used way of safety during operation of the main oil pipelines. Repair of the main oil pipeline, owing to its design features and the rigid mode of operation, is rather difficult process demanding considerable expenses. There is a number of methods and means of repair of the main oil pipelines increasing industrial production safety. At the same time, the analysis of methods and means of repair shows need of their further improvement. The main directions of improvement of repair of pipes with use of couplings are given.

Batch Fermentation of Bioethanol from the Residues of Elaeis Guineensis: Optimisation using Response Surface Methodology

In oil palm industry, large quantity of oil palm trunk (OPT) and palm oil mill effluent (POME) are generated. These residues are not fully utilised. They are served as wastes, which lead to serious environmental pollution. Realising that OPT sap contains high glucose concentration while POME contains essential nutrients required by microorganisms for growth, in this study, bioethanol was produced from OPT sap and POME by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in shake flasks culture. OPT sap was used as carbon source, and POME was utilised as nutrient supplier for the fermentation process. To obtain the optimum ratio of OPT sap to POME, inoculum size, initial pH, and incubation time for maximum bioethanol yield, response surface methodology (RSM) via face centred central composite design (FCCCD) was employed. The experimental data for glucose consumption, bioethanol yield, and biomass growth were fitted to polynomial equations and analysed. The quadratic models were employed to fit the data. The optimum bioethanol fermentation conditions were as follows: OPT sap to POME ratio of 63 : 37, inoculum size of 4.3 vol%, initial pH of 8.0, and incubation time of 118 h. Under these conditions, the expected bioethanol yield is 0.453 g/g. To evaluate the accuracy and validate the results, five additional runs were carried out at the optimum point. It was found that the range of bioethanol yield within 95 % confidence level was 0.448 - 0.457. It can be concluded that there is no difference between the experimental values and the predicted data within 95 % confidence level since the predicted data were within the range.

The study of unsteady operation mode of the crude oil trunk pipeline in case of a sudden stop flow

The paper was prepared within the Statutory Research program on Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty, AGH University of Science and Technology No. 11.11.190.555

A method for increasing the objectivity of the interpretation of weld radiographs

Current radiography-based acceptance criteria do not always guarantee consistency in opinion among experts who are involved in interpretation of radiographs. To improve this consistency, which to a large extent determines the objectivity of the technique, the authors propose classification of radiographic images by shape and appearance in order to simplify weld-defect identification. The acceptance criteria of the RD-25.160.10 KTN-016-15 regulatory document for weld joints in Category 2 oil trunk lines are referred to as an example. The criteria that were developed on the basis of the image classification were used in a statistical experiment that involved six experts. The experiment showed that the number of cases of a substantial degree of consistency of the expert opinions increased by 2.2 times compared to the criteria that are currently in use.

Safety enhancement of oil trunk pipeline crossing active faults on Sakhalin Island

The article explores the issues concerning safety enhancement of pipeline active fault crossing on Sakhalin Island. Based on the complexity and analysis results, all the faults crossed by pipeline system are classified into five categories - from very simple faults to extremely complex ones. The pipeline fault crossing design is developed in accordance with the fault category. To enhance pipeline safety at fault crossing, a set of methods should be applied: use of pipes of different safety classes and special trench design in accordance with soil permeability characteristics.

APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF FAILURES AND ACCIDENTS FOR TRUNK OIL PIPELINES

The majority of existing methods of risk assessment of trunk oil pipelines is based on probability and classical set theory. These methods do not take into consideration the fact that any complex system, such as trunk oil pipelines, is a dynamic system with a set of uncertain data. The results of risk assessment (likelihood), obtained by the traditional methods, don’t reflect the real situation about the condition of system. The article presents a methodical approach to identification of risk factors sources and assessment of the level of risk based on system analysis and fuzzy set theory, and this approach allows us to receive output conclusion about risk level in dynamic area of a complex system. The principles of fuzzy logic in the evaluation of diverse parameters of risk factors allow bringing them to a qualitative common denominator. As a result, we can perform comparative research of separate risk factors and also summarize them for assessment of current risk level of trunk oil pipelines. We reviewed causes of incidents and failures on trunk oil pipelines and have identified the most important risk factors that have greatest consequences. Risk factors in our method are determined by fuzzy set rules, which are a result of data analysis (accident reports, failure records for the similar pipelines) and expert’s evaluation of related input parameters. Risk factors and their parameters are classified in accordance with their relation to different environment and life-cycle stages. The article presents an example of evaluation of risk factor . Consequently, the indicator of risk factor was calculated in accordance with procedure of Mamdani fuzzy inference system (using the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Designer). This method of risk assessment brings high opportunities for identification of the pipeline segments, where the risk level is most probably high and helps the decision maker to take remedial actions to mitigate potential risks. The operator can more effectively manage resources and improve efficiency of actions. Ability to reflect the current risk level is key advantage of our approach to risk assessment of risk management of trunk oil pipelines.

EXPERIENCE IN IDENTIFICATION OF OIL TRUNK PIPELINE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

While oil trunk pipeline system being operated, debris, paraffin, heavy oil fractions and water can be accumulated inside the pipeline, which in its turn results in the reduction of pipeline cross section, and, subsequently, causes decrease in flow capacity and increase in energy consumption for oil transport. For removal of the above-mentioned deposits, internal cleaning using special devices is carried out on schedule. As it is impossible to measure the actual inside diameter of a pipe along the whole pipeline, hydraulic calculations of the pipeline in operation necessitate replacement of nominal inside diameter value in the conventional hydraulic formulas by effective (equivalent) diameter value. Effective diameter is referred to as a diameter in which the calculated friction losses are equivalent to measured ones, other parameters being equal (viscosity, flow rate). Effective diameter determination is termed as identification. For practical purposes, the determination of effective diameter change in the existing truck pipeline system is of particular interest. Based on such data, it is

Modeling of Non-equilibrium Processes in Oil Trunk Pipeline Using Godunov Type Method

The Article presents the numerical method of solving the system of one-dimensional non-stationary equations describing oil movement in the oil pipeline. The method is aimed at modeling the non-equilibrium and transitional processes in the oil pipelines in the normal and emergency modes. This new developed method can be applied for relaxation non-equilibrium flow case, that can’t be modeling using another methods. Also this method is aimed at modeling the non-equilibrium and transitional processes in the liquefied hydrocarbon pipelines in the normal and emergency modes. Phase non-equilibrium flow is considered for boiling liquids transporting pipeline.

A Review of Application of Computed Tomography on Early Detection of Basal Stem Rot Disease

To the best of our knowledge in agriculture, basal stem rot disease causes a major loss in palm oil industry as it affects the production of the edible oil as well as for biofuel industry. The disease attacks the root of the tree which is cause by fungal of Ganoderma Boninense. Meanwhile, there is no sensor commercially available to detect any disease or stress in the tree without the risk of damage from physical intrusion. Hence, early detection technique on the infected tree is crucial to avoid more damage to the tree. Development of tomography application on detecting the disease in plant plays important role to enhance the quality in research and development on managing a better and healthier plantation management. In recent years, several tomography systems such as X-Ray microtomography and GammaScorpion are used to analyse wood microstructure and for early detection of basal stem rot respectively. Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography or ECVT is a promising non-invasive imaging technique that provides 3D and real time imaging of object. In this paper, we compared the images between the healthy and unhealthy palm oil trunk using these three tomography imaging techniques which is X-Ray, Gamma Ray and ECVT in terms of clarity, time taken and portability of the devices. The result indicates the potential of ECVT as the most suitable device to be used to detect the disease due to its fastest time taken, safety and easy to be used.

An Ultrasonic Information-Measurement System for Determining the Mass Flow Rate of oil in an oil Trunk Line

A multichannel ultrasonic information-measurement system for use in determining the mass flow rate of oil is considered. An increase in the precision of measurements by the system is achieved through control of the flow velocity profile in a specified section of the oil pipeline.

Copaifera langsdorffii leaves extract and its isolated compounds display gastric antiulcer activity

Gastric ulcer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the digestive tract diseases. Copaifera langsdorffii Desff., popularly known as “copaiba,” is a large tree that grows in Brazil. The trunk oil resin is used in folk medicine for a variety of diseases, including urinary, lung and gastric disorders [1]. The aim of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of C. langsdorffii leaves using the induced ulcer chronic model by acetic acid [2]. For that, Swiss male mice (n = 6) was operated for exposing the stomach, and 0.02 mL (v/v) of 30% acetic acid solution was injected into the submucosal layer in the junction between the antrum and the fundus. After two days of recovery, animals were orally treated during seven days with 500 mg/kg of C. langsdorffii leaves extract, cimetidine (100 mg/kg) and saline solution. After that, animals were killed and the gastric lesions were analyzed macroscopically using EARP software image-analysis. For evaluating the isolated compounds, the experiment was performed using ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer [3]. Swiss male mice (n = 6) received 30 mg/kg of α-humulene (1), β-caryophyllene (2), caryophyllene oxide (3), kaurenoic acid (4), afzelin (5) and quercitrin (6). Omeprazole (30 mg/kg) and saline solution were used as controls. After one hour of treatment, animals received 0.2 mL of ethanol/HCl solution (60%/0.3 M) to induce lesions, and one hour later they were killed for analyses. In the chronic protocol, leaves extract (500 mg/kg) and cimetidine exhibited gastroprotective activities of 73% and 70%, respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 displayed activities higher than 70% in comparison with omeprazole (78%). The observed gastroprotective activities might be associated, in part, to its antioxidant properties.

Effect of rubberwood and palm oil content on the properties of wood–polyvinyl chloride composites

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) have been proposed as an alternative to natural wood due to their physical and mechanical properties. Development of these composites from natural fibers is receiving widespread attention partly because of growing environmental awareness. To dispose of produced waste from industry, low-value fiber resources could be converted into high-value products. This research studies the combination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to rubberwood (RBW) fiber, to palm oil trunk fiber, and to palm oil shell (POS) fiber. Composite performance optimization, material option comparison, basic engineering performance improvement, and durability of WPCs have been investigated. A two-stage process consisting of compounding and forming to produce WPCs using 40%–60% natural fiber reinforcements was carried out. Physical and mechanical properties of the WPCs were studied. The results showed that WPCs consisting of 60% RBW fiber and 40% PVC yielded the highest modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, which are approximately 90,130 MPa and 433 MPa, respectively. The ultimate compressive strength with a value of approximately 316 MPa was achieved from 60% POS fiber and 40% PVC. Reinforcing 40% POS fiber in 60% PVC exhibited the lowest water absorption rate. The overall result indicates an improvement of engineering performance, making better use of industrial wastes and indirectly assists environmental conservation endeavor along the process.

Effects of different nitrogen rich substrates and their combination to the yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

This study was conducted to assess the effect of nitrogen (N) variations from lignocellulosic substrates of empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm oil frond (POF), palm oil trunks (POT), A.mangium bark (AB) and Cogongrass (IC), and combinations among them using biological supplements (POF and POT) for suitability as a substrate of P. ostreatus. Three different sets of substrates were evaluated in response to different parameters of P. ostreatus including spawn running, primordial initiation, fruit body yield and biological efficiency (BE). The supplementation of POT and POF generally revealed significant differences on the crop performance of P. ostreatus compared to the un-supplemented substrate. POT demonstrated reduced production time, while POF was the best supplement to promote fresh weight and BE. The most rapid spawn running took place within 18.6 ± 0.9 days, while the primordial initiation was observed within 23.2 ± 0.5 days in the combination of IC + POT. The most suitable substrate for higher mushroom weight and BE was IC + POF (19.6 ± 1.3 g; 70.5 ± 5.5%). In addition, the interval between primordial formations was found to be fastest in the un-supplemented EFB and the combination of EFB + POF, which supported a shortened production time. Therefore, IC and EFB appeared to be the better alternative materials for growing P. ostreatus, either with or without any supplementation.