True Nature Research Articles

Public Danger of the Act: Verification Impossible?

Public danger, being largely objective in nature, is the most important feature of a crime, underlying the decision to criminalize some act. However, there is no knowledge on how to verify whether it exists in each specific case of criminal legal prohibition, since the theory of verification of public danger in Russia has yet to be formed. The paper proposes approaches to solving this problem. In a number of cases, it should be recognized that public danger is a presumption (in particular, for those criminal acts that involve causing harm to life or health, using coercion, some forms of deception, etc.). The presumption is based here on such a method of verification as protocol statements, and, in fact, does not require other methods. In all other cases, when verifying a public danger, the author suggests relying on the method of expert assessments, proof by contradiction, and looking for new ways to verify the true nature of the public danger. In this case, verification of public danger is mandatory and should ideally be carried out at the stage of drafting the bill.

Discovering why people believe disinformation about healthcare.

Disinformation-false information intended to cause harm or for profit-is pervasive. While disinformation exists in several domains, one area with great potential for personal harm from disinformation is healthcare. The amount of disinformation about health issues on social media has grown dramatically over the past several years, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study described in this paper sought to determine the characteristics of multimedia social network posts that lead them to believe and potentially act on healthcare disinformation. The study was conducted in a neuroscience laboratory in early 2022. Twenty-six study participants each viewed a series of 20 either honest or dishonest social media posts, dealing with various aspects of healthcare. They were asked to determine if the posts were true or false and then to provide the reasoning behind their choices. Participant gaze was captured through eye tracking technology and investigated through "area of interest" analysis. This approach has the potential to discover the elements of disinformation that help convince the viewer a given post is true. Participants detected the true nature of the posts they were exposed to 69% of the time. Overall, the source of the post, whether its claims seemed reasonable, and the look and feel of the post were the most important reasons they cited for determining whether it was true or false. Based on the eye tracking data collected, the factors most associated with successfully detecting disinformation were the total number of fixations on key words and the total number of revisits to source information. The findings suggest the outlines of generalizations about why people believe online disinformation, suggesting a basis for the development of mid-range theory.

Analysis of Impedance Based Sensor to Discover the Invasive Nature of A549 Lung Cancer Cell

Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of impedance-based sensors in detecting the invasive behavior of cancer cells, specifically through the use of Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) methodology. However, the current equivalent circuit models used to represent the invasive nature of cancer cells have limitations and inaccuracies, and there has been a lack of utilization of mathematical and data analysis software to better understand the growth and invasive behavior of these cells. To address these gaps, this research aims to measure the impedance of A549 lung cancer cells, develop a simplified equivalent circuit model, and analyze the results using mathematical and data analysis software. The invasive behavior of A549 cells will first be studied through impedance measurements, and then a circuit model will be designed and simulated using software tools to reveal the true invasive nature of these cells. Finally, rigorous mathematical analysis and the use of suitable data analysis software (such as Matlab Powergui and Simulink, EIS Spectrum Analyzer, and Plotly) will be applied to gain a comprehensive understanding of the morphological behavior of the cells. The experimental results of this research are expected to align with previous findings, and a quadratic equation will be derived to predict the body's resistance of the A549 lung cancer cell using mathematical and data analysis approaches.

Characterization of a Molecularly Distinct Subset of Oncocytic Pleomorphic Adenomas/Myoepitheliomas Harboring Recurrent ZBTB47-AS1::PLAG1 Gene Fusion.

Recurrent gene fusions are common in salivary gland tumors including benign tumors, such as pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and myoepithelioma (ME). In cases where chromosomal rearrangement is identified in the pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) gene, different gene partners are found. Oncocytic metaplasia, characterized by oncocytes with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei, is a well-known phenomenon in salivary gland neoplasms. However, the pure oncocytic variant of PA/ME showed PLAG1 gene rearrangements involving various gene partners at the molecular level, without any recurrent fusion being found. Our study includes 20 cases of PA/ME, with 11 females and 9 males. The age of patients ranged from 37 to 96 years, with a median age of 62.8 years. Most tumors originate from the parotid gland. The median size of the tumor was 26.5 mm (range: 13 to 60 mm). Among the 20 cases, 14 were a pure oncocytic variant of PA/ME, whereas 6 cases showed focal oncocytic or oncocytic-like aspects. Molecular studies on 20 cases of PA/ME were conducted. A novel recurrent ZBTB47-AS1::PLAG1 fusion was identified in 6 of 12 cases with pure oncocytic metaplasia, whereas the other cases had PLAG1 gene fusion with different gene partners. The transcriptomic analysis of the cases harboring ZBTB47-AS1::PLAG1 fusion demonstrated that these tumors have a distinct molecular profile from conventional PA/ME. This study reveals a unique subset in the oncocytic PA/ME spectrum characterized by pure oncocytic morphology with larger oncocytic cells and recurrent ZBTB47-AS1::PLAG1 fusion. It also highlights the transcriptomic distinctness of salivary gland adenomas with pure oncocytic metaplasia in the spectrum of salivary gland neoplasms. Further studies are needed to better understand the oncocytic variant of PA/ME and to determine the true nature of oncocytic cells in PA/ME.

Delineating the parameters of integrated thinking: A synthetic literature review

Background: Many accounting professional bodies, of which the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) is one, expect academics to develop integrated thinking skills in their students during higher education. Integrated thinking is, however, often confused with critical thinking, systems thinking and design thinking.Aim: This article aims to delineate the concept of integrated thinking by analysing the similarities and differences between integrated thinking, integrative thinking, critical thinking, systems thinking and design thinking.Conclusion: Integrated thinking is a higher-order thinking skill with a strong emphasis on the ability to think in a creative manner. Although there are differences between integrated thinking and other higher-order thinking skills, there are also similarities. This article sets integrated thinking apart from other higher-order thinking skills.Contribution: Limited research has been conducted to distinguish integrated thinking from integrative thinking, critical thinking, systems thinking and design thinking. This article endeavours to identify the true nature of integrated thinking by comparing it with other higher-order thinking skills. If lecturers at higher education institutions are to develop integrated thinking skills, it is important for them to have a clear understanding of what integrated thinking is, and how it differs from other thinking models. Without a grounded understanding of what integrated thinking is, it is nearly impossible to develop it in students.

Beyond the Akiyoshi Orogeny: unravelling overturned structures and tectonic processes in the Permian accretionary complex of the Mine-Akiyoshidai area, Yamaguchi, western Japan

The concept of the Akiyoshi Orogeny emerged from geological studies of the overturned Akiyoshi Limestone. However, our understanding of the stratigraphy and geological structure of the siliceous–clastic rocks surrounding the Akiyoshi Limestone remains incomplete. We therefore conducted a geological survey within the Beppu unit, which is distributed north of the Akiyoshi Limestone. We found substantial overturning of the strata, even within the siliceous–clastic rocks that form the upper section of the ocean plate stratigraphy within the accretionary complex. The Tsunemori Formation, representing sediments of the forearc or trench slope basin, has also undergone overturning. Extensive overturned structures therefore exist throughout the entire accretionary complex of the Mine-Akiyoshidai area. To understand the mechanism behind these overturned structures within the accretionary complex, we focused on the collision and deformation resulting from the interaction between the accretionary wedge and a massive seamount, along with the back-stop. The overturning of the forearc or slope basin sediments suggests that post-accretion deformation along a large lateral fault may have occurred during the collision between the South and North China blocks. These tectonic events during and after accretion may represent the true nature of the Akiyoshi Orogeny. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Ophiolites, melanges and blueschists collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/ophiolites-melanges-and-blueschists

Role of Twagadi Gutika in Pain Management

Pain is any suffering or discomfort, whether physical or mental, brought on by an illness or injury. Regardless of how minor the pain is, it still causes discomfort and interferes with daily activities for the person. Pain is referred to in Ayurveda as the premonitory indicator and as symptoms of various diseases under different names, such as Shool, Ruja, and Vedana. Acharya Sushruta states that Vata Dosha is the primary source of all pain, or "Vatat Rute Nasti Ruja." Even with the latest developments in anaesthesia and pain management, managing pain is still difficult. Vata Dosha is regarded as the root cause of all types of pain. The nervous system and body movements are governed by the Vata Dosha. An imbalance in it can result into difficulty with joint mobility and function, which can exacerbate disorders like arthritis and musculoskeletal pain. Pain associated with Vata Dosha is frequently described as throbbing, aching, or acute in nature. Ayurveda may offer hope in a world where everyone is searching for ways to reduce and eliminate pain by helping people comprehend its true nature and offering fresh approaches to its management. Ayurveda provides a variety of treatment modalities to manage pain, depending on the origin, type, and duration of the condition. The present article aims at throwing light on one of the herbal preparations, Twagadi Gutika, mentioned in Ayurveda Samhita, for Vata dosha disorders and specifically for managing pain.

In Search of the Caremark Junction: Conceptualizing the Core of Caremark Liability

In recent years, Caremark claims have taken center stage in corporate law discussions. With more Caremark claims proceeding past the motion to dismiss stage, some argue that Caremark liability has evolved into a conduit between corporate governance and public policy. Much ink has been spilled debating whether Caremark claims should play this conduit role. Rather than add to the ink-spillage on this normative question, however, this Note takes a different approach; it employs a descriptive analysis of Caremark liability to establish a new framework for portraying and analyzing Caremark claims. In particular, by conceptualizing Caremark liability through the lens of shareholder versus third-party interests, this Note will peel the layers behind a Caremark claim, scrutinizing it until it reaches its core. And at the core, what this Note finds is quite remarkable and what it neologizes as the “Caremark Junction”: a rare point of overlap between shareholder and third-party interests concerning the scope and intensity of a board of director’s oversight behavior. This Note explores how to reach the Junction, dissecting its necessary conditions and analyzing its broader implications—all with the aim of grasping the true nature of Caremark liability as a distinct, though overlapping, concept from general oversight liability.

Structural and spectroscopic correlation in barium-boro-tellurite glass hosts: effects of Dy2O3 doping

In this study, a series of barium-boro-tellurite glass hosts with varying concentration of Dy2O3 doping (0 to 1.25 mol%) were made by melt-quenching method. A study was conducted to investigate how Dy2O3 dopants affect the physical and spectroscopic traits of glasses. Raw materials including barium oxide (BaO), tellurium dioxide (TeO2), boron oxide (B2O3), and dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) were used to produce these glasses. XRD patterns of the samples showed a broad hump and absence of long-range periodic lattice arrangements, indicating their amorphous nature. The Raman spectral analyses displayed the various vibration modes where the most intense band caused by BaO vibrations at 300 cm-1 and 450 cm-1 corresponding to the symmetric stretching vibration mode of Te–O–Te intra-chain bridges. The peak at 750 cm-1 was due to TeO4 and Te-O-Te vibration modes. The value of optical band gap energy was decreased from 3.155 to 2.1894 eV and then increase at higher Dy2O3 level (0.75 to 1.25 mol%). At Dy3+ contents between 0.25 to 1.25 mol% seven absorption bands were observed at 390, 424, 452, 750, 797, 895 and 1092 nm due to the electronic transitions in Dy3+. The glass refractive indices were raised from 2.3563 to 2.6584 and then decreased at higher Dy2O3 contents which was mainly because of the generation of more bridging oxygen (BO) in the glass matrix. The value of glass electronic polarizability and oxide ions polarizability calculated using LorentzLorenz equation showed a decrease with the rise of Dy2O3 contents, which was ascribed to the presence of fewer non-bridging oxygen (NBO). The optical basicity of the proposed glass hosts was calculated using Duffy and Ingram equation which was decreased with the increase of doping contents. In addition, the optical transmission was increased and reflection loss was reduced with increasing Dy+3 levels. The value of metallization parameter below 1 proved the true amorphous nature of the prepared samples. All the glasses revealed blue and yellow photoluminescence emission peaks due to 4F9/2→ 6H15/2, and 4F9/2 →6H13/2 transitions in Dy3+, respectively. The proposed glass compositions may be beneficial for the advancement of solid-state lasers.

Extremely Red Galaxies at z = 5–9 with MIRI and NIRSpec: Dusty Galaxies or Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei?

We study a new population of extremely red objects (EROs) recently discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) based on their NIRCam colors F277W − F444W > 1.5 mag. We find 37 EROs in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) field with F444W < 28 mag and photometric redshifts between 5 < z < 7, with median z=6.9−1.6+1.0 . Surprisingly, despite their red long-wavelength colors, these EROs have blue short-wavelength colors (F150W − F200W ∼ 0 mag) indicative of bimodal spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with a red, steep slope in the rest-frame optical, and a blue, flat slope in the rest-frame UV. Moreover, all these EROs are unresolved, point-like sources in all NIRCam bands. We analyze the SEDs of eight of them with MIRI and NIRSpec observations using stellar population models and active galactic nucleus (AGN) templates. We find that dusty galaxies or obscured AGNs provide similarly good SED fits but different stellar properties: massive and dusty, logM⋆/M⊙ ∼ 10 and A V ≳ 3 mag, or low mass and obscured, logM⋆/M⊙ ∼ 7.5 and A V ∼ 0 mag, hosting an obscured quasi-stellar object (QSO). SED modeling does not favor either scenario, but their unresolved sizes are more suggestive of AGNs. If any EROs are confirmed to have logM⋆/M⊙ ≳ 10.5, it would increase the pre-JWST number density at z > 7 by up to a factor ∼60. Similarly, if they are QSOs with luminosities in the L bol > 1045–46 erg s−1 range, their number would exceed that of bright blue QSOs by more than three orders of magnitude. Additional photometry at mid-infrared wavelengths will reveal the true nature of the red continuum emission in these EROs and will place this puzzling population in the right context of galaxy evolution.

General Separation of Carbon Dots by Polyamide Chromatography.

Carbon dot (C-dot) separation/purification is not only a fundamental chemical issue but also an essential precondition for revealing C-dots' true nature. To date, adequate separation of C-dots has remained an open question due to the lack of an appropriate fine separation system. Herein, we discover and reveal that polyamide chromatography can provide versatile and powerful performances for C-dot separation. By a joint study of experiments and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that multiple interaction forces, including electrostatic repulsion/attraction, hydrogen bond, and van der Waals effects, exist simultaneously among the stationary phase, mobile phase, and the separated C-dots. Furthermore, the magnitude of these forces is dependent on the surface chemistry of the separated C-dots and the nature of the used mobile phases, providing a theoretical basis and experimental operability for C-dot separation. So, the proposed system possesses the capacity for adequately separating hydrophilic, amphiphilic, and lipophilic C-dots. The polyamide chromatography, due to its versatile and powerful separation performances, not only provides more thorough separation effects but also helps to correct our false perceptions from inadequate purified C-dots.

Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima Leaf Extract by In-Silico and In-Vitro Studies

The Greek term for "helminthes" means "worm." Human-infecting parasites fall into one of two categories: keepsakes or heirlooms. Heirlooms are parasites that have been passed down from African ancestors, while souvenirs are parasites that humans have picked up from animals through migration, evolution, and agricultural activities. These helminthic infections are the most prevalent human infectious agents in poor nations. The helminthic parasite affects around 2 billion people worldwide, or more than 25% of the total population. It is a big problem in developing nations, particularly for young people. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to extract the plant's active ingredients and test the crude extract's anti-helminthic properties. In this study, we worked on the ceasalpeniapulcherima plant with a focus on natural remedies for the treatment of helmintiasis. The chief scientist of Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Floriculture Research Station, Rajndranagar, authenticated the true nature of the plant. Water and ethanol were utilized in the extraction procedure. To find out what chemicals are in the alcoholic extract, a screening test is performed on it. The flavonoid test on the extract came out positive. Using Albendazole as the prescribed medication, the anthelmintic action was carried out on Indian earthworms. In Indian earth worms, we found that alcoholic extract exhibits good antihelmintic action. By Insilco studies we found the interaction of flavanoids with antihelmentic proteins. Key Word: Helminthes, ceasalpeniapulcherima, flavonoids, extractioin, in silico study.

The Arab ‘Uncertain Body’ and Sojourner Passing in Israel

This article analyses the image of the Arab ‘uncertain body’ by introducing two theoretical tools: first, the practice of sojourner passing: that is, an abrupt and temporary event limited in space and time in order to gain access to sexual, financial or militarised goals; second, the uncertainty of the Muslim male body. In the Israeli context, the fear of the Arab ‘uncertain body’ manifests itself in two main ways: (1) the fear of Arab sojourner passers who threaten sites of nationhood; and (2) Arabs who try to assimilate are blamed for passing as civilised, disguising their true monstrous nature. The Israel–Palestine context is unique in that it offers intriguing insights into passing in a non-western society, where the ethnic differences are blurred and hence anxiety is more pronounced.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in pancreatic diseases: Mechanisms and future perspectives.

Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer (PC) stand as the most worrisome ailments affecting the pancreas. Researchers have dedicated efforts to unraveling the mechanisms underlying these diseases, yet their true nature continues to elude their grasp. Within this realm, oxidative stress is often believed to play a causal and contributory role in the development of pancreatitis and PC. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative stress, and the key enzyme responsible for inducing ROS production in cells is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides (NOX). NOX contribute to pancreatic fibrosis and inflammation by generating ROS that injure acinar cells, activate pancreatic stellate cells, and mediate macrophage polarization. Excessive ROS production occurs during malignant transformation and pancreatic carcinogenesis, creating an oxidative microenvironment that can cause abnormal apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and genomic instability. Therefore, understanding the role of NOX in pancreatic diseases contributes to a more in-depth exploration of the exact pathogenesis of these diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the potential roles of NOX and its mechanism in pancreatic disorders, aiming to provide novel insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying these diseases.

Hakikat Manusia ( Perspektif Filsafat Pendidikan Islam)

This article aims to describe human nature from the perspective of Islamic educational philosophy in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of human nature. The main sources for this type of qualitative research, called library research, are books, journals and other scientific articles. The collected data was analyzed using content analysis to make it easier for the author to filter the main ideas from various existing sources and narrate them as the focus of the research. The results of this article's research: (1) The terms used to refer to humans in the Koran include al-Insan (refers to humans who have special qualities and potential), al-Basyar (refers to humans as living creatures), and al-Insan (calls humans who have privileges and humans who have potential), al-Basyar (calls humans as living creatures). -Nas (calls humans as social creatures): (2) Characters have different views but are essentially the same regarding the nature of humans, namely humans are creations whose potential is different from other creations of God: (3) Humans are called ahsan al-taqwin , which places humans in a strategic position as servants of Allah and Caliph of Allah. Therefore, humans should try to discover their true nature to realize how great a gift God has given in the form of potential so that humans can optimally carry out their functions in worship and serve Allah SWT. &#x0D; &#x0D;

"When Can I Call Home?" Coercive Control, Structural Isolation, and Functional Isolation Among Attendees of Residential Behavioral Modification Programs.

The "Troubled Teen Industry" refers to a network of federally unregulated programs marketed toward the behavior modification of teens through therapeutic intervention and elite education. The true nature and structure of these programs, however, remains relatively unstudied, with the consequences of program attendance largely unknown or based on anecdotal evidence. This study systematically analyzes 77 open-source testimonials of former program attendees for themes of coercive control and isolation. Thematic analyses revealed high rates of coercive control within these narratives. In total, 66 narratives mentioned themes associated with coercive control that were unrelated to isolation. Specifically, respondents experienced frequent psychological abuse, gaslighting, humiliation, and name calling. Additionally, a total of 69 narratives contained themes of coercive control specific to functional or structural isolation. The lack of privacy combined with fear of staff retaliation for disobedience lead to structural and functional isolation among program attendees, preventing program attendees from engaging in help-seeking behaviors. Study results provide critical information as to the functioning of these programs, the experiences of youth involved with these programs, and how youth involved may be affected. Such findings justify the dedication of resources to further research this population and encourages the development of federal policy regarding the functioning of these institutions.

Use of noninvasive imaging to identify causes of skeletal fragility in adults with diabetes: a review.

Diabetes, a disease marked by consistent high blood glucose levels, is associated with various complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Notably, skeletal fragility has emerged as a significant complication in both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetic patients. This review examines noninvasive imaging studies that evaluate skeletal outcomes in adults with T1D and T2D, emphasizing distinct skeletal phenotypes linked with each condition and pinpointing gaps in understanding bone health in diabetes. Although traditional DXA-BMD does not fully capture the increased fracture risk in diabetes, recent techniques such as quantitative computed tomography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, high-resolution quantitative computed tomography, and MRI provide insights into 3D bone density, microstructure, and strength. Notably, existing studies present heterogeneous results possibly due to variations in design, outcome measures, and potential misclassification between T1D and T2D. Thus, the true nature of diabetic skeletal fragility is yet to be fully understood. As T1D and T2D are diverse conditions with heterogeneous subtypes, future research should delve deeper into skeletal fragility by diabetic phenotypes and focus on longitudinal studies in larger, diverse cohorts to elucidate the complex influence of T1D and T2D on bone health and fracture outcomes.

A possible third body in the X-ray system GRS 1747−312 and models with higher order multiplicity

ABSTRACT GRS 1747−312 is a bright Low-Mass X-ray Binary in the globular cluster Terzan 6, located at a distance of 9.5 kpc from the Earth. It exhibits regular outbursts approximately every 4.5 months, during which periodic eclipses are known to occur. These eclipses have only been observed in the outburst phase, and are not clearly seen when the source is quiescent. Recent Chandra observations of the source were performed in 2019 June and 2021 April, June, and August. Two of these observations captured the source during its outburst, and showed clear flux decreases at the expected time of eclipse. The other two observations occurred when the source was quiescent. We present the discovery of a dip that occurred during the quiescent state. The dip is of longer duration and its time of occurrence does not fit the ephemeris of the shorter eclipses. We study the physical characteristics of the dip and determine that it has all the properties of an eclipse by an object with a well defined surface. We find that there are several possibilities for the nature of the object causing the 5.3 ks eclipse. First, GRS 1747−312 may be an X-ray triple, with an LMXB orbited by an outer third object, which could be an M-dwarf, brown dwarf, or planet. Secondly, there could be two LMXBs in close proximity to each other, potentially bound together. Whatever the true nature of the eclipser, its presence suggests that the GRS 1747−312 system is exotic.

Cognitive paradoxes and brain mechanisms

It is generally agreed amongst philosophers and neuroscientists that the main obstacle between the science of the brain and the conscious nature of the mind is rooted in an objective-subjective dichotomy. It is further common to classify natural sciences in terms of their epistemological values and their ontological existential attributes. As a result, one concludes that a computer that is useful for studying nature, such as the conscious mind, is not itself part of nature, or as phrased differently by the noted philosopher, John Searle, ‘there are no Turing Machines in nature! However, the great physicist John Archibald Wheeler, by declaring the famous dictum, ‘it from bit’, did impart a somewhat different approach to the true nature of reality. To reconcile the two contrasting portraits, a different picture, based on the principle of self-reference, will be presented, and applied to the brain-mind problem. It is demonstrated how this principle imparts a thermo-qubit syntax, i.e., ‘bit from it’, for communication between increasingly more complex physical systems. Altogether, the steady state situation produces negentropic pockets for quantification and storage of information. The communication protocol entails cognition mechanisms that display unexpected equivalences that prompts fundamental interpretations of general optical illusions such as Necker’s cube, the Rubin vase, and the Spinning Dancer. The derived syntax also embodies an interesting deconstruction of the recently observed dodecanogram brain signal, experimentally elucidated by Anirban Bandyopadhyay and his team.

Fatigue Models and Poststroke Fatigue: A Literature Review

Poststroke fatigue (PSF) is a common complication affecting a wide range of stroke patients, yet it remains under-reported and underestimated. PSF's exact underlying cause has not yet been identified and it seems to be multifactorial, with several models developed to answer that question. Identifying the true nature of PSF and its risk factors would help improve the quality of life of stroke patients.