True Light Research Articles

Preparation of Semiconducting Films By Electrooxidation of Naphthalene

Due to promising electronic and optical properties, conductive polymers are attracting significant interest. Conductive polymers find applications in electronic devices, e.g. substituted polynaphthalenes are used as blue light sources in OLEDs1. The ability to block the substitution sites where the subsequent polymer unit may be added by functional groups allows the polymer structure to be designed2. Moreover, one of the benefits of conductive polymers is the ability to modify the band gap of these materials by adding substituents to the main chain.Naphthalene, as the smallest polycyclic hydrocarbon, is an interesting precursor for synthesis semiconducting materials. The anodic oxidation of naphthalene has been described several times in the literature3,4, however, only formation of 1,4-polynaphthalene in the form of a granular product has been reported.In our research, we performed naphthalene electrooxidation and investigated the impact of the experimental conditions such as naphthalene concentration, water content, and electrode material on the obtained semiconducting materials. We used mass spectrometry to observe mass progression and determine molecular mass of the obtained polymers. The results of electron microscopy imaging showed fine quality coating. We studied the electronic properties of the polymers by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Based on the results, we discussed the possible mechanism of the reaction. Samanta, S. K. et al. Synthesis of high molecular weight 1,4-polynaphthalene for solution-processed true color blue light emitting diode. Macromolecules 51, 8324–8329 (2018).Debad, J. F. & Bard, A. J. Electropolymerization of acenaphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene derivatives: Formation of a new conductive electroactive electrochromic hydrocarbon ladder polymer. J Am Chem Soc 120, 2476–2477 (1998).Zecchin, S., Tomat, R., Schiavon, G. & Zotti, G. Polynaphthylene films from anodic coupling of naphthalene. Synthetic Metals vol. 25 (1988).Huang, Z., Qu, L., Shi, G., Chen, F. & Hong, X. Electrochemical polymerization of naphthalene in the electrolyte of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate containing trifluoroacetic acid and polyethylene glycol oligomer. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 556, 159–165 (2003).

Rational Thinking in Complex Qualitative Business and Management Research Using Systems Methodologies.

This paper describes the application of Systems Methodologies when dealing with complex qualitative business and management research studies, when seen in their true light, as “wicked projects”. It will demonstrate the power, flexibility and effectiveness of these approaches. This paper focuses on studies undertaken by mostly part-time postgraduate students on Business and Management related degrees who are managers in their full-time roles. Such research studies in the “messy” real world often deal with complex, difficult, unstructured and ill-defined problematic situations, with many stakeholders, multi-perspectives, uncertainties, soft factors. Hence “wicked projects”. Systems methodologies and Soft OR (Operational Research) are very suitable approaches for structuring the research project, gathering data, carrying out rigorous analysis, and enabling clear, unbiased and rational thinking. They provide the researcher with a fully informed holistic approach. They have been employed successfully by the author, when supervising, or in collaboration with students undertaking research studies or dissertations. Soft systems methodologies are not mainstream, and thus are often ignored in university research methods courses, and rarely mentioned in business research methods books. Yet they help the student design the project, help the supervisor guide the project, enable clear communications between the participants in the research, and aid collaboration. They are highly efficient and effective, and will deliver “joined-up thinking!” The paper will describe the studies carried out, and methods and techniques chosen. They have proved of real value to the students, not only in their degrees but also in the learning and development needed for their ongoing managerial roles, to the organisations in question, and to advance knowledge in the particular field.

Self-love on Social Media: A Theological Reflection by Means of Paul Tillich

This article considers whether a loving embodied self-relation is of theological relevance and the possibility of a metaphorical conception of self-love as an inherent part of faith by means of Paul Tillich read through a phenomenology with a strong awareness of human embodiment. Additionally, it reflects on whether a theological focus on true self-love sheds light on a predominant and larger problem of normativity in the relationship between self and the world.

Do attenuation coefficients based on luminescence bleaching fronts reflect true light attenuation in rocks?

The emerging technique of rock surface luminescence dating employs a double-exponential fitting dating model based on the Bouguer-Lambert law. The accuracy of exposure age determination is sensitive to the light attenuation coefficient, μ, which is usually derived from fitting the luminescence profile as a function of depth into the rock. Alternatively, μ might be determined by direct measurement using a spectrophotometer. However, their directly measured values of μ were significantly larger than those estimated from field luminescence bleaching data. Here, we aim to confirm these previous results by measuring the luminescence-depth profiles of both IRSL and IRPL signals from granite rock exposed to different light sources, including sunlight, SOL2 and IR LEDs under controlled conditions. We also measured monochromatic light (blue LED: (470 ± 30) nm, green LED: (520 ± 30) nm, and infrared LED: (850 ± 30) nm) attenuation in granite rock slices of varying thickness (0.62–2.60 mm) using a high-sensitivity photodiode. Finally, we use a camera-based measurement system and a Risø Luminescence Imager to investigate spatial variation in transmitted light as a function of slice thickness. The spatial correlation between direct light transmission and luminescence emission is then investigated, to investigate the underlying reasons for the difference between direct measurement and luminescence-based estimates of μ. We find that light attenuation through a granite rock slice is very heterogeneous; most light penetrates through localized low attenuation light paths corresponding to transmission through the most transparent grains, presumably quartz. The light penetration and escape into the surrounding matrix are assumed to be influenced by the surface area of quartz grains. As a result, transmissive light paths result in a significant area of feldspar grains at depth in the slice being exposed to more light than might be expected from average attenuation measurement. When the incident light predominantly travels through feldspar minerals, simultaneously stimulating luminescence from within any potassium feldspar (K-feldspar), the attenuation coefficients derived from the luminescence-depth profiles tend to be smaller than the average of 1.18 ± 0.07 (n = 79) irrespective of the kinetic model used for fitting. Thus, luminescence-based attenuation coefficient estimates appear to be affected by the distribution of light attenuation across and within the rock slice, making such estimates preferable to directly measured (average) estimates of light attenuation coefficients. These insights are important for our understanding of the significance of light attenuation coefficients in rock samples; they contribute to the reassessment of parameters and measurement methods in dating models and so to improvements in accuracy of rock surface luminescence dating techniques.

Testing quantum reasoning: Developing, validating, and application of a questionnaire

Clear and rigorous quantum reasoning is needed to explain quantum physical phenomena. As pillars of true quantum physical explanations, we suggest specific quantum reasoning derived from quantum physical key ideas. An experiment is suggested to support such a quantum reasoning, in which a quantized radiation field interacts with an optical beam splitter, leading to experimental results conflicting with classical physical predictions. The results, however, can be explained consistently with a quantum reasoning based on the key ideas of probability, superposition, and interference (PSI). In this quantum optical key experiment the optical beam splitter prepares a superposition of single photon states and a Michelson interferometer is used to detect the superposition via controlled propagation phases. Although different single photon experimental setups (aimed at helping students to gain access to foundational issues in quantum physics) have been discussed in the past, the wave-particle dualism bound to classical physics maintains its predominance as an explanation pattern for the interpretation of these experiments. The study presented here investigates the effect of the quantum optical key experiment on the ability of students to use quantum reasoning based on the key ideas of PSI to overcome the naive wave-particle dualism. The current state of relevant studies that test student access to quantum physics can roughly be divided into two distinct areas: one tests how mathematical abilities help them to understand quantum physics and one tests how nonmathematical representations of a set of specific quantum theoretical traits (“Wesenszüge”) lead to a deeper understanding of quantum physics. There is a lack of questionnaires that focus on the idea of developing quantum reasoning based on superposition, probability, and interference of quantum states combined with a real experiment using true quantum light. In the first part of the article, we describe the physical modeling and present the development of the questionnaire. The set of items has been constructed from newly developed items and combined with well-tested ones. The validation of the set addresses qualitative and quantitative methods. In the second part, we give a pre- and poststudy examination of the impact of the quantum optical key experiment on students’ quantum reasoning. A significant increase in the number of students using quantum arguments is based on PSI reasoning for the explanation of an interference, such as the behavior of single photon states. Though the increase is significant, we found only minor changes in a particular issue to the students’ reasoning when approaching quantum physics as illustrated by a sample of answers given in the second part of the article. The concept of quantum states and the principle of superposition still appear particularly difficult. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The Universal Light, or the Only Way to the Father? Universalism and Exclusivism in John’s Provocative Christology

Among the most perplexing of John’s theological riddles is question of salvific universalism and particularity. John is both the greatest biblical source of Christian universalism and the greatest source of Christian exclusivity. After all, the Johannine Overture affirms universal access to the saving–revealing Light of Christ, declaring: “The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world!” (Jn 1:9). What else could this mean, other than to affirm that every person has saving access to the divine Light of Christ? And yet, Jesus also declares in John 14:6, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me!” What could this mean, other than to assert that there is only one means of access to God, and that it involves saving belief in Jesus as the Christ? Sorting out the apparent contradictions within these tensions is the goal of the present essay.

UNVEILING THE ‘TRUE LIGHT’: BRICK CRYPTOGRAMS AT ST. GEORGE CHURCH IN STARO NAGORIČINO

This article delves into the intriguing ΦΧΦΠ cryptograms on the west facade of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on their connection to the era of King Milutin and their profound theological significance. It explores the convergence of architecture and symbolism, focusing on these cryptograms as a representation of the “True Light” within Christianity and its correlation to the concept of victory. The study delves into the influence of the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. It investigates how placing these cryptograms above the church’s doorway resonates with architectural and spiritual narratives. It examines the architectural features of the church’s west façade, reflecting King Milutin’s depiction on the north wall and his role as the “New Constantine.” The cryptogram ΦΧΦΠ ( “The light of Christ shines upon all”) is strategically placed above the bifora in the central axis of the facade, marking the four sides of the Cross. The motif depicting the true light coming into the world is painted on both sides of the interior of the west entrance, creating a liminal space. This motif references the ancient Biblical verse from the Gospel of John 1:9: “The true light, which gives light to everyone, was coming into the world”. Apart from the biblical reference, the patronage inscriptions and the prayerful mention of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin Nemanjić and Queen Simonis are also highlighted. Their names are inscribed on the lintel of the portal. This study uncovers the intricate symbolism and architectural nuances of the St. George Church in Staro Nagoričino, shedding light on the interplay of liturgical and historical context in this remarkable Byzantine architectural gem.

MONOGRAM OF VLADIMIR KIRAKOSYAN"RUBEN SEVAK (LIFE AND WORK)"

V. Kirakosyan's scientific interests mostly include Armenian literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. When in 1967 he defended his Ph.D. thesis at the Institute of Literature after Manuk Abangyan on the life and work of the Western Armenian poet Ruben Sevak, who became a victim of the Genocide, only 8 years had passed since he graduated from the Department of Armenian Language and Literature of the Leninakan /Gyumri/ Pedagogical Institute. V. Kirakosyan set a task to open and comment in the artistic context of Western Armenian lyrics assessment of the literary heritage of Ruben Sevak at the turn of two centuries, noticing that the lyrical works of Ruben Sevak are contradictory, and at the same time one of the most interesting and capacious phenomena of Western Armenian literature at the beginning of the century. Trying not to break the ideological and artistic unity of the works of Sevak, Kirakosyan represents the characteristics of the general manifestations of the human, individual, social environment in the development of complex and contradictory manifestations of time, helps to perceive the seemingly complicated problems more clearly and descriptively. Vladimir Kirakosyan is endowed with a subtle sense of the poet, who presented the multi-thematic, multi-genre and multi-faceted work of Ruben Sevak so deeply and comprehensively that it became a kind of emotional bridge of poetry between the poet and the still unfamiliar reader. For Kirakosyan, the sacrament of love is evidence of the content and meaning of life. Namely this understanding of the issue gives the true shade and light to the love songs that form the core of Sevak's poetry. This approach is the reason of why the ideological and artistic unity of Sevak's works is so warmly reflected in Kirakosyan's imaginations. Trying not to violate it, the literary critic presents in the complex and contradictory manifestations of time a characteristic of the general manifestations of a person, an individual, a social environment, helps to perceive the seemingly complex problems more clearly and more obviously, without which Sevak's works would remain inaccessible and difficult phenomena. Love lyrics of Ruben Sevak by V. Kirakosyan reminds of the fairy tale of beautiful days gone. In gentle, romantic tones, the dawn of the poet's life and the legend of family happiness are depicted, which fades with the gloomy disaster that has overtaken the nation; and the beautiful narration of the bright soul is interrupted, by hands of murderers are interrupted both life, and love, and dreams... Sevak’s song on the homeland was also studied and gained significance, of the history and heroic battles of which the poet was proud, as thanks to them the nation has earned its right to live with dignity in this ancient and evil world. The literary critic Vladimir Kirakaosyan and the poet Ruben Sevak are similar in their perceptions and assessments, otherwise this successful union of song and interpretation would not have been created.

A Hanbury Brown and Twiss renascence: measurement of photon correlations yields spatio-temporal coherence

Investigations of photon correlations similar to the Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment are since the advent of quantum optics in the center of both fundamental and application-oriented research. We derive a factorial moment-generating function of the probability distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source and absorbed by a photodetector from which we calculate an analytical expression for the second-order correlation coefficient g^{(2)} which reflects spatial coherence properties of the emitted light. The measurement of g^{(2)} thus allows to retrieve the spatial coherence parameter of the light source in terms of the combination of source area, source-detector distance, wavelength and detector area. The validity of the concept is proven by investigating g^{(2)} of true thermal light from a Xenon arc lamp and from the sun for various detector areas, in excellent agreement with the theory. Finally, we suggest a novel scheme for determining light source diameters by exploiting the spatially dependent statistics and confirm its validity by exemplary calculations. These results based on radiation thermodynamics and photon statistics give fresh insight into quantum optical properties of classical light sources, photon correlations and photodetection with promising applications perspectives, more than 68 years after the original Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment.

Constraints on (2060) Chiron’s size, shape, and surrounding material from the November 2018 and September 2019 stellar occultations

Context. After the discovery of rings around the largest known Centaur object, (10199) Chariklo, we carried out observation campaigns of stellar occultations produced by the second-largest known Centaur object, (2060) Chiron, to better characterize its physical properties and presence of material on its surroundings. Aims. We aim to provide constraints on (2060) Chiron’s shape for the first time using stellar occultations. We investigate the detectability of material previously observed in its vicinity using the 2018 occultation data obtained from South Africa Astronomical Observatory (SAAO). Methods. We predicted and successfully observed two stellar occultations by Chiron. These observations were used to constrain its size and shape by fitting elliptical limbs with equivalent surface radii in agreement with radiometric measurements. We also obtained the properties of the material observed in 2011 with the same technique used to derive Chariklo’s ring properties in our previous works, used to obtain limits on the detection of secondary events in our 2018 observation. Results. Constraints on the (2060) Chiron shape are reported for the first time. Assuming an equivalent radius of Requiv = 105−7+6 km, we obtained a semi-major axis of a = 126 ± 22 km. Considering Chiron’s true rotational light curve amplitude and assuming it has a Jacobi equilibrium shape, we were able to derive a 3D shape with a semi-axis of a = 126 ± 22 km, b = 109 ± 19 km, and c = 68 ± 13 km, implying in a volume-equivalent radius of Rvol= 98 ± 17 km. We determined the physical properties of the 2011 secondary events around Chiron, which may then be directly compared with those of Chariklo rings, as the same method was used. Data obtained from SAAO in 2018 do not show unambiguous evidence of the proposed rings, mainly due to the large sampling time. Meanwhile, we discarded the possible presence of a permanent ring similar to (10199) Chariklo’s C1R in optical depth and extension. Conclusions. Using the first multi-chord stellar occultation by (2060) Chiron and considering it to have a Jacobi equilibrium shape, we derived its 3D shape, implying a density of 1119 ± 4 kg m−3. New observations of a stellar occultation by (2060) Chiron are needed to further investigate the material’s properties around Chiron, such as the occultation predicted for September 10, 2023.

“We exalt you Mother of the True Light,” Coptic Hymn or Creed; and the Date of Origin.

Today in the Coptic Church a text precedes the Creed during several services of the Liturgy of the hours. This text has become known as the “Introduction to the Creed,” [IttC] and is generally recited in the same manner as the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creed that follows it.

Ministers of a New Medium: Broadcasting Theology in the Radio Ministries of Fulton J. Sheen and Walter A. Maier by Kirk D. Farney

Reviewed by: Ministers of a New Medium: Broadcasting Theology in the Radio Ministries of Fulton J. Sheen and Walter A. Maier by Kirk D. Farney Kathryn M. Galchutt Ministers of a New Medium: Broadcasting Theology in the Radio Ministries of Fulton J. Sheen and Walter A. Maier. By Kirk D. Farney. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2022. 345 pp. In our multi-media saturated times, it is difficult to imagine the singular importance of radio during its golden age, from the 1920s to the 1950s. During that era before television, the essayist E. B. White described radio as having a "godlike presence" in homes across America. In his book Kirk Farney notes that radio had a range of qualities, from intimate to communal, from democratic to authoritative. Yet Farney's study is less concerned with the medium of radio and more concerned with the impact of two men and the messages they spoke to millions during the 1930s and 1940s. The Lutheran pastor Walter A. Maier (1893–1950) and the Roman Catholic priest Fulton J. Sheen (1895–1979) were two of the most popular and prominent broadcasters during radio's golden age. Both men came from religious backgrounds that were considered on the periphery of mainstream American Protestant religion. Maier came from a German-American Lutheran background and was a member of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, a synod which some saw as an ethnic and theological enclave. Sheen came from a primarily Irish-American Catholic background and sought to counter the historic anti-Catholicism in American society. Farney explains how Maier and Sheen preached messages rooted in their own religious traditions, yet succeeded in appealing to wider audiences. Both men "combined a traditional theological conservatism with an equally traditional American idealism" (133). Maier and Sheen took to the airwaves after the Modernist and Fundamentalist debates of the 1920s. Both men were vocal critics of modernist [End Page 191] theology. They preached messages of traditional Christian theology, putting a strong emphasis on the doctrines of the atonement, sin, and grace. Given the well-known antagonism between Protestants and Catholics, it is remarkable that the Protestant Maier and the Catholic Sheen asserted such similar teachings about the foundations for faith and life (160). Maier and Sheen also made connections with the difficult times in which they were living, commenting on the economic challenges of the Great Depression, the conflicts and controversies of World War II, and the threat of communism. Both were careful to avoid partisan politics. But they reflected a spirit of American patriotism while also calling on Americans to repent and to avoid a stance of national self-righteousness. Farney notes that Maier and Sheen were critical of racial and ethnic discrimination in America and urged the church to recognize the equality of all people before God (257). Farney could have done more to explain the significance of their stances in the context of American race relations in the 1930s and 1940s. Both men reached out to many beyond their respective religious communities. Farney describes how Sheen received considerable attention for the prominent converts to Catholicism whom he reached, including Henry Ford II and the American Communist Party leader Louis Budenz. Besides the famous, Sheen also reached "the obscure … of all races and incomes" (297). Farney describes Maier's contacts with political, military, and cultural leaders, but did not mention specific converts. More could be done to examine those who made a commitment to Lutheranism because of Maier's "The Lutheran Hour." Among these are Mary Banta, who contributed to the development of True Light Lutheran Church, a Chinese-American congregation in Manhattan and Chris McNair, who lost his daughter Denise in the Klan bombing of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. Exploring the international impact of the "Catholic Hour" and "The Lutheran Hour" is another potential area of future research. Farney has written a very significant study of two of the most important radio preachers in American history, examining the similar ministries of a Lutheran pastor and Catholic priest. The parallels ended when Maier died relatively early of a massive heart attack [End Page 192] in 1950 and Sheen transitioned to even greater fame with a...

Revealing the intrinsic X-ray reverberation lags in IRAS 13224−3809 through the Granger causality test

ABSTRACT The Granger causality is an econometric test for determining whether one time series is useful for forecasting another one with a certain Granger lag. Here, the light curves in the 0.3–1 keV (reflection dominated, soft) and 1.2–5 keV (continuum dominated, hard) bands of active galactic nuclei are produced, and the Granger lags are estimated and compared to the traditional lag–frequency spectra. We find that the light curves in the hard band Granger-cause (lead) those in the soft band, whereas the obtained Granger lags could be interpreted as the intrinsic reverberation lags. Then, we extract the Granger-lag profiles from 14 XMM–Newton observations of IRAS 13224−3809, and find that the lags are significant in 12 observations. The majority of the obtained Granger (intrinsic) lags are ∼200–500 s. With the IRAS 13224−3809 mass of 2 × 106 M⊙, these lags correspond to the true light travel distance of ∼20–50 rg. Hence, by assuming a lamp-post geometry and a face-on disc, this places the corona at ∼10–25 rg above the central black hole. Moreover, multiple Granger lags consisting of the small and large lags of <500 s and >1000 s are detected in four observations. This means that the corona height can significantly evolve from ∼10–25 rg to ∼55rg, or vice versa, towards the end of the observation. Granger lags are a promising way to measure the intrinsic lags, and provide evidence of coronal height variability within each individual observation.

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and the Early Christian Concept of ‘True Light’ in the Metaphrasis Psalmorum (138.9-23) of Apollinaris of Laodicea

This paper explores the connection and renegotiation of Plato's allegorical simile of the cave and the spiritual exodus from darkness towards 'true light' in Apollinaris' Metaphrasis Psalmorum 138.9-23. First, to inform non-specialists, I outline scholarly views and debates on Plato’s allegory of the Cave and the concept of True light. Second, I compare the fourth-century metaphrase to the Septuagint text and interpret stylistic embellishments in the former as influences of a long tradition of conceptualising light allegorically, together with explorations over the knowability of the divine. Apollinaris' use of the light imagery is, paradoxically, connected with the concept of God as the one who makes darkness bright. Finally, I present Origen and Gregory of Nyssa as pivotal sources to our understanding of the mystical colouring of darkness in the Metaphrasis and the enigmatic verse 12 of the Septuagint's Psalm 138.

A 100-pixel photon-number-resolving detector unveiling photon statistics

Single-photon detectors are ubiquitous in quantum information science and quantum sensing. They are key enabling technologies for numerous scientific discoveries and fundamental tests of quantum optics. Photon-number-revolving detectors are the ultimate measurement tool of light; however, few detectors so far can provide high-fidelity photon number resolution at few-photon levels. Here we demonstrate an on-chip detector that can resolve up to 100 photons by spatiotemporally multiplexing an array of superconducting nanowires along a single optical waveguide. The unparalleled photon number resolution paired with the high-speed response exclusively allows us to unveil the quantum photon statistics of a true thermal light source at an unprecedented level, which is realized by direct measurement of the higher-order correlation function g(N) (with values of N up to 15), observation of photon-subtraction-induced photon number enhancement and quantum-limited state discrimination against a coherent light source. Our detector provides a viable route towards various important applications, including photonic quantum computation and quantum metrology.

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

Juvenile Justice and Women's Clubs: Ogden as a Case Study

Genome analysis of Phrixothrix hirtus (Phengodidae) railroad worm shows the expansion of odorant-binding gene families and positive selection on morphogenesis and sex determination genes

Among bioluminescent beetles of the Elateroidea superfamily, Phengodidae is the third largest family, with 244 bioluminescent species distributed only in the Americas, but is still the least studied from the phylogenetic and evolutionary points of view. The railroad worm Phrixothrix hirtus is an essential biological model and symbolic species due to its bicolor bioluminescence, being the only organism that produces true red light among bioluminescent terrestrial species. Here, we performed partial genome assembly of P. hirtus, combining short and long reads generated with Illumina sequencing, providing the first source of genomic information and a framework for comparative analyses of the bioluminescent system in Elateroidea. This is the largest genome described in the Elateroidea superfamily, with an estimated size of ∼3.4 Gb, displaying 32 % GC content, and 67 % transposable elements. Comparative genomic analyses showed a positive selection of genes and gene family expansion events of growth and morphogenesis gene products, which could be associated with the atypical anatomical development and morphogenesis found in paedomorphic females and underdeveloped males. We also observed gene family expansion among distinct odorant-binding receptors, which could be associated with the pheromone communication system typical of these beetles, and retrotransposable elements. Common genes putatively regulating bioluminescence production and control, including two luciferase genes corresponding to lateral lanterns green-emitting and head lanterns red-emitting luciferases with 7 exons and 6 introns, and genes potentially involved in luciferin biosynthesis were found, indicating that there are no clear differences about the presence or absence of gene families associated with bioluminescence in Elateroidea.

Fluid Mechanics in France in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

If one opens today a textbook on fluid mechanics, it seems that whereas French scientists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are frequently mentioned, those from more recent times occur rarely; in particular, French contributions to the major breakthroughs of the first half of the twentieth century (boundary layers and turbulence) would appear quite modest. However, study of contemporary documents (PhD theses, journals, correspondence, etc.) reveals remarkable work undertaken by outstanding personalities. A key instigator of these achievements was the French Air Ministry, which, starting in 1929, and with great open-mindedness, created and generously financed four Institutes of Fluid Mechanics and five teaching centers in faculties of science. This reveals the 1930s in their true light as a fruitful decade, with achievements that explain the prominent role played by France in the creation of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) in 1946. This review recounts the story of fluid mechanics in France, with emphasis on the connection between scientific questions and social and cultural issues, in a period marked by two world wars and great strengthening of international relationships.

Brain Photobiomodulation Improves Sleep Quality in Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study.

Sleep appears to be a sensitive biomarker that facilitates early detection and effective intervention for Alzheimer's disease, while subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Prefrontal cortex atrophy is associated with both sleep disruption and cognitive decline. Transcranial brain photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy can enhance frontal cortex oxygen consumption, increasing frontal cortex mediated memory function. This study aimed to test whether PBM therapy targeting the frontal cortex could improve sleep and cognitive function in SCD. Fifty-eight SCDs were divided into the PBM group (N = 32) in which real light therapy was administered and a sham light therapy group (N = 26). All the participants received either real light or sham light therapy for 6 days consecutively, while the sleep data were recorded. The n-back task was employed to measure each participant's working memory. We found no differences in sleep efficiency change (F = 211, p = 0.279), REM stage percent change (F = 420, p = 0.91), and wake-up time (F = 212, p = 0.277) between the two groups. The sleep efficiency and REM were improved within the true light group on the fifth day. The true light group perform better than the control group in the n-back test, the accuracy was higher in the 2-back test (88.6% versus 79.6%, p = 0.001), and the reaction time in 1-back was shorter (544.80±202.00 versus 592.87±222.05, p = 0.003). After five days of PBM therapy targeting the prefrontal cortex, sleep efficiency and N-back cognitive performance were improved on the fifth day.

About the poem "We have identified the true light": reflections on the article by Oleksiy Dmitrievsky

The article analyzes the origin of singing the stikhiron «We have seen the true light», which is sung almost daily at the Divine Liturgy, referring to the reflections of the famous Russian scholar in the field of liturgy Alexei Dmitrievsky (XIX-XX centuries), who raised the issue about that problem more than a hundred years ago. Why are other hymns used instead of this hymn on certain days, what is the significance of this stikhiron for the worshipers - participants in the Christian temple service, how best to get out of the problem of the need to replace that stikhiron with another prayer on some days of the year? What are the regional features of this custom in Western Ukraine, where do Greek Catholic customs dominate? The author tries to answer these questions in the light of various liturgical sources and instructions.