Triple Border Research Articles

IRAN’S GLOBAL POWER FORM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF IRAN AND TURKEY ALONG WITH THE GEOPOLITICAL AXIS OF ARABIC SPRING

After the 1990, it is very important that in the immediate vicinity of the geopolitical changes that have occurred in Turkey. The first changes is Iran and Iraq on the edge. Especially the Turkey-Iran and Iraq, all kinds of geopolitical developments occurring in the triple border, to a critical value. Because the triple border Iran and Iraq by Turkey as a safety check. For this reason, has become the center of all kinds of illegal developments. Iran, conducts a policy of asymmetric after 1990, in the Caucasus, and the Middle East and Central Asia geography. This policy from time to time an anti-U.S. hostility toward the West and exacerbate. The attitude of the West and the United States due to the foreign policy of Turkey's neighbor Iran rather problematic periods. Because the entire Middle East and Central Asia, Turkey's policies on Iran, which is a pretty effective. For this reason, Iran, Turkey is a country that needs to be analyzed by far the best.

Las configuraciones locales de odio. Discursos antimigratorios y prácticas xenofóbicas en Foz de Iguazú, Brasil

El objetivo del artículo es describir etnográficamente los impactos sociales de los discursos de odio antimigratorio en la ciudad brasileña de Foz de Iguazú (en la triple frontera del Paraná). Analizamos el actual contexto político brasileño indagando el impacto presente de los imaginarios del militarismo distendido en estas fronteras desde 1970. Utilizamos una metodología etnográfica, con la realización de 60 entrevistas cualitativas y un grupo focal con 11 participantes (estudiantes migrantes internacionales, profesores y personal técnico de la Universidad de la Integración Latinoamericana). Los resultados arrojan que la xenofobia fue convertida en discurso oficial en Brasil, articulándose a enunciados que preconizan la intolerancia hacia las minorías y sectores vulnerables. Esto incide de forma particular en Foz, dadas las configuraciones fronterizas y militares de la ciudad. Asimismo, el estudio permite concluir que tanto los discursos como prácticas xenofóbicas están articulados por imaginarios racistas que impactan más fuertemente a las mujeres migrantes.

Pensar e escrever a partir da fronteira

Este texto procura refletir sobre os resultados do projeto de pesquisa “Literatura e paisagem na Tríplice Fronteira”, realizado com o objetivo de construir um acervo literário que dialogasse com a paisagem natural e humana de uma região trinacional (Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina), cujo território geográfico está vinculado a um território simbólico e cultural atravessado pela diversidade de línguas e sujeitos que transitam o espaço em fluxos constantes. Propomos uma leitura geopoética deste lugar, em perspectiva descolonial.

Integration in health: cooperation at triple international border Amazon.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo describe the scope and limitations of the main strategies of cooperation in health, adopted between 2005 and 2017, in the context of the triple border Brazil, Colombia and Peru.METHODSingle, explanatory, qualitative, integrated case study carried out in 2017, in the context of the triple Amazon border, Brazil, Colombia and Peru, in the city of Tabatinga, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our sources of evidence were: documentary data; interviews with health managers of the State Health Secretariats of Amazonas and Municipal Health of Tabatinga, Municipal Health Council of Tabatinga and Consulate of Peru in Colombia; and direct observations in four health services of Tabatinga. Data were organized with MaxQDA12® software.RESULTSData analyzed showed that, during the study period, the Brazilian federal government made several health cooperation agreements with both Peru and Colombia and that the state government of Amazonas undertook strategies to improve the health conditions of the dwellers of Tabatinga and the region of Alto Solimões, which indirectly reached the populations of neighboring countries, supporting the interrelationships between the countries of the region. Regarding the municipal government, we verified the existence of health integration agreements, established informally, to minimize the adversities of the local health.CONCLUSIONThe cooperation strategies in health adopted in the triple Amazon border have different purposes, benefits and limitations. It is noteworthy that the existence of cooperation agreements between the federal governments of Brazil, Colombia and Peru and the presence of informal cooperation agreements between the municipal governments of Tabatinga (Brazil), Leticia (Colombia) and Santa Rosa (Peru). The limitations of this study are the lack of knowledge of local managers about the cooperation agreements established between federal governments and the lack of legitimacy of the informal agreements established by the Tabatinga government.

Terras, Mobilidade Socioespacial nas Fronteiras e Cidadania: Três direitos históricamente negados aos Avá-Guarani do Oeste do Paraná na Tríplice Fronteira (Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina)

The violation of territorial / socioenvironmental rights of the Ava-Guarani of the West of Parana, a region included in the Triple Border (Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina), occurred from 1940, when they were impacted by large state projects: Parque Nacional do Iguacu (1939) and Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant, from project to installation, from 1971 to 1982. In these 43 years, population and land data have been manipulated by institutional powers through actions / strategies that did not recognize the majority of the population and indigenous lands as such. They were expelled (physical violence) and their lands were ruined (document fraud). Almost all Ava-Guarani in the region were forced to go to indigenous lands already demarcated for another ethnicity, forced to seek refuge in other Guarani villages and, in their majority, they were pushed from Brazilian territory to villages in Paraguay. Land repossessions by Ava-Guarani have recently taken place; they are tiny and insufficient for dignified and rightful survival. They are surrounded by agribusiness, therefore by pesticides. The judicialization of the case is recent. Challenge: implement measures to repair rights. Methodology: field research with informants Ava-Guarani; ethnographic, archaeological, historical and geographic studies of Western Parana; study of the institutional documentation on the grouping; study of indigenous legislation on the documentation raised. Theoretical basis: dialectical materialism.

GIRLS’ EXPLOITATION IN THE TRIPLE BORDER AMONG ARGENTINA, BRASIL AND PARAGUAY: BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS NARRATIVES

This article focuses on the narratives and underlying ideologies that enable the persistence of girls’ sexual exploitation in the region of the Triple Border among Argentina, Brasil and Paraguay, where field work was conducted. We argue that the persistence of colonial practices has contributed to the reproduction of subalternity positions for girls and women – especially from impoverished sectors – enforced by the conservative and patriarchal discourse present in many countries of the region. This scenario enables the persistence and naturalization of certain practices that became “invisible” or even accepted and justified as being “cultural”. In this sense, we propose that human rights narrative, although being a Eurocentric construction, can comprise a platform for raising issues on gender inequality and all forms of violence and exploitation taking place in the peripheral regions of the world.

Climatology of hail in the triple border Paraná, Santa Catarina (Brazil) and Argentina

Abstract Hailstorms cause great damage to plantations, kill animals and cause great damage to the population. The southern region of Brazil suffers from the damages caused by hailstorms each year, with the triple border of Parana, Santa Catarina, and Argentina being the region with the highest incidence of this event. With averages above 2.60 days yr−1 recorded at Bernardo de Irigoyen, Argentina, Chapeco and Sao Miguel do Oeste stations in Santa Catarina. >70% of events are recorded in late winter and spring, with September and October being the months with the highest number of occurrences. The trend analysis of hail events for winter and spring was carried out, and it was observed that for most seasons, there were no statistically significant trends for the analyzed series, but the station Montes Caseros, in Argentina presented a positive and significant tendency. The Bernardo de Irigoyen and Curuzu Cuatia stations, also in Argentina, have shown a significant negative trend that may be the result of global warming. The synoptic analysis of three events suggests that there is a combined action of atmospheric systems, which in association with the topography of the region, promote the development of severe hailstorms. There is evidence that the combination of the atmospheric conditions, including South American Low-Level Jet (SALLJ), local thermodynamic instability, frontal systems, and strong upper-level winds, create a favorable environment for hail formation in deep convection. This combination involves the transport of heat and moisture from tropical regions, high level divergence and strong directional wind shear.

O turismo cultural-religioso em Foz do Iguaçu: patrimônio cultural na região trinacional (Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai)

Este trabalho procura descrever o patrimônio cultural sobre o cenário do turismo religioso em Foz do Iguaçu, região da tríplice fronteira. Com a diversidade cultural nesse local, nota-se o desenvolvimento do turismo religioso, que contribui para o aumento de divisas para o município. Diante disso, observa-se que o patrimônio cultural, tanto material quanto imaterial, demonstra as identidades de grupos nesse local, que são fluídas, mutáveis e variáveis, conforme o tempo e o lugar, propiciando ao público o conhecimento da memória, por meio do patrimônio cultural, que se efetua como uma tradição transmissível de comportamentos apreendidos em uma identidade coletiva e individual.

Dispersion of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in central-southern Brazil: Evidence from an integrative approach.

Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the zoonotic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease with a global distribution. The transmission scenario of VL has been undergoing changes worldwide, with the biologic cycle invading urbanized areas and dispersing the parasites into other previously free areas. The epidemiological cycle in Brazil has dispersed from the Northeast to other regions of the country. In this study, an integrative approach, including genotyping Brazilian strains of L. (L.) infantum for 14 microsatellite markers and reviewing historical records of the disease, was used to assess dispersion routes throughout central-southern Brazil. Our results support three L. (L.) infantum dispersion routes: A) dispersion from Bolivia to the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo via the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline from 1998 to 2005; B) VL dispersion from Paraguay to the Brazilian side of the triple border (Foz do Iguaçu and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu) during after 2012; and C) emergence of a new L. (L.) infantum cluster in western Santa Catarina State and its dispersion to southern Paraná State (municipality of Pato Branco), after 2013. Hypotheses regarding possible entries of Leishmania (L.) infantum into the area of the triple border are presented and discussed. Understanding how VL has dispersed is vital to the development of control measures for this disease and to avoid future dispersion events.

Teaching sexual diversity in Brazilian schools

We intent in this paper to present a pedagogical experience that links anthropology and secondary schools in combating heterosexism and violence against LGBTQ community. The project created a pedagogical space where prejudice and discrimination for reasons of gender and sexuality were debated in an educational environment. We believe that especially in these times of global attacks on women's and LBGTQs’ rights and human rights, it is essential that at local level we keep on resisting and creating spaces in which reflection and deconstruction of oppressive structures are promoted. This article deals with the experience of education projects on gender and sexuality carried out by a Brazilian federal university in a city in the interior of the state of Paraná, located on the triple border of Brazil with Argentina and Paraguay. It is important to note that Paraná is a state considered as extremely conservative. We hope to show how we develop an experience of what we call “extension of the university” in Brazil, aligned with research and education on the subject of sexualities. We understand that this kind of project can be an efficient arena for applied anthropology and also as investment in educating young people as valuable human resources to combat violence and to promote peaceful communities. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), as an extension of a larger and older project carried out by the Nucleus of Identities of Gender and Subjectivities (NIGS) based in the Federal University of Santa Catarina.

A região transfronteiriça da tríplice fronteira e a construção de um projeto integrado de desenvolvimento

A tríplice fronteira de Foz do Iguaçu, Ciudad Del Este e Puerto Iguazú constitui-se em um importante centro comercial e turístico, permitindo que cidadãos do Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai compartilhem o mesmo território formando uma importante região transfronteiriça. Cada uma das cidades possui um Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social que atua na construção de um Projeto Integrado de Desenvolvimento, estabelecendo parcerias com entidades e empresas da região. A consolidação desse projeto depende da ação conjunta destas entidades, da legislação de cada país envolvido e do comprometimento dos governos municipais com o desenvolvimento regional. O grande desafio da construção de um Projeto Integrado de Desenvolvimento Regional está em promover a cooperação entre os agentes locais, o setor produtivo e os governos locais de forma a resolver os problemas comuns existentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de identificar se há no local um Projeto Integrado de Desenvolvimento e como as lideranças políticas e sociais atuam nesta direção. Foi utilizada a metodologia do Hexágono do Desenvolvimento Regional e a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados para lideranças das três cidades. Os resultados obtidos indicam que embora haja um trabalho consistente dos atores locais, ainda não foi possível consolidar um Projeto de Desenvolvimento Integrado para a tríplice fronteira.
 Palavras-chave: Tríplice fronteira. Região Transfronteiriça. Desenvolvimento Regional.

El combate al tráfico internacional de niñas para fines de explotación sexual en América Latina

Con el presente estudio se tiene por objetivo analizar los desafíos y las perspectivas del combate al tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en América Latina a través de la cooperación internacional con la proposición de normativas comunes a los Estados latinoamericanos de la tríplice frontera (Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay). En este contexto, se cuestiona: ¿cuáles son los desafíos y las perspectivas de la lucha contra el tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en América Latina a través de la cooperación internacional en la tríplice frontera al redefinir la ciudadanía y el concepto de zona de frontera en la construcción de políticas públicas comunes en esos países? En su construcción, se dividió el estudio en dos momentos, donde en el primero se analiza el proceso de (re)construcción de la integración latinoamericana. En el segundo, buscase comprender el combate al tráfico internacional de niñas con fines de explotación sexual en la tríplice frontera a partir de la creación de políticas públicas comunes entre las naciones. Como camino metodológico utilizado se tiene como método de abordaje el deductivo, como métodos de procedimientos el histórico y el funcionalista y como técnicas de investigación la bibliográfica y la documental.

A internacionalização da educação superior na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – UNIOESTE

A Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE caracteriza-se como uma universidade multicampi, situada numa região de tríplice fronteira formada pelo Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai, abrangendo 94 municípios das regiões Oeste e Sudoeste do Estado do Paraná. Instituída como Universidade desde 1994, a Unioeste tem buscado instituir uma política de internacionalização. Embora possua em sua estrutura organizacional uma Assessoria de Relações Internacionais e Interinstitucionais desde a sua implantação, somente nos últimos dois anos é que foi regulamentada na universidade, uma política institucional de Internacionalização, por intermédio de uma Resolução do Conselho Universitário, aprovada em 2017. Durante os vinte anos anteriores, o que ocorreu na Unioeste, foram ações isoladas de atividades internacionais ou participação em Programas de Mobilidade. O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar a realidade institucional da nossa universidade em relação ao processo de internacionalização nos últimos 22 anos, em que passa de uma condição passiva de internacionalização para o início de uma consolidação de sua política institucional. Na apresentação e discussão buscar-se-á consubstanciar o conceito de internacionalização que mediatiza os trabalhos e intencionalidades da Unioeste no âmbito da política de mobilidade estudantil, de docentes e servidores e o percurso para se chegar a uma política institucional de internacionalização. Para alcançar esse objetivo, utiliza-se uma metodologia analítica de dados sobre mobilidade, leitura de bibliografia acerca do tema e uma qualificação das informações, a partir dos conceitos trabalhados.

Cross-border healthcare and prognosis of HIV infection in the triple border Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina.

The act of crossing an international border for healthcare is a reality in border areas and the flow is in the direction of the city with more human and healthcare resources. Although several prognostic factors related to HIV+ patients are known, the prognostic value of this type of mobility for long term care is still neglected. This study compares the prognosis of HIV patients from three groups, one involved in regional mobility, another in cross-border mobility in search for healthcare and the reference group which is composed by patients living in the same city of the health facility. This is a retrospective cohort study using medical records from a healthcare service in Brazil. Following survival analysis with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models, overall survival had no significant difference between patients who were involved in regional (HR = 1.03; 95%CI: 0.69-1.54; p = 0.89) or international (HR = 1.07; 95%CI: 0.58-1.97; p = 0.83) mobility and those who were not. This lack of difference was kept when adjusted for known prognostic factors. In this retrospective cohort study, exposure to both regional and international migration did not have a significant association with the risk of death by any cause in crude or adjusted analyses for already known prognostic factors. This is the first study to consider the prognostic role of cross-border healthcare for HIV patients. Despite these findings, the need of monitoring the extent and the clinical and demographic characteristics of healthcare demand originated in the other side of the border and the use of these data for decision making in health management is emphasized.

Novas geopolíticas em torno de Foz do Iguaçu e Itaipu

Há mais de um século, as relações diplomáticas entre Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai na tríplice fronteira são marcadas pela intensidade.. Após conflitos territoriais e fronteiriços nos séculos XIX e XX, o uso dos recursos hídricos ganhou o centro de um grande debate que ultrapassou o nível regional e alcançou o nível internacional. A construção da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, concluída em ???? inaugurou uma nova fase nas relações na tríplice fronteira. Após mais de vinte anos em torno da usina, outras temáticas apareceram na agenda das relações entre os três países implicados, sobretudo nas últimas décadas. Entre elas, convém destacar o turismo e o seu papel na transformação da região em um pólo econômico do Brasil e da América do Sul. Ao incentivar a economia, o turismo tornou o comércio envolvido com a zona franca de Ciudad del Este na segunda atração da região, o que por sua vez, incentivou a multiplicação das atividades ilegais e ilícitas. Esse novo quadro preocupa as autoridades dos três países e indica o surgimento de novas dimensões geopolíticas na região. Neste artigo, objetivamos compreender o histórico geopolítico da região e como ele se transformou em um espaço globalizado.

Los derechos de ciudadanía de niños y adolescentes en un territorio singular: la trifrontera amazónica

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la situación general de la protección de los derechos y deberes de niños y adolescentes en Brasil, Colombia y Perú e identificar las acciones de protección de sus derechos en la triple frontera constituida por las ciudades de Tabatinga (BR), Leticia (CO) e Isla de Santa Rosa (PE). Esta investigación cualitativa ha analizado documentos y legislación relacionada con los derechos de los niños y adolescentes de los tres países, así como las páginas web de las tres ciudades. Además, fueran realizadas entrevistas en profundidad con los responsables de las acciones para niños y adolescentes en la trifrontera Amazónica. Ante la conquista legal de los derechos de ciudadanía de niños y adolescentes y de una realidad de vulnerabilidad social se señala que la protección de estos derechos debe afrontarse con acciones intersectoriales territoriales, sin embargo, en las ciudades investigadas predominan acciones estatales desarticuladas que no tienen en cuenta la especial situación territorial.

POVOS TICUNA NA TRÍPLICE FRONTEIRA: DESAFIOS PARA O ESTADO E PARA O DIREITO

O trabalho em questão deu-se pela importância do tema para as discussões no Direito brasileiro. Tratar de indígenas entre fronteiras é sempre um problema quando se faz a leitura de um Estado, baseado nos ideais de modernidade, nos quais não se consegue incluir as diferenças e especificidades territoriais, culturais e sociais indígenas. Desta forma, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, pretende-se abordar a questão indígena na tríplice fronteira Brasil (Tabatinga), Peru (Santa Rosa) e Colômbia (Letícia), na região do Alto Rio Solimões para demonstrar a mobilidade dos Ticuna entre fronteiras. Outra abordagem dada é a necessidade da mudança estrutural do Estado e seus direitos para efetivação de direitos socioambientais, dentro dele, os direitos indígenas que são incompatíveis com a racionalidade individualista e universalista do Estado eurocêntrico. O objetivo do trabalho é demonstrar que o Estado e seu direito são insuficientes para lidar com a mobilidade Ticuna na região da tríplice fronteira, demonstrando que este fato ocorre independente das delimitações territoriais estabelecidas pelo Estado, e também, investigar como os três países têm lidado com a questão Ticuna em seus territórios.

La Triple Frontera como centro de atracción del yihadismo en América Latina: Orientación teórico-histórica

Este escrito analiza, desde una orientación teórico-histórica, la amenaza que representa para la región de América Latina la existencia de movimientos islamistas radicales, células durmientes de grupos terroristas yihadistas y los nexos de grupos criminales sudamericanos con el yihadismo en la zona de la Triple Frontera (TF). Para cumplir este objetivo, se busca dar una respuestaa una pregunta que se ha vuelto muy recurrente: ¿es el terrorismoempleado por los movimientos yihadistas una amenazareal para América Latina? Una posible respuesta se inspira enel paradigma teórico-histórico: el constructivismo y el referentede la globalización. En síntesis, este paradigma constructivistaexplica las dudas que se tienen para acometer en la construcciónde soluciones integrales para el manejo de la amenaza yihadistaen la zona de la TF. Se toma como referente a esta zona trifronteriza debido a que es considerada el mayor foco de amenaza en la zona del Cono Sur para el asentamiento del yihadismo, pues es un polo de atracción de actividades ilícitas. Allí se encuentra el crimen organizado, liderado por las mafias de las diferentes etnias que conviven en este espacio geográfico, como la árabe y la china; además permea una corrupción generalizada. Estos son los mayores peligros en la zona, producto de las reticencias que crean escenarios atractivos y vulnerables que son aprovechados por el terrorismo internacional.

Hidden danger: Unexpected scenario in the vector-parasite dynamics of leishmaniases in the Brazil side of triple border (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay)

Every year about 3 million tourists from around the world visit Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay´s triple border region where the Iguaçu Falls are located. Unfortunately, in recent years an increasing number of autochthonous canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases have been reported. The parasite is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and it is transmitted by sand flies (Phlebotominae). To assess the risk factors favorable for the establishment and spread of potential vectors the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap (CDC-light trap) collections were made in the Foz do Iguaçu (FI) and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI) townships and along two transects between them. Our study determined the Phlebotominae fauna, the factors that affect the presence and abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani, the presence of L. infantum in different sand fly species and which Leishmania species are present in this region. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the prevalent species and its distribution was related to the abundance of dogs. Leishmania infantum was found in Lu. longipalpis, Ny. whitmani, Ny. neivai and a Lutzomyia sp. All the results are discussed within the Stockholm Paradigm and focus on their importance in the elaboration of public health policies in international border areas. This region has all the properties of stable VL endemic foci that can serve as a source of the disease for neighboring municipalities, states and countries. Most of the urban areas of tropical America are propitious for Lu. longipalpis establishment and have large dog populations. Pan American Health Organization´s initiative in supporting the public health policies in the border areas of this study is crucial and laudable. However, if stakeholders do not act quickly in controlling VL in this region, the scenario will inevitable become worse. Moreover, L. (Viannia) braziliensis found in this study supports the need to develop public health policies to avoid the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The consequences of socioeconomic attributes, boundaries and frontiers on the spread of diseases cannot be neglected. For an efficient control, it is essential that urban planning is articulated with the neighboring cities.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the leishmaniases among inhabitants from a Paraguayan district in the border area between Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania sp. that differ in their geographical distribution, hosts, and vectors. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the population are important to understand their relation to the disease. The aim of this study was to characterize KAP with regard to the leishmaniases in inhabitants of the triple border area Argentina–Brazil–Paraguay in specific neighborhoods where infected dogs were found and phlebotomine were captured, identifying a transmission focus. This is an observational, descriptive design based on a quantitative transversal survey. Sixty-two surveys were applied in homes located in areas at risk. Surveys were carried out in households in the San Francisco and Santa Rosa neighborhoods where the presence of infected reservoirs (dogs) was confirmed and Lu. longipalpis had been previously identified and captured. Seventy-one percent of respondents stated that they had heard about the disease. Knowledge about types, mode of transmission, and symptoms of the disease was rare. Attitudes and practices were closely related to pet dogs, and confusion between human and canine cases was noticed. There was a major flaw in the public services responsible for the transfer of knowledge to the population. These results suggest the necessity of conducting an educational intervention in these vulnerable populations, to improve conditions for prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the triple border where the flux of people is very intense and the chances of outbreaks are currently very high.