Trimetallic Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biosynthesis of trimetallic nanoparticles and their biological applications: a recent review.

Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have emerged as a pivotal area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications across medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. This review provides several novel contributions that distinguish it from existing literature on trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs). Firstly, it offers a focused exploration of TMNPs, specifically addressing their unique properties and applications, which have been less examined compared to other multimetallic nanoparticles. This targeted analysis fills a significant gap in current research. Secondly, the review emphasizes innovative biosynthesis methods utilizing microorganisms and plant extracts, positioning these green synthesis approaches as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods. This focus aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable practices in nanotechnology. Furthermore, the review integrates discussions on both medical and agricultural applications of TMNPs, highlighting their multifunctional potential across diverse fields. This comprehensive perspective enhances our understanding of how TMNPs can address various challenges. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic effects among the different metals in TMNPs, providing insights into how these interactions can be harnessed to optimize their properties for specific applications. Such discussions are often overlooked in existing studies. Moreover, this review identifies critical research gaps and challenges within the field, outlining future directions that encourage further investigation and innovation in TMNP development. By doing so, it proactively contributes to advancing the field. Finally, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biologists, and environmental scientists, emphasizing the importance of diverse expertise in enhancing the research and application of TMNPs.

Platinum–Iridium–Ruthenium Trimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution

Platinum–Iridium–Ruthenium Trimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution

Tuning the electronic structure and SMSI by integrating trimetallic sites with defective ceria for the CO2 reduction reaction

Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as a potential key for closing the carbon cycle by converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added chemicals. In this work, we report a highly active and stable ceria (CeO2)-based electronically tuned trimetallic catalyst for CO2 to CO conversion. A unique distribution of electron density between the defective ceria support and the trimetallic nanoparticles (of Ni, Cu, Zn) was established by creating the strong metal support interaction (SMSI) between them. The catalyst showed CO productivity of 49,279 mmol g-1 h-1 at 650 °C. CO selectivity up to 99% and excellent stability (rate remained unchanged even after 100 h) stemmed from the synergistic interactions among Ni-Cu-Zn sites and their SMSI with the defective ceria support. High-energy-resolution fluorescence-detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) confirmed this SMSI, further corroborated by in situ electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The in situ studies (HERFD-XAS & EELS) indicated the key role of oxygen vacancies of defective CeO2 during catalysis. The in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging under catalytic conditions visualized the movement and growth of active trimetallic sites, which completely stopped once SMSI was established. In situ FTIR (supported by DFT) provided a molecular-level understanding of the formation of various reaction intermediates and their conversion into products, which followed a complex coupling of direct dissociation and redox pathway assisted by hydrogen, simultaneously on different active sites. Thus, sophisticated manipulation of electronic properties of trimetallic sites and defect dynamics significantly enhanced catalytic performance during CO2 to CO conversion.

Electrochemical immunoassay for gastric cancer biomarker pepsinogen I detection based on PdAgPt/MoS2

This study presents a novel electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of pepsinogen I, a potential biomarker for gastric cancer, based on a unique PdAgPt/MoS2nanocomposite. The key innovation lies in the synergistic combination of trimetallic PdAgPt nanoparticles with MoS2nanoflowers, which has not been previously reported for pepsinogen I detection. This hybrid material demonstrates exceptional electron transfer properties and a significantly larger electroactive surface area compared to conventional materials. The optimized immunosensor exhibits superior performance metrics: a wide linear range of 0.5-200 ng ml-1and an unprecedented low detection limit of 0.173 ng ml-1, surpassing existing detection methods. The sensor shows remarkable selectivity with interfering substances exhibiting relative responses below 5%, excellent reproducibility (RSD 3.8%), and outstanding stability (95.6% retention after 30 d). Analysis of spiked serum samples resulted in recoveries ranging from 96.8% to 104.5%, demonstrating the sensor's practical applicability for early gastric cancer screening. This work represents a significant advancement in developing rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools for gastric cancer surveillance.

Highly sensitive and catalytic electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor for β-lactoglobulin via coupling redox recycling background minimization with DNAzyme amplification.

β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a major allergen in dairy products, can trigger severe allergic reactions and even fatal outcomes in infants. In this work, we develop a new low background current redox recycling strategy by conjugating the electrochemical mediator to trimetallic hybrid nanoparticles (NPs)-dispersed graphene as the signal tag, which is coupled with DNAzyme amplifications to construct highly catalytic and ultrasensitive β-Lg aptasensor. Target β-Lg molecules bind aptamers in DNAzyme/aptamer duplexes to release active DNAzymes to initiate cyclic cleavage of hairpin substrates. This subsequently leads to confinement of many probes for signal generation on electrode. Assisted by K3 [Fe(CN)6] in detection buffer, catalytic redox recycling of mediators induced by trimetallic hybrid NPs thus yield considerably magnified currents for detecting β-Lg with detection limit of 5.4pg/mL. Our results show that attachment of redox mediator to NP-dispersed graphene can effectively and significantly lower the background current compared with its presence in buffer. At the meantime, the coupling of the DNAzyme amplification with catalytic hybrid NPs can enhance the current signal, leading to high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity. Such aptasensor also exhibits high selectivity and can achieve detection of low levels of β-Lg in infant rice cereal. The simultaneous background current reduction and dual catalytic signal amplification of our biosensor strategy leads to highly improved signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity, which suggesting its promising potential for the monitoring of different trace molecular biomarkers for diverse applications.

Synthetic control over lattice strain in trimetallic AuCu-core Pt-shell nanoparticles.

Core-shell nanoparticles can exhibit strongly enhanced performances in electro-, photo- and thermal catalysis. Lattice strain plays a key role in this and is induced by the mismatch between the crystal structure of the core and the shell metal. However, investigating the impact of lattice strain has been challenging due to the lack of a material system in which lattice strain can be controlled systematically, hampering further progress in the field of core-shell catalysis. In this work, we achieve such a core-shell nanoparticle system through the colloidal synthesis of trimetallic Pt-shell Au1-xCux-core nanoparticles. Our seed-mediated growth methodology yields well-defined Au1-xCux-cores, tunable in composition from 0 at% Cu to 77 at% Cu, and monodisperse in size. Subsequent overgrowth results in uniform, epitaxially grown Pt-shells with a controlled thickness of ∼3 atomic layers. By employing a multi-technique characterization strategy combining X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and aberration corrected electron microscopy, we unravel the atomic structure of the trimetallic system on a single nanoparticle-, ensemble- and bulk scale level, and we unambiguously demonstrate the controlled variation of strain in the Pt-shell from -3.62% compressive-, to +3.79% tensile strain, while retaining full control over all other structural characteristics of the system.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensors based on trimetallic AuPt-Ru nanoparticles decorated RGO with disposable and low-cost goldleaf electrode for aflatoxin B1 quantification in agricultural products

Ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensors based on trimetallic AuPt-Ru nanoparticles decorated RGO with disposable and low-cost goldleaf electrode for aflatoxin B1 quantification in agricultural products

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Bimetallic and Trimetallic Pt Nanoparticles Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for The Selective Detection of Uric Acid

Determination of uric acid in urine is very important in the diagnosis of urinary system disorders. Therefore, rapid, cost-effective, and stable measurement of uric acid is of great importance. In this study, platinum-based (Pt) bimetallic and trimetallic NPs modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) synthesized by arc discharge method were synthesized using the electrochemical synthesis method. According to the TEM results of the obtained Platinum -Nickel @MWCNT (PtNi@MWCNT), and Platinum – Nickel – Iridium@MWCNT (PtNiIr@MWCNT) Nanoparticles (NPs), the MWCNT outer diameters were 18-19 nm, and the particle distributions were 8.55 nm and 7.27 nm for PtNi and PtIrNi, respectively. The obtained NPs were used for the detection of Uric acid (UA) and very low detection limits were obtained. According to the DPV results, the (Limit of Detection) LOD, and (Limit of Quantification) LOQ values for PtNi@MWCNT in the linear range of 0.03 -1.63 µM were found to be 0.08 µM - 0.24µM, respectively. For the PtIrNi@MWCNT sensor; LOD and LOQ values obtained in the linear range of 0.03 µM-0.43 µM were found to be 0.019 µM -0.058 µM. The selectivity test also showed that the sensors were highly selective for UA. The results obtained showed that the sensors offer a very high potential for the determination of uric acid.

One Step Reduction of Coral-Like Palladium-Gold-Copper Trimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles (Pd-Au-Cu NPs) and Its Investigation As Photothermal-Enhanced Fenton Catalytic Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants

One Step Reduction of Coral-Like Palladium-Gold-Copper Trimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles (Pd-Au-Cu NPs) and Its Investigation As Photothermal-Enhanced Fenton Catalytic Degradation of Organic Dye Pollutants

Synergic effect of Fe-Sn-Ag tri-metallic nanoparticles synthesized by a green chemistry method on their photocatalytic activity

This research work reports a novel co-precipitation methodology for the green synthesis of tri-metallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) of type: magnetite (Fe3O4NPs), tin (Sn), and silver (Ag), using an aqueous extract of Crocus sativus (ExCs) as a stabilizing agent (TMNPs Fe3O4NPs@Sn-Ag/ExCs), for the first time. The resulting TMNPs Fe3O4NPs@Sn-Ag/ExCs were characterized by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), physical adsorption of nitrogen gas at low temperature by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Field-Emission Scanning Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (FE-SEM-EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The TEM-EDS analysis presented TMNPs Fe3O4NPs@Sn-Ag/ExCs with a spherical morphology and a mode size of 13 nm. The crystallographic study of the TMNPs Fe3O4NPs@Sn-Ag/ExCs showed a proportionality between the full width at half maximum (FWHM) XRD peaks and the crystallite size, as well as the dhkl spacing (111) associated with the Ag in the TMNPs structure. The TMNPs Fe3O4NPs@Sn-Ag/ExCs were successfully used in the photodegradation of two over the counter commercial dyes, sky blue No. 39 and emerald green No. 27, resulting in a 100% efficiency for both dyes (90 min of reaction), using sunlight or LED radiation, and a high mineralization rate (>99% TOC removal).

Polyol-Assisted Synthesis of Ni/Cu/Ag Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Nonlinear Optical Applications.

Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have opened a broad spectrum of applications with a new class of materialistic combinations in several fields from electronics to medicinal and environmental applications. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of Ni/Cu/Ag TMNPs using the polyol method and their nonlinear optical (NLO) studies. A broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 443 nm evidences the formation of the Ni/Cu/Ag TMNPs with a peak shift compared to their mono- or bimetallic counterparts. The NLO studies showed promising results, indicating that Ni/Cu/Ag TMNPs have potential applications in optoelectronics. The calculated nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) confirmed thermally induced excited-state absorption by the prepared TMNPs. Closed-aperture z-scan analysis demonstrated a self-focusing effect, indicating a nonlinear refractive index (n2). Further, the suitability of Ni/Cu/Ag TMNPs for optical limiting application is assessed.

Magnetically Induced Amination of Alcohols Using MNi@Cu (M=Fe, Co) Nanoparticles as Catalysts.

The synthesis of tertiary amines from alcohols (i.e. heptanol, dodecanol, cyclohexanol, benzylalcohol) and secondary amines (Me2NH (DMA), nPr2NH, nBu2NH) has been achieved in one step using trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) displaying a magnetic core (Co4Ni6 and Fe3Ni7) and a Cu shell as both catalysts and heating agent in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. This methodology limits the redistribution reactions occurring on amines at high temperature leading to both much higher conversion and selectivity in the absence of solvent than usually observed using conventional heating. Moreover, Co4Ni6@Cu NPs were found moisture resistant, thereby allowing for performing the reaction with commercial DMA in water (40 % wt) with again high conversion and selectivity.

Magnetically Induced Amination of Alcohols Using MNi@Cu (M=Fe, Co) Nanoparticles as Catalysts

AbstractThe synthesis of tertiary amines from alcohols (i.e. heptanol, dodecanol, cyclohexanol, benzylalcohol) and secondary amines (Me2NH (DMA), nPr2NH, nBu2NH) has been achieved in one step using trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) displaying a magnetic core (Co4Ni6 and Fe3Ni7) and a Cu shell as both catalysts and heating agent in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. This methodology limits the redistribution reactions occurring on amines at high temperature leading to both much higher conversion and selectivity in the absence of solvent than usually observed using conventional heating. Moreover, Co4Ni6@Cu NPs were found moisture resistant, thereby allowing for performing the reaction with commercial DMA in water (40 % wt) with again high conversion and selectivity.

Antimicrobial, anti-biofouling, antioxidant, and biocompatible fabrics with high durability via green growth of trimetallic nanoparticles

There is a high demand for green and sustainable multifunctional fabrics, which find application in a variety of real-life contexts. This study addresses the development of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-biofouling and biocompatible fabrics through a one-step, versatile and cost-effective in-situ green growth strategy. Monometallic, bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles comprising silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were grown in-situ on fabric surfaces using Sideritis scardica extract. The average size of nanoparticles was 99 ± 25 nm, 131 ± 29 nm, 68 ± 18 nm for Ag, Cu and Zn. The metallic nanoparticles grown on the fabric surface imparted a range of colors to the fabrics, including yellow, brownish and greenish hues. Nanoparticle-decorated fabrics have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-biofouling, biocompatibility, and high durability properties. The decoration of fabrics with metallic nanoparticles mediated antimicrobial properties against bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) and fungi (C. albicans), achieving a reduction of over 99.99 % (Logarithmic reduction>4). Bimetallic and trimetallic Ag and Cu nanoparticles exhibited enhanced antifungal activity in comparison to their monometallic counterparts. The cytotoxic effects of Cu were effectively eliminated through the fabrication of bimetallic nanostructures containing Zn. Notably, the biocompatibility of monometallic and bimetallic combinations involving Ag and Zn exceeded 95 %. The water contact angles of the decorated fabrics ranged from 145° to 153°. The superhydrophobic character of the fabrics prevented pathogen adhesion and inhibited biofilm formation. Moreover, all nanoparticle-decorated fabrics demonstrated antioxidant properties, with radical-scavenging activity ranging from 46 % to 91 %. The fabrics retained their antimicrobial properties against mechanical abrasion, heating and repeated cycles of washing and bending.

Investigation of the catalytic activity of trimetallic CuAgAu aerogels for the electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO

Given the growing demand for efficient catalysts in sustainable energy applications, this study investigates the structural characterization and catalytic activity of CuAgAu trimetallic aerogels synthesized via a sol-gel method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a porous network structure with uniformly dispersed trimetallic nanoparticles averaging 5-10 nm in size, which indicates a successful synthesis and nanostructure formation. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a face-centered cubic structure, with distinct diffraction peaks observed at positions corresponding to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of Cu, Ag, and Au, respectively. These structural features are critical for understanding the crystalline nature and stability of the aerogels. The catalytic activity of CuAgAu aerogels for CO2 reduction was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry, which showed notable enhancements in current densities at various applied potentials relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode. These findings indicate the aerogels’ effectiveness as catalysts for CO2 conversion. Furthermore, Faradaic efficiency measurements revealed a high selectivity in the conversion of CO2 to CO, achieving a high Faradaic efficiency of 85%, which suggests that the aerogels’ capability to efficiently utilize electrons in producing CO, as a valuable precursor in renewable energy and chemical synthesis applications. The combination of structural integrity, catalytic performance, and high selectivity positions CuAgAu aerogels as promising approach for sustainable energy technologies.

Improved the Sensitivity and Limit of Detection of Surface Alloying SERS Sensors by Controlling Mixing Ratio of Trimetallic (Ag-Au-Pd) Nanoparticles

In this study, three different types of hybrid structures SERS sensors made from different mixing ratio of trimetallic (Ag-Au-Pd) nanoparticles of [Au1: Ag1: Pd1] , [Au1: Ag2: Pd1] , [Au1: Ag2: Pd2] in surface alloying forms deposited on macro porous silicon (macroPsi) layer were created and extensively tested. By using a simple and fast immersion process, trimetallic (Ag-Au-Pd) nanoparticles were created utilizing ion reduction of numerous metallic salts on a macro porous silicon (macroPsi) layer. The macroPsi layers were created using a laser assisted etching (LAE) technique for 15 minutes with a constant density of approximately (28mA/c.m2). At a constant concentration (10-3 M) of HAu.Cl4, Ag.NO3 and Pd.Cl2 to synthesize Au-NPs, Ag-NPs and Pd-NPs, immersion processes with various mixing ratios were performed. The hybrid structures of SERS sensors were examined using XRD, FE-SEM, and Raman microscopes. The sensors were tested at different concentrations from 10-6 to 10-12 of MB target molecules. The SERS trimetallic sensors demonstrated a considerable reliance on hot spot zones among trimetallic nanoparticles. Higher enhancement factor with lower detection limit of Raman signal was obtained from [Au1: Ag2: Pd2] hybrid structures SERS sensor of about 1.5×1010 and 10-14 respectively, due to extra ordinary specific surface area and high surface density forming trimetallic nanoparticles . The variations of mixing ratio of trimetallic (Ag-Au-Pd) provide an effective pathway to develop the sensors performance towards detection of lower concentrations.

Reshaping Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment Using Ferroptosis/Cuproptosis Nanosensitizers for Enhanced Radioimmunotherapy

AbstractRadiotherapy, a traditional cancer treatment, not only controls local tumor growth but also potentially induces immunogenic cell death, initiating systemic immune responses. However, radiotherapy resistance and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments often limit the potency of radiation‐induced anti‐tumor immune responses, rendering them insufficient for clinical applications. Consequently, trimetallic nanoparticles are constructed with dual enzymatic activity, AuBiCu‐distearoyl phosphoethanolamine‐PEG nanoparticles (AuBiCu‐PEG NPs), to synergistically improve radiotherapy resistance through X‐ray deposition, hypoxia alleviation, and ferroptosis and cuproptosis induction. This approach promotes radiotherapy‐induced immunogenic cell death and boosts anti‐tumor immune responses. Furthermore, AuBiCu‐PEG NPs effectively reversed radiation‐induced upregulation of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1), inhibit tumor immune evasion, and reshaped the immune microenvironment. Non‐invasive and real‐time longitudinal monitoring of nanoparticle accumulation in tumors can be achieved using spectral computed tomography (CT) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. In summary, the designed AuBiCu‐PEG NPs serve as promising nanoplatforms for immune microenvironment remodeling and can be used in multimodal molecular imaging‐guided ferroptosis‐cuproptosis‐enhanced radiotherapy.

Pt–Ni–Co trimetallic nanoparticles anchored on graphene oxide: An effective catalyst for ammonia-borane hydrolysis and direct electrooxidation of ammonia-borane in alkaline solution

In this study, graphene oxide supported platin, nickel and cobalt trimetallic nanoparticles (PtNiCo@GO) were prepared by the impregnation/reduction method. The catalytic performances of PtNiCo@GO catalysts prepared with different atomic ratios were investigated for hydrogen production and electro-oxidation of ammonia-borane (AB). For hydrolysis of ammonia-borane, Pt0.8Ni0.1Co0.1@GO catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity than Pt0.6Ni0.2Co0.2@GO, Pt0.4Ni0.3Co0.3@GO, and Pt0.2Ni0.4Co0.4@GO. The hydrogen generation rate and turnover frequency values were found to be 540 mL min−1g−1 and 42.8 min−1, respectively, in the experiment conducted at 35 °C, 0.5 mmol AB, and 50 mg Pt0.8Ni0.1Co0.1@GO catalyst. The activation parameters (Ea, ΔH#, and ΔS#) in the catalytic hydrolysis of AB were obtained at 42.22 kJ/mol, 31.95 kJ/mol and −114.82 J/(mol × K), respectively. The effects of the PtNiCo@GO catalyst on AB electro-oxidation were made at a scanning rate of 100 mV/s in the potential range of - 1V/+1V against Ag/AgCl, and chronoamperometry measurements were made at constant potentials of - 0.2V, 0.1V and 0.4V. For cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements, 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3/4 (1 M KCl) redox probe and 1 M NaOH + 50 mM AB solution were used.

Enhanced Fecal Norovirus Detection Using Magneto-Nanocatalys-Based Immunoassay.

A new method has been developed to improve the detection of norovirus (NoV) in complex fecal samples using nanocatalyst-based immunoassays. The method involves using multifunctional trimetallic nanoparticles, known as Ag@Fe3O4@Au NPs. These nanoparticles consist of a core of silver (Ag) and a shell of iron oxide (Fe3O4) decorated with isolated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The nanoparticles have enhanced catalytic activity, making them an ideal nanocatalyst for reducing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP, yellow) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP, colorless). The developed Ag@Fe3O4@Au NPs-based immunoassay achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.9 pg/mL for norovirus-like particles (NoV-LP) and 6.97 RNA copy number/mL for fecal NoV. In fecal sample analysis for NoV, a heat treatment at 65°C was necessary to prevent degradation of the target protein, ensuring sensitive detection. This work successfully combined multifunctional nanocatalysts for advanced immunoassays, which could contribute to developing nano-biosensing platforms.

Trimetallic alloy nanoparticles as cocatalyst for improving the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride for H2 production

Trimetallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs) hybridized with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets show potential as photocatalysts owing to their multicomponent interactions, increased catalytic efficiency, and enhanced stability. Herein, a NiCoAg–CN nanocomposite comprising NiCoAg alloy NPs deposited on g-C3N4 nanosheets was synthesized via photoreduction using simulated solar light. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the metallic properties of Ni, Co, and Ag within the NiCoAg–CN nanocomposite, and the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy image showed alloy NPs on the surface of g-C3N4. The as-formed Schottky junction accelerated the separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers in NiCoAg–CN. NiCoAg–CN exhibited a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) yield of 4896 μmol/g, surpassing the performance of NiAg–CN and CoAg–CN by 1.9- and 1.8-fold, respectively. This is attributed to the enhanced catalytically active sites, facilitating rapid charge carrier transfer between the NiCoAg alloy and the g-C3N4 nanosheets. Photoluminescence spectra indicated that NiCoAg NPs served as efficient electron conduits, suppressing charge carrier recombination and promoting direct electron transfer. Alloy NPs synthesized via the proposed strategy efficiently harness solar radiation, facilitate charge carrier transfer, and mitigate recombination, thus advancing efficient photocatalytic H2 generation.