Trimetallic Nanoparticles Research Articles

A novel approach of phyllanthus niruri supported Ag-Cu-Co for anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, larvicidal and photodegradation applications

Novel Ag-Cu-Co trimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using phyllanthus niruri extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. It was analyzed using Ultraviolet-Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction, Particle size and Thermal analyses etc. The UV–Vis studies confirmed the absorption value of Ag-Cu-Co at 241 nm respectively. The crystalline size of the P. niruri supported Ag-Cu-Co was found in the range of 17–19 nm with quasi spherical in shape. From the antibacterial study the synthesized Ag-Cu-Co showed maximum zone of inhibition for E. coli and it was found to be 25 mm. The photocatalytic degradation study confirmed the effective activity against methylene blue and the percentage degradation was confirmed to be 83.28 percentage. The LC50 value was found to be 14.768 percentage which confirmed the potent larvicidal activity of synthesized material. Hence, it has proved that the synthesized green nanoparticles as proficient catalyst for antioxidant, antibacterial, larvicidal and effective degradation of dye molecules.

Boosting Hydrogen Production by Selective Anodic Electrooxidation of Ethanol over Trimetallic PdSbBi Nanoparticles: Composition Matters.

The conventional hydrogen evolution from water electrolysis is severely impeded by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, an integrated electrolysis system of replacing the anodic OER with a thermodynamically favorable ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) has been developed by using PdSbBi/C as an electrocatalyst. To maximize the EOR performance, the composition of PdSbBi nanoparticles is tuned by varying the ratio of Sb and Bi precursors. Ternary PdSbBi-based electrocatalysts exhibit enhanced activity and stability toward EOR compared to commercial Pd/C and binary catalysts. In particular, the Pd76Sb17Bi7/C catalyst delivers a very high specific activity up to 52.4 mA cm-2 and mass activity of 2.66 A mg-1Pd. Besides, this EOR process is demonstrated to have high selectivity with acetic acid as the oxidation product in the electrolyte. When coupled with a cathodic platinum mash, the two-electrode electrolyzer cell requires a voltage input of merely 0.61 V to afford a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the presence of Sb and Bi can promote the adsorption of hydroxide ions and facilitate the removal of reaction intermediates in the EOR pathway. This work provides a novel catalyst for the energy-efficient coproduction of acetic acid and hydrogen fuel.

S9.4b Trimetallic Cu-Zn-Fe nanoparticles induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in multidrug-resistant Candida auris S9.4 Free oral presentations (late breaking), September 23, 2022, 4:45 PM - 6:15 PM

Background Candida species are opportunistic fungus that can cause serious infections, particularly in immunocompromised population. The number of fungal infections has increased steadily with Candida species being responsible for ˃ 70% of these instances, particularly in hospitalized patients with significant underlying conditions. Pharmacological resistance in Candida species and the advent of Candida auris have elevated candidiasis to a major public health concern. Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that can cause catastrophic bloodstream infections and high fatality rates, particularly in hospitalized patients with major medical issues. Antifungal study of trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) of various types have been studied as a therapy option for efficient and safe control of candidiasis. These NPs were highlighted for being environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic preparative possibilities.ObjectiveThis work aimed to synthesize and characterize novel Cu-Zn-Fe trimetallic NPs and determine their in vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of antifungal action against Candida auris isolates.MethodsThe synthesis and characterization of Cu-Zn-Fe trimetallic NPs was done by standard methods. The antifungal capability of these NPs were determined by calculating minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) following CLSI recommended guidelines. Susceptibility on planktonic cells and biofilms was further confirmed by MuseTM cell count and viability assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. For insight antifungal mechanisms, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were studied by exploring different apoptotic markers and MuseTM cell analyzer.ResultsCharacterizations by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) determine the successful biosynthesis of Cu-Zn-Fe trimetallic NPs. Susceptibility assay confirmed the fungicidal activity of Cu-Zn-Fe NPs with MIC and MFC values of 12.5 and 25 μg/ml respectively. These results were further confirmed by viability assay reporting the cell viability of 45.5%, 13.5%, and 1.8% when C. auris cells were treated with 1/2 MIC, MIC, and 2MIC respectively. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 91.2% of healthy developing untreated control cells were in G0/G1 phase, whereas 5.2% and 3.7% of cells were in the S phase and G2/M phase, respectively. In contrast, NP-treated cells were observed to be arrested in S phase with 49.3% cells at 2MIC. To study the physiology of cell death caused by NPs, we investigated mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm), with live cells having stable (∆ψm) whereas treated cells showed loss of (∆ψm). Another important parameter of apoptosis in yeast cells is the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria to the cytosol and NP-treated cells resulting in decreased mitochondrial cytochrome C and elevated cytosolic cytochrome C levels. Both results confirmed the potential test NPs in causing apoptotic cell death in C. auris.ConclusionThe trimetallic (Cu-Zn-Fe) nanoparticles displayed strong antifungal activity against C. auris, with a potential to arrest the cell cycle at S-phase, which could be linked to the DNA damage. Important yeast apoptotic markers suggested that the test NPs have a potential to cause apotosis in C. auris. All these findings suggest the potential of these trimetallic NPs to be taken to the next level of research in the development of novel antifungal medications.

Multimetallic electrocatalysts of FeCoNi nanoalloy embedded in multilayered carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction and flexible Zn-air battery

A series of multicomponent electrocatalysts comprising trimetallic transitional alloy and nanoparticles embedded within multilayered-carbon nanotubes (FeCoNi-CNTs) have been prepared by pyrolysis of the complexes of melamine and Co2+/Ni2+/Fe3+ salts at different ratios under N2 atmosphere. Combining diverse characterizations of the series of FeCoNi-CNTs revealed that multiple metal modes such as metallic species (Fe, Co, and Ni), M−N, M−O, and FeCoNi alloy are coexisted and evenly distributed in the carbon matrix. The control experiments and DFT calculations verified integration of superior electrocatalytic abilities of these metal active sites and enhanced conductivity of multilayered CNTs endowed the developed electrocatalysts with outperformed catalytic properties. When used FeCoNi-CNTs-2 catalyst (gained by adding 0.2 g transition metal salts and calcined at 700 °C) as electrode, the assembling Zn-air battery (ZAB) delivered a stable open circuit potential of 1.49 V, a high power density of 210.5 mW cm−2 and specific capacity of 815.5 mA h gZn-1 at 10 mA cm−2. The ZAB performances were higher than most reported metal compound-based electrocatalysts. Especially, the constructed solid ZAB exhibited high flexibility and showed a wide application potential as electron devices.

Controlling nanostructures of PtNiCo/C trimetallic nanocatalysts and relationship of structure-catalytic performance for selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Herein, we report a simple synthesis of PtNiCo trimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) loaded on carbon black (PtNiCo/C) via ambient-temperature chemical reduction and galvanic replacement reaction. The influence of thermal treatment temperature in 10 %H2/N2 on PtNiCo NPs in PtNiCo/C-X nanostructures is revealed, where, X = 200 °C, 500 °C. XRD, XPS, TEM, HAADF-STEM, HRTEM, STEM-EDX elemental line-scanning (mapping), HS-LEIS, H2-TPR, atomic resolution aberration-corrected STEM (AC-STEM), XANES and EXAFS have been employed to characterize various nanostructures of PtNiCo NPs in PtNiCo/C-X. We established the relationship of nanostructure-reducing temperature thus catalytic behavior of PtNiCo/C-X: PtNiCo/C-200 ∼ Pt island (single atom and cluster)-on-NiCo alloy NP, PtNiCo/C-500 ∼ PtNiCo alloy NPs. PtNiCo/C-200 provides much improved catalytic activity and selectivity to target products (NO2 group hydrogenation) as compared to PtNiCo/C-500 for nitroarenes selective hydrogenation under mild reaction conditions (1.0 MPa-H2 pressure, 18 °C or 40 °C-reaction temperature). That is considered to be closely correlated with the synergy effect of Pt islands and NiCo alloy nanoparticles in PtNiCo/C-200.

Synergistic effects of PtFeV alloy-decorated functionalized CNTs on performance of polymer fuel cell investigated by specially designed cathodic half-cell

In this study, functionalized carbon nanotube decorated with PtFeV tri-metallic electrocatalysts (PtFeV/FCNT) by different concentrations are prepared using the ethylene glycol reduction method in order to minimize electrocatalyst load and enhance the performance of the fuel cell cathodic electrode, simultaneously. The homogeneous distribution of PtFeV catalysts on the FCNT substrate and also the change in the electronic states of Pt, Fe and V elements is confirmed with characterization analyses. Electrode half-cell tests simulating the cathodic compartment of a polymer fuel cell show that the 2 mM PtFeV/FCNT electrode increases the maximum power density by about 500% compared to the commercial Pt/C 20% wt catalyst (from 4.43 to 27.31 mW/cm2). The increase in maximum power density along with the decrease in charge transfer resistance specified by the electrochemical impedance tests confirm the synergistic effects of alloying Pt with Fe and V and the application of FCNTs. In fact, in addition to the exceptional specific surface area and electrical conductivity of FCNTs, the increase in PtFeV/FCNT electrode performance can be attributed to the improved electrocatalytic activity of PtFeV tri-metallic nanoparticle alloy, resulting from the valence alterations and the Pt network compression during alloying.

Carbon quantum dots embedded trimetallic oxide: Characterization and photocatalytic degradation of Ofloxacin

The presence of highly toxic pharmaceutical effluents in the water system has emerged the need for the examination of various methods that could be used for their removal. Considering this, in the present study, we have designed a highly visible- light active trimetallic oxide nanocomposite, CQDs@CoO/La2O3/NiO TONCs using facile microwave reduction technique. Its photocatalytic efficiency was tested for the degradation of highly noxious ofloxacin (OFL) antibiotic from the aqueous solution. Maximum degradation rate of 93.8% was obtained within 75 min with 20 mg of photocatalyst dose and 20 mg/L of initial OFL concentration. The addition of CQDs to the trimetallic oxide nanoparticles helped in enhancing the light- harvesting ability of the composite and shifting it to the visible- region. Major reactive radical species involved in the OFL degradation were found to be •OH and •O2− radicals. In addition, a probable degradation mechanism was also established based the scavenging and band gap studies. The charge transfer study indicated the formation of dual Z- scheme between the 3 constituting units that helped immensely in reducing the charge recombination rate and improving the charge transfer rate.

Application of iron-cobalt-copper (Fe-Co–Cu) trimetallic nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production

Application of iron-cobalt-copper (Fe-Co–Cu) trimetallic nanoparticles on anaerobic digestion (AD) for biogas production

Simultaneously promoting charge and mass transports in carved particle-in-box nanoreactor for rechargeable Zn-air battery

Fundamental understanding of fabricating promoted bi-functional electrocatalyst to achieve fast charge-transfer and smooth mass-transport in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) through the rational management of catalyst composition and ingenious design of nanostructure is highly desired but still a formidable challenge. Herein, an advanced carved particle-in-box nanoreactor, composed of small Fe-Co-Ni tri-metallic alloy nanoparticles confined in porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanocage, was developed through a spatially-confined pyrolysis strategy. Tri-metal alloy could optimize the electronic structure of the catalyst, thus inducing the charge redistribution, and then regulating the adsorption and desorption energy barriers of intermediates in electrochemical reactions. Unique nano-hole design provided convenient and efficient channels for mass transfer during ORR and OER processes. Thanks to these attributes, the hybrid electrocatalyst delivered decent reversible oxygen catalytic activities, evidenced by a high half-wave potential of 0.850 V towards ORR and a low overpotential of 355 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for OER both in alkaline electrolyte. As a proof-of-concept, this as-developed carved particle-in-box nanoreactor enabled the assembled Zn-air battery to deliver a narrow potential gap of 0.735 V, a decent power density of 315 mW/cm2, a notable specific capacity of 754 mAh/gZn and excellent durability up to 165 h of continuous charge and discharge operations, thus implying the potential applications of this sophisticated catalyst model for promising energy conversion.

Hydrogen production and photocatalytic activities from NaBH4 using trimetallic biogenic PdPtCo nanoparticles: Development of machine learning model

The production of economical and environmentally friendly monodisperse and stable nanocatalysts is of great interest in the field of catalysis. In this study, palladium-platinum-cobalt nanoparticles (PdPtCo NPs) were synthesized by the green synthesis method using apple (Malus domestica) peels. The resulting PdPtCo NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectrometry (UV-Vis), Fourier-transformed infrared spectrum- near infrared spectrum (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD). According to the UV-Vis spectrum, it was observed that Malus domestica peels gave a peak at 283 nm. According to XRD analysis, the crystal particle size of PdPtCo NPs was determined to be 2.53 nm in size. It was observed that PdPtCo NPs acted as catalysts and increased the rate of hydrogen production in the presence of NaBH4 substrate. The turnover frequency (TOF), activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (∆H), and entropy values (∆S) were found to be as 1109.85 h−1, 36.98 kJ/mol, 34.44 kJ/mol, −138.9 J/mol.K, respectively. Based on NaBH4 concentrations, catalyst concentration temperature, and reaction time, the rate of hydrogen production was modeled using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Furthermore, the photodegradation of NPs against methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated using visible light irradiation, and their photodegradation percent was calculated as 84.7%, the results showing that the production of hydrogen and photodegradation against MB was successfully achieved. The study emphasizes the safety, sustainability, and high catalytic activity of biogenic PdPtCo NPs, which generate less toxic waste, proving its efficiency for sustainable energy production that is harmless to the environment and living health. The novelty of the study is sustained by the use of apple peals for NPs synthesis and by the application of ANNs to predict the rate of hydrogen production.

Tragacanth Gum Hydrogel-Derived Trimetallic Nanoparticles Supported on Porous Carbon Catalyst for Urea Electrooxidation

The fabrication of electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity, high durability and low cost towards urea oxidation by a facile method is a great challenge. In this study, non-precious NiCoFe trimetallic supported on porous carbon (NiCoFe@PC) was prepared via gelation and pyrolysis method, presenting a remarkable electrocatalytic activity with low onset potential for urea oxidation in an alkaline medium. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to clarify the morphology of the NiCoFe@PC nanostructure and its nanoparticle size of 17.77 nm. The prepared catalyst with the composition ratio of 24.67, 5.92 and 5.11% for Ni, Fe and Co, respectively, with highly crystalline nanoparticles, fixed on porous carbon, according to energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The FeCoNi@PC catalyst showed a catalytic activity of 44.65 mA/cm2 at 0.57 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a low onset potential of 218 mV, which is superior to many other transition bi/trimetallic-based catalysts previously reported.

Ultrafast Fabrication of Iron/Manganese Co-Doped Bismuth Trimetallic Nanoparticles: A Thermally Aided Chemodynamic/Radio-Nanoplatform for Low-Dose Radioresistance.

Low-dose radioresistance continues to be one of the major limitations for clinical curative treatment of cancer. Luckily, nanotechnology mediated by multifunctional nanomaterials provides potential opportunity to relieve the radioresistance via increasing the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Herein, an ultrafast fabrication strategy is reported to prepare iron/manganese co-doped bismuth trimetallic nanoparticles (pFMBi NPs) as a multifunctional radiosensitizer for combined therapy. The bismuth matrix provides the intrinsic radiosensitization effect under the low and safe radiation dose via Auger electrons, photoelectrons, and Rayleigh scattering. Meanwhile, co-doping of iron and manganese ions endows pFMBi NPs with both the Fenton reaction property for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and photothermal conversion performance for heat production. Additional ROS generation enhances the radiosensitization effect by collaborating with Rayleigh scattering-mediated water radiolysis, and endogenous heat production under near-infrared 808 nm laser irradiation makes DNA more sensitive to radiation and ROS damage. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrate the effective antitumor and radiosensitization effects via thermally aided chemodynamic/radiotreatment with a low radiation dose (6 Gy). Therefore, this work provides a potential strategy for overcoming the low-dose radioresistance in cancer therapy.

Heterogeneous Trimetallic Nanoparticles as Catalysts.

The development and application of trimetallic nanoparticles continues to accelerate rapidly as a result of advances in materials design, synthetic control, and reaction characterization. Following the technological successes of multicomponent materials in automotive exhausts and photovoltaics, synergistic effects are now accessible through the careful preparation of multielement particles, presenting exciting opportunities in the field of catalysis. In this review, we explore the methods currently used in the design, synthesis, analysis, and application of trimetallic nanoparticles across both the experimental and computational realms and provide a critical perspective on the emergent field of trimetallic nanocatalysts. Trimetallic nanoparticles are typically supported on high-surface-area metal oxides for catalytic applications, synthesized via preparative conditions that are comparable to those applied for mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles. However, controlled elemental segregation and subsequent characterization remain challenging because of the heterogeneous nature of the systems. The multielement composition exhibits beneficial synergy for important oxidation, dehydrogenation, and hydrogenation reactions; in some cases, this is realized through higher selectivity, while activity improvements are also observed. However, challenges related to identifying and harnessing influential characteristics for maximum productivity remain. Computation provides support for the experimental endeavors, for example in electrocatalysis, and a clear need is identified for the marriage of simulation, with respect to both combinatorial element screening and optimal reaction design, to experiment in order to maximize productivity from this nascent field. Clear challenges remain with respect to identifying, making, and applying trimetallic catalysts efficiently, but the foundations are now visible, and the outlook is strong for this exciting chemical field.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Activity of Carbon-Supported Trimetallic Ir95-xPd5Ptx Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reactions

Synthesis and Electrochemical Activity of Carbon-Supported Trimetallic Ir95-xPd5Ptx Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reactions

Gold boosts nitrate reduction and deactivation resistance to indium-promoted palladium catalysts

In-decorated PdAu catalysts were synthesized and investigated for the aqueous reduction of nitrate. We first synthesized PdAu nanoparticles (NPs) with varying Pd:Au ratios onto which we deposited In. These In-on-PdAu NPs showed higher activity than In-on-Pd NPs for NO3- (kcat=4.0–7.2 vs 2.7 L/gtotal_(Pd+In)/min) due to electronic and ensemble effects. Au-rich NPs had lower activity (kcat=1.3–1.5 L/gtotal_(Pd+In)/min) due to unfavorable hydrogen and nitrate/nitrite binding energies. In-on-PdAu NPs showed higher N2 selectivity than In-on-Pd NPs (90 +% vs 60% at 40% conversion), and had higher activity for NO2-. Density functional theory calculations suggest that Au weakens metal-N bonding which enables nitrite reduction over Pd. Nitrate reduction is promoted by greater mobility of H-adatoms to regenerate InOx and faster spillover of nitrite onto PdAu. When challenged with species found in drinking water, the trimetallic NPs were more active than bimetallic NPs (1.0–1.6 vs 0.6 L/gtotal_(Pd+In)/min). These results expand the prospects of practical catalytic denitrification.

Co-sputtered CuPt/Ag alloy nanoparticles and comparative catalytic performance of mono-, bi-, and tri-metallic nanoparticles in the oxygen reduction reaction

CuPt/Ag trimetallic alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by co-sputtering onto liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG), using a CuPt alloy target and an Ag target.

The Synergic Effects of Trimetallic Pdcuin Nanoparticles in Ethanol and Formate Oxidation Reaction for Remarkable Catalytic Performance

The Synergic Effects of Trimetallic Pdcuin Nanoparticles in Ethanol and Formate Oxidation Reaction for Remarkable Catalytic Performance

Colloidal synthesis of nanoparticles: from bimetallic to high entropy alloys.

At the nanoscale, the synthesis of a random alloy (i.e. without phase segregation, whatever the composition) by chemical synthesis remains a difficult task, even for simple binary type systems. In this context, a unique approach based on the colloidal route is proposed enabling the synthesis of face-centred cubic and monodisperse bimetallic, trimetallic, tetrametallic and pentametallic nanoparticles with diameters around 5 nm as solid solutions. The Fe-Co-Ni-Pt-Ru alloy (and its subsets) is considered a challenging task as each element has fairly different physico-chemical properties. Particles are prepared by temperature-assisted co-reduction of metal acetylacetonate precursors in the presence of surfactants. It is highlighted how the correlation between precursors' degradation temperatures and reduction potential values of the metal cations is the driving force to achieve a homogeneous distribution of all elements within the nanoparticles.

Porous Sio2 Nanosphere-Supported Ptcuco Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient and Selective Furfural Hydrogenation

Porous Sio2 Nanosphere-Supported Ptcuco Trimetallic Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient and Selective Furfural Hydrogenation

Single Step Laser-Induced Deposition of Plasmonic Au, Ag, Pt Mono-, Bi- and Tri-Metallic Nanoparticles.

Multimetallic plasmonic systems usually have distinct advantages over monometallic nanoparticles due to the peculiarity of the electronic structure appearing in advanced functionality systems, which is of great importance in a variety of applications including catalysis and sensing. Despite several reported techniques, the controllable synthesis of multimetallic plasmonic nanoparticles in soft conditions is still a challenge. Here, mono-, bi- and tri-metallic nanoparticles were successfully obtained as a result of a single step laser-induced deposition approach from monometallic commercially available precursors. The process of nanoparticles formation is starting with photodecomposition of the metal precursor resulting in nucleation and the following growth of the metal phase. The deposited nanoparticles were studied comprehensively with various experimental techniques such as SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The size of monometallic nanoparticles is strongly dependent on the type of metal: 140–200 nm for Au, 40–60 nm for Ag, 2–3 nm for Pt. Bi- and trimetallic nanoparticles were core-shell structures representing monometallic crystallites surrounded by an alloy of respective metals. The formation of an alloy phase took place between monometallic nanocrystallites of different metals in course of their growth and agglomeration stage.