Trichoderma Sp Research Articles

Integrated Biological and Chemical Control against the Maize Late Wilt Agent Magnaporthiopsis maydis

Today’s fungal plant disease control efforts tend towards environmentally friendly and reduced chemical applications. While traditional broad-spectrum fungicides provide efficient protection to many field crops, they pose a risk to the soil’s beneficial microflora and a potential health hazard. Moreover, their intensive use often evokes the appearance of resistant pathogens. On the other hand, biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma spp. provide a green solution but often cannot shield the plants from aggressive disease outbreaks. Integrated biological and chemical disease control can combine the benefits of both methods while reducing their drawbacks. In the current study, such a bio-chemo approach was developed and evaluated for the first time against the maize late wilt pathogen, Magnaporthiopsis maydis. Combinations of four Trichoderma species and Azoxystrobin were tested, starting with an in vitro seed assay, then a growth room sprouts trial, and finally a semi-field, full-season pot experiment. In the plates assay, all four Trichoderma species, Trichoderma sp. O.Y. (T14707), T. longibrachiatum (T7407), T. asperellum (P1) and T. asperelloides (T203), grew (but with some delay) in the presence of Azoxystrobin minimal inhibition concentration (0.005 mg/L). The latter two species provided high protection to sprouts in the growth room and to potted plants throughout a full season in a semi-field open-enclosure trial. At harvest, the P1 and T203 bio-shielding exhibited the best parameters (statistically significant) in plant growth promotion, yield increase and late wilt protection (up to 29% health recovery and 94% pathogen suppression tracked by real-time PCR). When applied alone, the Azoxystrobin treatment provided minor (insignificant) protection. Adding this fungicide to Trichoderma spp. resulted in similar (statistically equal) results to their sole application. Still, the fact that Azoxystrobin is harmless to the beneficial Trichoderma species over a complete semi-field condition is a great opening stage for carrying out follow-up studies validating the integrated control in a commercial field situation challenged with acute disease stress.

Isolation and Morphological Identification of Cellulolytic Fungi from Domestic Waste in South Toapaya Village, Bintan Regency

Domestic waste is one of the unresolved issues. The main challenge is the difficulty in degrading domestic waste due to its lignocellulosic content, which is hard to break down. One of the uses of cellulolytic fungi is identified as organisms capable of breaking down cellulose components in domestic waste and assisting in speeding up the degradation process. The aim of this research is to discover and identify the types of cellulolytic fungi present in household domestic waste in the South Toapaya Village. This research was conducted by collecting samples in South Toapaya Village and analyzing them at the Provincial Marine Service Laboratory of Riau Province from February to August 2023. The research methods included field exploration, laboratory analysis, identification with reference to the literature, as well as microscopic and macroscopic observations. The research results show that out of 14 fungal isolates isolated from domestic waste, 8 of them have significant cellulolytic activity. Among them, the isolate with code UMRCC 03 has the highest cellulolytic index of 3.24 and is identified as the Aspergillus sp. fungus, while the isolate with code UMRCC 05 has a cellulolytic index of 2.14 and is identified as the Trichoderma sp. Fungus.

The role of microorganisms in solid biofertilizer production

Trials of making organic fertilizer using seaweed, fish silage, molasses, and a consortium of microbes were carried out. This study aimed to determine the activity of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas florescent, and Trichoderma sp to produce micro and macro nutrients, humic acid, water content, and growth hormone. The organic fertilizer formula consisted of 26.6% sargassum flour, 16% fish silage, 1.8% molasses, 2.4% K. alvarezii paste; and 53.2% sargassum paste. The treatments consisted of formulated without adding microbial consortium (SK) and with adding microbial consortium (SM) as much as 10% volume per weight (v/w), then fermented for 10 days at room temperature. The balance values of growth hormone auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and cytokinins in SM treatment were the best measured at 181 ppm, 73 ppm, and 120 ppm, respectively.

Survey, identification and management of Fusarium wilt of banana in Tamirabarani tract of Southern districts of Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu state, Thoothukudi district ranked second in banana production and especially the Tamirabarani tract of Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli districts are known for the production of various banana cultivars like Rasthali, Andhra Kozhi, Karpooravalli, Neypoovan, Poovan, Peyan and Chakkai. Among these varieties, cultivation of Rasthali faces 50-60% yield loss due to the incidence of Fusarium wilt disease. As the farmers have been practising ratooning for 6-7 year continuously which enhances the inoculum load of the pathogen and make the plantains succumb to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Studies carried out on different treatments in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana, Trichoderma sp. Tsp1(ALG) showed a maximum reduction of mycelial growth of Foc (72.18%) over control which was on par with Pseudomonas fluorescence 1(Pf1). Under pot culture conditions the combination of three treatments, Tsp1(ALG)+Pf1+ neem cake excelled and showed an 80% reduction of wilt incidence. A multifaceted approach comprising the application of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sp.) + Pseudomonas sp. 1 (TNAU) and organic amendments was found to be the best management practice in containing the wilt.

Studies on the shelf life of <i>Trichoderma</i> isolate in talc, prills, vermicompost, sago and dalia based formulations

Biocontrol agents including microbials and macrobials are being used against several crop pests and diseases. The microbial bioagents should be formulated properly for making the product stable, effective, safer and obviously economic in case of storage and field level application. Several workers reported that amendments like chitin and ammonium sulphate will enhance the bioefficacy of Trichoderma isolates and shows positive effect on multiplication and storage of Trichoderma sp. In the present studies, an attempt was made to develop the Trichoderma sp. formulations in form of talc, sago, dalia and pellets using bentonite and wheat flour. Ammonium sulphate (0.5% and 1%) and chitin (01%) was used to increase the storage life and multiplication of the Trichoderma sp. Sago and dalia proved to be a good substrate of the bioagent under study in comparison to the conventional substrate talc. Among the amendments in the growth media, 1% chitin may be an effective supplement to the growth media for increasing its survival in storage. The interaction studies between different substrates and amendments selected to increase the shelf life, a combination of sago and 1% chitin was found to be effective for rapid multiplication of Trichoderma isolate. The rate of decline in population was found low in alginate prills both in bentonite and wheat and higher in organic substrates as vermicompost, sago and dalia with highest rate in dalia.

Study of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves and Stems of Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.

Abstract: The present study focused on the isolation and identification of fungal endophytes from Talinum fruticosum. Endophytic fungi live inside the higher plants apparently without causing harm. Talinum fruticosum has medicinal value and is a good source of vitamins A and C, an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus. Leaves and stems of Talinum fruticosum were evaluated to isolate endophytic fungi from Talinum fruticosum collected from different regions of Mysuru, Karnataka, India. All isolates of fungal species were identified based on morphological characteristics, mycelium, asexual spores, and sexual spores observe under the compound microscope. 20 species were isolated from leaves, and 5 fungal species were isolated and identify fungal species from leaves are Rhizopus sp, Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus stolonifera, Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp, and sterile hyphae. 3 fungal species were unidentified. And 20 species were isolated from the stems and 6 fungal species were isolated and identify the fungal species from stems were Fusarium sp, Curvalaria sp, Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus stolonifera, Colletotrichum sp, Trichoderma sp, Sterile hyphae. 5 fungal species were unidentified.

A New Highly Oxygenated Polyketide Derivative from Trichoderma sp. and Its Antifungal Activity.

A new highly oxygenated polyketide derivative, trichodersine (1), together with fourteen known compounds (2-15) were isolated from Trichoderma sp. MWTGP-04. The structure of trichodersine (1) was established based on comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, and biogenesis argument. The results of double culture experiments indicated that the strain exhibited potential antifungal activity. The antifungal activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated, among them compound 1 exhibited remarkable antifungal activities against Fusarium solani, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Alternaria panax, and Aspergillus niger, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4, 4, 16, and 32 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the antifungal experiments of polyketide derivatives (1-3) disclosed that their degree of oxidation was a key factor affecting the antifungal activity.

Promotion of tomato growth by Trichoderma sp. under shade mesh conditions

Chemical fertilizers are frequently used in agriculture with harmful effects on ecological components, so the use of microorganisms as growth regulators is an agricultural practice increasingly used today. The aim of this research was to evaluate Trichoderma sp. as growth regulator in tomato plants. Trichoderma sp. isolated from soils was grown on solid PDA medium for morphological characterization of the fungus. An experiment to analyse the interaction between Trichoderma sp. and shade mesh conditions was established, where: T1 = Trichoderma sp.; T2 = without Trichoderma sp. (fertilization recommended for the crop was applied); T3 = shade mesh and T4 = without shade mesh. Several variables were evaluated in the plants and in the fruits. The macroscopic characteristics showed mycelium with a cottony morphology and a dark green coloration, and the microscopic characteristics of the fungus were conidiophores with a branch, phialides and ovoid to ellipsoid conidia. Interaction of Trichoderma sp. and shade mesh had a significant effect on plant height, number of flowers and number of fruits, with the greater values with Trichoderma sp. and shade mesh. Regarding the evaluation of the fruits significant differences were found in the weight, diameter, length, and colour (L and a* value) but not in b* value.

Pelatihan Pengembangan Trichokompos Sebagai Inovasi Kewirausahaan dan Pemberdayaan Petani Milenial di Kabupaten Enrekang

This community service program aims to increase the knowledge and skills of farmer groups through entrepreneurship-based Trichokompos development training. This service uses training method with target partners, namely Tunas Muda Kreatif Farmer Group, Curioo Village, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The instrument for evaluating this activity was a questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. The result of this service activity is an increase in the knowledge of farmer groups about entrepreneurship and they are able to produce Trichoderma sp and Trichokompos in greater numbers. In addition, farmer groups have been able to market Trichokompos products so that they get economic benefits and can have an impact on plant growth which can be seen from the performance of pepper plants which are different from before, which is carried out through experiments and demplot

New Polyketides from a Hydrothermal Vent Sediment Fungus Trichoderma sp. JWM29-10-1 and Their Antimicrobial Effects.

Marine fungi-derived secondary metabolites are still an important source for the discovery of potential antimicrobial agents. Here, five new polyketides (1, 2, and 6-8) and seven known compounds (3-5 and 9-12) were obtained from the culture of the marine-derived fungus Trichoderma sp. JWM29-10-1. Their structures were identified by extensive spectrographic data analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HR-ESI-MS. Further, the absolute configurations of new compounds were determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectrum and alkali-hydrolysis in combination with the in situ dimolybdenum CD method. Subsequently, the antimicrobial effects of these isolated compounds were assessed by examining the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) with the broth microdilution assay. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori, including multidrug-resistant strains, with MIC range values of 2-8 µg/mL. Moreover, compound 1 showed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, which greatly threaten human health. This study demonstrates that chromone derivatives 1-2, especially for 1, could be potential lead compounds for the development of new antimicrobial agents and provides insight for future medicinal chemistry research.

Potential Secondary Metabolites of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. in Suppressing the Percentage of Spodoptera litura Attacks on Corn Plants

Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) is one of the main pests on corn which is polyphagous and can cause crop failure due to damage to the leaves of the plant. Secondary metabolite compounds produced by microorganisms have many roles and functions, namely as compounds to protect plants from pest attacks. Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. are biological control agent which have the potential to produce chitinase enzymes capable of degrading the cell walls of larval and pupal stages. This study aims to determine the potential of secondary metabolites of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. on various production media on the percentage of S. litura larval attack on corn plants. The study was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with the first factor being the types and combination of biological control agents used, namely Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. While the second factor is the type of propagation media used i.e glucose nitrate (GN) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). The results showed that the combination of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. on PDA production media with a concentration ratio of 5:1 can increase the potential of secondary metabolites in suppressing the percentage of S. litura larval attack on corn plants by up to 10%.

Efficacy of Biopesticide Formula Containing Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. against Southern Green Stink Bug (Nezara viridula) on Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. are soil microorganisms isolated from shallot fields that can act as biological agents and increase crop production. Nezara viridula, the southern green stink bug, is the leading pest of soybean during the generative period, which can cause damage up to 80%. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a liquid biopesticide formula using a mixture of coconut water and potato extract containing Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. This study used a randomized block design. The first factor was the time of application and the second factor was the concentration level. There were 8 treatment combinations and 2 controls. Each treatment combination was repeated three times. Probit LC50 and LT50 were performed to determine the effectiveness of biopesticides. The calculation of probit analysis obtained results of 84,443 ppm or about 84% for LC50, while the LT50 analysis obtained results of 4.7 days.

Application of Biological Agents of Trichoderma and Aspergillus on Cayenne Chilli Plants in Endemic Land with Fusarium Wilt

This study aims to determine the inhibitory power of the biological agent Trichoderma sp. Tc-Sb-11 and Aspergillus sp. As-Sb-15 in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum Fo-Sl-02 and the effect of its application by soil treatment and apical treatment on cayenne pepper grown on fusarium wilt endemic land. Inhibition research was carried out by placing each biological agent propagule in front of the pathogenic propagule in dual culture and measuring the percentage of inhibition against the pathogen. Experimental application of biological agents was carried out in Seloliman village (Trawas, Mojokerto) with each treatment applied by soil treatment and apical treatment and without application of biological agents (control). The variables observed were the percentage of disease incidence, flower growing time, fruit growing time, and fruit weight. All data were analyzed by ANOVA at the 5% level followed by a DMRT test to determine the difference in the effect of treatment. The results showed that the application of Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. in vitro inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum colonies 95.6 ± 0.8 and 30.7 ± 4.5%, respectively. Trichoderma which was applied by soil treatment could reduce the incidence of the highest disease up to 58.7%, accelerate the breeding age up to 4.93%, and accelerate fruit growth up to 5.21%. The application of Trichoderma and Aspergillus by apical treatment increased fruit weight per plant by 58.36 and 49.34%, respectively.

SELECTION OF TRICHODERMA GENUS FUNGI STRAINS FOR INTENSIFICATION OF CELLULOSE-CONTAINING SUBSTRATES FOR ORGANIC FERTILIZER OBTAINING

The selection of saprotrophic antagonist fungi strains of the Trichoderma genus by indicators of cellulolytic and antagonistic activity for the selection of promising destructors in the composting of solid cellulose-containing municipal waste to obtain organic fertilizer was carried out. High cellulolytic activity (64,89–68,98 %) was established for strains of Trichoderma asperellum D-11 (the basis of the biological preparation Fungilex, L) and Trichoderma sp. L-3 (the component of the microbiological inoculant Resoiler, L). The index of growth inhibition of phytopathogenic and mold micromycetes reached 92,5 %.

Organic Farming in the Tropical, Disaster-Prone Coasts: Interventions, Major Challenges and a Success Story from Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India

Organic agricultural practices are sustainable alternatives to chemical methods. This article highlights the major challenges faced by environmentalists, social workers in popularizing organic agriculture as well as its positive field application. The primary soil parameters (pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, soil, organic carbon, soil texture, and available N, P and K) are compared between global coastal agricultural soils. Organic farming practices adopted in different regions were also focused in this article. Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove ecosystem, largest delta, abode of mangrove dwelling tigers and Indian part is the home of 4.6 million natural disaster vulnerable populations. This work showcases success story of organic farming by 84 families of Indian Sundarbans since 2012, with use of vermicompost, biopesticides (neem oil) and natural microbe augmentations (Trichoderma sp), as a part of a socio-environmental intervention project. This intervention resulted in increased yield in both kharif season (10-12%) and rabi season (5-10%) by 2017.

Trichoderma sp. Breeding from Bamboo Stems (Schizostachyum brachycladum) and Its Application as an Inoculant for Organic Fertilizer Fermenters According to SNI 7763:2018

This research is an applied study involving the Al Falah farmer group in West Sumatra, Indonesia and was intended to develop a quality organic fertilizer processing technology based on SNI-7763:2018. A Trichoderma sp. culture was bred using bamboo stems (Schizostachyum brachycladum) on a bran medium in an incubator at 39 °C and 75% RH. Cow feces was air-dried for reduced water content from 82% to 60%, mixed with poultry feces (at a ratio of 60:40), and added with 0.3% Trichoderma sp. culture. The mixture was then stacked at a thickness of 70 cm for 7 days. The fermentation results showed an average fermentation temperature of 58 °C and changes in the pH of cow feces and poultry feces from 8.8 to 7.2 and from 3.6 to 6.8, respectively. The following data were also obtained: macronutrient content N = 2.82%, P = 2.78%, and K = 3.21%; organic matter content = 82.89%; C-organic content = 21.20%; C/N ratio = 7.52; and by-products = 1.02%. Based on the results of this research, the organic fertilizer produced complies with SNI-7763:2018.

Application of Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. for Promoting Generative Plants Growth of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicum cerasiformae Mill.)

Production of cherry tomatoes in Indonesia is still low, which might be due to the inappropriate planting and maintenance processes. This research applied biological agent microorganisms Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. as Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) in sustainable agricultural systems. This study aimed to determine the effect of the concentration of microorganisms Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. on the growth and production of cherry tomato plants on the polybag scale. The study was arranged with different concentrations of microorganisms Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. These concentration applied consisted of 1 : 0 ; 0 : 1 ; 2: 2 ; 3 ; 1 and without PGPM, each repeated four times. The results showed that the treatment of PGPM Streptomyces sp. and without Trichoderma sp. (1:0) resulted in the shortest flowering period (33.99 days after planting). Meanwhile, the treatment without Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. (0 : 1) produced the highest solid weight fruit (69.82 grams/plant).

Environmentally Friendly Technological Innovations in The Form of Botanical Pesticides and Biological Pesticides for Cocoa Plants in Ransiki Tourism Areas

Ransiki area is the capital of South Manokwari regency which has tourism potential with its exotic natural beauty so that it is visited by many tourists. In addition, the area has a lot of endemic plant diversity that has the potential to produce secondary metabolic compounds, one of which is black fruit trees (pohon buah hitam). The leaves of the black fruit tree contain secondary metabolic compounds of tannins (8.34-37.26%), more than flavonoids and alkaloids. For the development of environmentally friendly technological innovations, the Faculty of Agriculture UNIPA continues to develop black fruit tree leaves as liquid and powder botanical pesticides, as well as the biological pesticide from Trichoderma sp with inoculum sources obtained around the cocoa plantation in the Ransiki area. Cocoa plants are managed by indigenous people, immigrants and companies/cooperatives, have produced food products in the form of chocolate bars and cocoa powder, have potential for regional income and sales have reached overseas. Community service activities carried out from October to December 2021, use counseling methods, technical guidance/training, dissemination, and demonstration plot, mentoring. This activity is in line with the increasing promotion of tourist attractions in the Ransiki area, aiming to introduce and utilize regional superior agricultural products that can be applied to cocoa plants. Furthermore, it is expected to provide an increase in regional income, welfare of farmers and companies/cooperatives, and improve the quality of cocoa products from organic farming towards sustainable agricultural development. The application of botanical pesticides in cocoa plantations has proven to be able to control cocoa pod sucking ladybugs (Helopelthis spp), stem borers (Zeuzera coffea), and the dissemination of pesticide products are used as guidelines for preparing work plans for the Department of Agriculture, Cooperatives, Industry and Trade, South Manokwari Regency

The Increasing Tomato Plant Yield in Ultisol Soil with Various Types of Organic Fertilizer Enriched with Trichoderma sp.

Applying organic fertilizer that has been decomposed with Trichoderma sp. on ultisol soil can improve soil’s physical, chemical, and biological quality, and therefore is expected to increase the growth and yield of tomato plants. The study aimed to determine the effect of the type of organic fertilizer enriched with Trichoderma sp. in increasing tomato yields on ultisol soils. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Kuburaya Regency, West Kalimantan, from June to September 2021 using a factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was the provision of organic fertilizers, namely cow manure, chicken manure, and rice straw bokashi. The second factor was the provision of Trichoderma sp., namely T. hamantum isolates RRA3 and T. viridae isolates RRB7. The interaction of chicken manure and cow manure with the two species of Trichoderma sp. accelerated harvest age and increased the number of fruits and fruit weight per plant. Cow manure enriched with T. hamantum isolates RRA3 increased the shoot dry weight. Among organic fertilizers, cow manure accelerated harvest age and increased the shoot dry weight, fruit number, fruit weight per plant, and single fruit weight.
 Keywords: microorganisms, organic matter, plant production, soil quality

The Effects of Growing Media Composition and Trichoderma sp. Against The Growth and The Yield of Javanese Ginseng Plant (Talinum paniculatum Geartn.)

This research has made a goal to know the interaction between growing media and Trichoderma sp. and their impact for the growth and production of Javanese Ginseng (Talinum paniculatum Geartn.) This research was carried out in February-May 2022 on the land of Boro Village, Tanggulangin using polybags. The study employs Randomized Block Design with two trial factors. The 1st factor is growing media. Top Soil 100%; Top Soil 50% + Sand 50%; Top Soil 50% Sand 25% + Charcoal Chaff 25%; Top Soil 50% + Sand 25% + Cocopeat 25%. For the 2 nd Factor is Trichoderma sp. Without Trichoderma sp. and with 20ml Trichoderma sp. These 8 combinations of treatment, repeated 3 times. The observed variable is the height of the plant, the number of the leaves, diameter of the stem, the number of the shoots, the weight of the leaf and length of the plant roots. The results showed that between the treatment of growing media composition and Trichoderma sp. there is no real impact on all observation variables. The treatment of growing media composition has a noticeable effect on the height, number of leaves and number of shoots of the Javanese Ginseng plant. The treatment of composition between soil and sand produces the highest plants with the heaviest leaves. While the treatment of giving Trichoderma sp. has an unreal effect on all variables