Trichloroacetic Acid Solution Research Articles

Chemocauterization of second branchial cleft fistula using trichloroacetic acid: A preliminary report

ObjectiveAlthough second branchial cleft fistula (BCF) can be well treated with surgical excision, neck scarring is unavoidable. We previously reported chemocauterization with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to close various fistulas. Here, we report chemocauterization of a second BCF without a consequent incision scar. MethodsThis procedure was applied in four pediatric patients whose parents were reluctant to undergo surgical excision for a second BCF. Under general anesthesia, a thin metal suction tip or cut down tube was inserted through the skin opening. Normal saline with or without dye was injected to identify the pharyngeal opening around the palatine tonsil, and 75% TCA solution mixed with dye was injected. Leaked TCA at the pharynx was sucked out meticulously to avoid extensive and unexpected injury to the mucosa, and the external opening was sealed with a thin adhesive film. ResultsThere were no immediate complications and recurrence of a second BCF in all patients during the median follow-up of 23 months (range, 18–88 months) with minimal neck scarring. ConclusionTCA chemocauterization of second BCF could be a simple, less invasive, and feasible treatment option in pediatric patients.

Signs of endogenic intoxication in patients with chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis with type 1 diabetes mellitus

98 patients aged from 19 to 42 were under our observation who were treated at the ENT Department of the Regional Clinical Hospital. The diagnosis of chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis with type 1 diabetes mellitus in exacerbation stage was made in 78 patients (the main group), exacerbation of chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis without comorbid pathology was found in 20 patients (the control group). All the patients underwent standard otorhinolaryngeal examination, general analyses of the blood and urine, blood test for spectrophotometric detection of average mass molecules (AMM). Reactive response was detected by the signs of intoxication. The diagnosis was verified by endocrinologists on the basis of comprehensive clinical anamnesis and laboratoryinstrumental examinations. The course of the disease in all the patients was found to develop against the ground of an increased content of glycated hemoglobin AlcHb (10±0,92) in the blood. To evaluate adaptive and general reactive potential of patients with chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis with type 1 diabetes mellitus integral immune- hematologic coefficients. To detect the level of AMM we used the definition of average molecular peptides by N.I. Gabrielian screening method (1985). 1 ml of the venous blood serum was treated with 0,5 ml 10 % trichloracetic acid solution, then centrifuged during 30 minutes at the rate of 3000 rpm. Supernatant was dissolved in distilled water in the ration 1:10 and with the wave length of 254 nm on the spectrophotometer the content of AMM is detected in standard units. The obtained digital results of clinical and immunological studies were calculated by means of variation statistics methods. The results of the study were processed by means of the software product Statistica for Windows 5.0 (StatSoft, USA). Endogenic intoxication develops in patients with chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus which is connected with disorders of the immune system and decrease of general body resistance that is evidenced by the dynamics of changes of integral immunоhematological coefficients and average mass molecules. In patients with chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus the level of AMM was (0,53±0,04 standard units) and was reliably higher as compared with the control (р<0,001). In case of chronic purulent maxillary sinusitis with type 1 diabetes mellitus reduced non-specific immune resistance occurs at the expense of microphage part against the ground of deficiency of non-specific immune protection.

Development of an HPLC-UV Method for Free Asparagine in Grains

A novel analytical method was developed for the determination of free asparagine (Asn), which is a precursor of acrylamide, in grains. Asn was extracted from a sample with 5% (w/v) aqueous trichloroacetic acid solution, and the crude extract was cleaned up using a reversed-phase solid-phase cartridge. The cleaned extract was derivatized with dansyl chloride and analyzed by HPLC-UV. HPLC separation was performed by gradient elution on a ODS column using 0.01 mol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5-100 μg/mL. The mean recoveries from potato starch, non-glutinous rice flour and whole wheat flour ranged from 97.7 to 102.6%, the repeatability (RSDs) ranged from 0.8 to 2.0%, and the within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDwr) ranged from 1.4 to 6.2%. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 13 mg/kg for potato starch and 4 mg/kg for non-glutinous rice flour. The quantitative values obtained for about 15 kinds of grains using this developed method were approximately equal to those obtained with an automatic amino acid analyzer.

Development of Rapid and Economical Colorimetric Screening Method for p-Phenylenediamine in Variety of Biological Matrices and its Application to Eleven Fatal Cases of p-Phenylenediamine Poisoning.

A rapid colorimetric method for detection of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in various biological samples is developed. The o-cresol test for acetaminophen detection has been modified to detect PPD in blood, urine, gastric contents, and liver. After precipitating protein with trichloroacetic acid solution (2 mL, 10% w/v), biological specimens were required to convert PPD metabolites to PPD by acid hydrolysis. Finally, o-cresol solution (1 mL, 1% w/v), hydrogen peroxide (200 μL, 3%v/v), and concentrated ammonium hydroxide (0.5 mL) were added in the biological samples. The presence of PPD was indicated by formation of violet color which was turned to bluish green color within 10-15 min. The limit of detection was found to be 2 mg/L in blood, urine, and gastric contents and 2 mg/Kg in liver. This method is also free from any potential interference by p-aminophenol, acetaminophen, and other amine drugs under test conditions. This method was successfully employed to thirteen fatal cases of PPD poisoning.

Inhibition effect of bamboo leaves extract on cold rolled steel in Cl3CCOOH solution

The corrosion inhibition by Dendrocalamus brandisii leaves extract (DBLE)/major flavonoid of cold rolled steel (CRS) in trichloroacetic acid (Cl3CCOOH) solution was investigated by weight loss, electrochemical techniques and atomic force microscope (AFM). The adsorption mode of four major compounds (rutin, vientin, isovientin and orientin) on Fe (001) surface was theoretically investigated by molecular dynamics (MD). The results show that DBLE is a good inhibitor, and the maximum inhibition efficiency is higher than 95%. The adsorption of DBLE on CRS surface obeys Langmuir isotherm with exothermic process. DBLE behaves as a mixed inhibitor. AFM results confirm that DBLE could retard the corrosion of CRS in Cl3CCOOH. The inhibitive action of each flavonoid is lower than DBLE, and follows the order: rutin>vientin>isovientin>orientin. The major flavonoids in DBLE are adsorbed onto Fe (001) surface through FBS (flavones backbone structure) with a nearby flat orientation.

Rapid determination of trace copper in animal feed based on micro-plate colorimetric reaction and statistical partitioning correction.

The objective of this study was to develop a micro-plate based colorimetric assay for rapid and high-throughput detection of copper in animal feed. Copper ion in animal feed was extracted by trichloroacetic acid solution and reduced to cuprous ion by hydroxylamine. The cuprous ion can chelate with 2,2'-bicinchoninic acid to form a Cu-BCA complex which was detected with high sensitivity by micro-plate reader at 354nm. The whole assay procedure can be completed within 20min. To eliminate matrix interference, a statistical partitioning correction approach was proposed, which makes the detection of copper in complex samples possible. The limit of detection was 0.035μg/mL and the detection range was 0.1-10μg/mL of copper in buffer solution. Actual sample analysis indicated that this colorimetric assay produced results consistent with atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. These results demonstrated that the developed assay can be used for rapid determination of copper in animal feed.

Simultaneous determination of nicotine, cotinine, and nicotine N-oxide in human plasma, semen, and sperm by LC-Orbitrap MS

Nicotine (Nic) distribution in human fluids and tissues has a deleterious effect on human health. In addition to its poisoning profile, Nic may contribute to the particular impact of smoking on human reproduction. Although present in seminal fluid, still nobody knows whether nicotine is available in sperm or not. Herein, we developed and validated a new bioanalytical method, for simultaneous determination of Nic, cotinine (Cot), and nicotine N'-oxide (Nox) in human plasma, semen, and sperm by LC-ESI-orbitrap-MS. Blood and semen samples were collected from 12 healthy smoking volunteers in this study. Sperm bodies were then separated quantitatively from 1mL of semen samples by centrifugation. The developed method was fully validated for plasma following European and American guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, and partial validation was applied to semen analysis. Plasma, semen, and sperm samples were treated by trichloroacetic acid solution for protein direct precipitation in single extraction step. The established calibration range for Nic and Nox in plasma and semen was linear between 5 and 250ng/mL, and for Cot between 10 and 500ng/mL. Nic and Cot were detected in human sperm at concentrations as high as in plasma. In addition, Nox was present in semen and sperm but not in plasma. Graphical abstract Nicotine correlation between plasma and semen a; Nicotine correlation between semen and sperm c; Cotinine correlation between plasma and semen b; Cotinine correlation between semen and sperm d.

Development of a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of 15 Aminoglycoside Residues in Porcine Tissues

A quantitative and confirmatory method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 15 aminoglycoside (AG) residues in porcine tissues (muscle, liver and kidney) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analytes were extracted from different matrices with aqueous trichloroacetic acid solution (5 %, w/v) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up under optimised conditions. Due to the different pK a values of the compounds, two consecutive SPE steps using Oasis HLB cartridges were used to purify all 15 AGs from sample extracts, with 9 AGs quantitatively retained on Oasis HLB cartridges at pH <1 and the other 6 AGs retained at pH 8.5. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and eluted with water and acetonitrile containing the ion-pair reagent heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA). The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to Decision 2002/657/EC. The optimised procedure was successfully applied to analyse 100 real porcine tissue samples (60 muscles, 20 livers and 20 kidneys) collected from local markets in southern China, demonstrating that the method is robust and useful for determination of residues of the 15 target AGs in porcine tissue samples.

Dissolution Kinetics of Zinc Oxide Ore with an Organic Acid

In this study, the dissolution kinetics of smithsonite as an alternative zinc source in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution was investigated. TCA can be derived from industrial waste acid in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and chemical fields. Results showed that the dissolution kinetics conformed to the shrinking core model controlled by surface chemical reaction. The apparent activation energy of the reaction was calculated as 47.61 kJ/mol, indicating the obvious effect of temperature on the reaction rate. The reaction kinetic equation associated with the main influencing factors was eventually established as 1– (1–x)–1/3 = [0.0002 (C)0.384 (P)0.969 exp(–5726T)] t. The high reaction speed of smithsonite in TCA solution shows that TCA has a dissolution effect on zinc oxide ores; thus, it can be employed as an advantageous organic leaching reagent environmentally friendly. In addition, the experimental parameters obtained provide basic data and reference for the leaching of other carbonate minerals of copper, zinc, lead and cobalt, among others, in an organic acid system.

Simultaneous determination of antiviral drugs in chicken tissues by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was established for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of seven antiviral drugs, amantadine, rimantadine, memantine, moroxydine, imiquimod, oseltamivir, and acyclovir, in chicken liver, muscle, and egg. Homogenized samples were extracted with trichloroacetic acid and acetonitrile solutions and then purified by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction. The target drugs were analyzed by liquid chromatography with a UPLC BEH Amide column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer operating in the positive multiple-reaction mode. A perfectly linear relationship was obtained within the concentration ranges of 0.5-20 μg/L for acyclovir and 0.1-10 μg/L for the other six antiviral drugs. The average recoveries of the seven antiviral drugs using four addition levels in chicken liver, muscle, and eggs were 82.67-90.10, 82.30-92.27, and 81.98-93.77%, respectively, and the acceptable coefficients of variation were 5.18-9.88, 4.84-11.2, and 42.8-9.95%, respectively. The detection limits and detection capabilities of the analysis method for the seven antiviral drugs were in the ranges of 0.04-0.64 and 0.11-0.78 μg/kg, respectively. Additionally, an inter-laboratory study among five laboratories further validated the method.

Trichloroacetic acid peeling in the treatment of actinic melanosis in the back of the hands: a comparative randomized study between two vehicles

Introducao: actinic melanosis is a pigmentation disorder caused by the cumulative action of sunlight on the skin and its incidence increases with advancing age. Objective: Considering the lack of studies comparing agents with the same concentration, however in different vehicles, the authors compared the clinical effects of chemical peelings performed with 20% trichloroacetic acid (ATA) paste or solution in the treatment of actinic melanoses in the back of the hands. Methods: A prospective, controlled, randomized study was carried out with 15 patients bearers of bilateral actinic melanoses on the back of the hands. Three monthly sessions with 20% ATA peelings were performed with paste in one hand and solution in the other. The degree of whitening was evaluated by 13 blinded dermatologists, and patients were asked about the satisfaction and preferred method. Results: There was no preference for any of the methods used (p = 0.41), however, according to the medical evaluation, there was greater whitening with the paste (p = 0.01). Only the paste caused significant adverse effects, affecting 4/15 patients. Conclusions: Compared to the solution, when applied for two minutes in the treatment of actinic melanosis, the 20% ATA paste had greater whitening capacity, however demonstrated a tendency to cause more local adverse effects

Efficacy of Modified Jessner's Peel and 20% TCA Versus 20% TCA Peel Alone for the Treatment of Acne Scars.

Introduction:There is a paucity of studies on the use of chemical peels for acne scars among the Asian population. A trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and Jessner's combination chemical peel, originally described by Monheit, is said to be better than a TCA peel alone.Aims:The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of 20% TCA and Jessner's solution versus 20% TCA alone for the treatment of acne scars.Materials and Methods: The patients were divided into two groups of 25 patients each. Chemical peeling was done in both the groups. In Group I, chemical peeling with Jessner's peel followed by 20% TCA was done and in Group II patients chemical peeling with 20% TCA peel alone was done.Results:In Group I (Jessner's peel and 20% TCA), mild improvement of acne scars was seen in 8% cases, moderate improvement in 32% cases and marked improvement of acne scars was seen in 60% patients. In Group II (20% TCA), mild improvement of acne scars was seen in 32% cases, moderate improvement in 40% cases and marked improvement of acne scars was seen in 28% patients. But, the difference in improvement of acne scars was not statistically significant in both the groups (P value > 0.05).

Extraction and HPLC determination of the ascorbic acid content of three indigenous spice plants

Three sample preparation methods (wet grinding followed by centrifugation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted solvent extraction) for extracting ascorbic acid (AA) from parsley, dill and celery were evaluated. AA was extracted into 8% aqueous solutions of acetic acid, metaphosphoric acid and trichloroacetic acid, respectively. An efficient and precise high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for detecting AA. The best extraction technique was ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and acetic acid was the best extractant. A new and original pulse microwave-extraction procedure for AA extraction was also developed. Ascorbate from the plant extracts obtained was quantified and the linearity, precision, recovery, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were studied. LOD and LOQ were 0.2 and 0.22 mg/L for the established method, respectively. The mean recovery ranged from 90.7 to 102.3% with higher variation in the case of celery. Parsley contains the highest amount of ascorbic acid (264 mg AA/100 g of fresh plant), followed by dill (121 mg AA/100 g of fresh plant) and celery (103 mg AA/100 g of fresh plant).

Determination of rhodamine B in spices by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Rhodamine B (RB), as an unlawful colour, is forbidden to add into foods by Chinese government. A solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of RB in spices has been developed. The sample was extracted by acetonitrile and then centrifugated, purified and enriched with a strong positive ion exchange SPE column (Bond Elut Plexa PCX SPE column) after adding 10 mL 1% trichloroacetic acid solution. The HPLC separation was performed on a Pursuit C18 column (100 mm x 2.0 mm, 3 microm) by gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid solution and methanol as the mobile phase. The analyte was detected by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was obtained over the range of 0.6-6 microg/L. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for RB was 1.2 microg/kg. The average recoveries were ranged from 80% to 121% at the spiked levels of 1.197, 2.992 and 5.985 microg/L, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were not more than 15%. The conditions of mobile phase elution gradients, extraction solvents, and SPE columns were optimized. This method is highly selective and has weak matrix effect for qualitative and quantitative analyses of RB in spices.

Multi-residue determination of five antiviral drugs in chicken tissues by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A method of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of five antiviral drug residues, amantadine, rimantadine, memantine, moroxydine and imiquimod in chicken tissues was developed. The compounds were extracted from the samples with trichloroacetic acid solution and acetonitrile, and then cleaned-up by strong cation exchange (SCX) solid phase extraction cartridges. The analytes were separated on a Xamide column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) and determined qualitatively and quantitatively with tandem mass spectrometry using positive polarity mode under multi-reaction monitoring (MRM) scan type. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were 0.06 - 0.30 microg/kg and 0.2 - 1.0 microg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the five drugs were 72.3% - 94.2% in chicken muscle and 70.8% - 92.7% in chicken livers. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) in chicken muscle and livers were 3.5% -11.3% and 5.3% -12.6%, respectively. The method is selective without interference and suitable for the determination and confirmation of the five antiviral drugs in chicken muscle and livers.

Simultaneous Determination of Amantadine and Rimantadine Residue in Animal Tissues by LC-MS/MS

A rapid determination method for amantadine and rimantadine in animal tissues was established using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry(LC-ESI-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-1.0% trichloroacetic acid(50∶50,V/V) solution in ultrasonic,followed by a cleanup procedure with mixed cation exchange SPE.The eluate was dried under nitrogen blow,then dissolved in 1 mL methanol-0.2% formic acid(10∶90,V/V) solution and the aliquot was detected by LC-MS/MS.The chromatographic retention time and mass fragment ion abundance ratio were taken for qualitative confirmation,and external standard method was employed for quantification.The limit of detection(LOD) is 0.4 μg/kg,and the limit of quantification(LOQ) is 1.0 μg/kg in chicken,chicken liver,pork and pork liver.The correlation coefficent is greater than 0.999(r20.999) of the four animal tissues are obtained within 0.5—100.0 μg/L linear ranges.Recoveries are in a range of 70.7%—92.3% with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) varied from 1.7% to 11.7% at spiked levels of 5.0—100μg/kg,respectively.

Aquatic Products Determination of Nonylphenol and Octylphenol

By solid - phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography determination of nonylphenol, Octylphenol in aquatic product residues, to establish more accurate, fast, effective detection method. Sample is 3 trichloroacetic acid solution after extraction, using anion exchange solid phase extraction column purification by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method for determination. Column is Shim-pack VP-ODS 250mm x4.6mm, detection wavelength is225 nm, mobile phase of methanol - water ( volume ratio of 75:25), flow rate is 0.8 mL/min, injection volume is 20 ìL. Octylphenol, nonylphenol respectively in 0.14¡«97.63 ìg/mL ( R=0.9995),0.02¡«51.04 ì g/mL ( R=0.9997) concentration and peak area show a good linear relationship, octylphenol nonylphenol and the recovery is 87.9%¡«93.8%, relative standard deviation is 1.4%¡«3.8%. Solid - phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of aquatic product of octylphenol and nonylphenol residue is accurate, rapid, high sensitivity, suitable for aquatic products of octylphenol nonylphenol and detection.

Validation of a method for the determination of aminoglycosides in different matrices and species based on an in-house concept

A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination and confirmation of the aminoglycosides streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin and neomycin in cow’s milk as well as in bovine and porcine muscle and kidney was developed. Validation was performed on the basis of an in-house concept with different factor-level combinations in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. After extraction with trichloroacetic acid solution, clean-up was performed by way of SPE. LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out by means of an HILIC column for the separation of the analytes, and by using MS/MS in positive ESI mode to measure the transitions of the substances in MRM mode. For quantification, matrix calibration curves in the linear range around the MRLs as well as the internal standard tobramycin were used. The calculated validation parameters like CCα, CCβ, recovery (94–103%), relative repeatability RSDr (3.6–9.7%), and relative within-laboratory reproducibility RSDwR (4.6–10.0%) fulfilled the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.

Simultaneous determination of melamine and creatinine in milk and milk products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A method established for determining melamine and creatinine in milk and milk products. The samples were extracted with 1% trichloracetic acid solution. The extract was cleaned-up by using a mixed-mode cation ion exchange SPE column and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen. The residue was derived by bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide-chlorotrimethylsilane (BSTFA-TMCS), then determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Melamine and creatinine had good linearity in the range of 0.1 - 50 mg/L with the correlation coefficients higher than 0.99, and the limits of quantification were 0.10 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of melamine and creatinine were 80.7% - 116.8% and 77.6% - 107.5% with RSD no more than 9.4% and 8.5% in the spiked range of 10 - 100 mg/kg and 0.1 - 5.0 mg/kg, respectively. The method is accurate, sensitive, and suitable for the determination of creatinine in milk and milk products.

Simplified and Small-Scale Technique for Quantifying Ractopamine in Beef under Organic Solvent-Free Conditions

This paper described an organic solvent-free, simple, and small scale method of sample preparation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled photo-diode array (PDA) detector for quantifying ractopamine (RP) in beef. The HPLC-PDA was performed on an Inertsil ® HILIC, hydrophilic interaction chromatographic mode, column with an isocratic aqueous mobile phase. An analyte was extracted from the sample using a handheld ultrasonic homogenizer with trichloroacetic acid solution and purified by MonoSpin ® SCX, a centrifugal monolithic silica spin mini-columns, and quantified within 25 min. The proposed method obtained average recoveries for the analyte in the range of 95.2 - 103.1% with relative standard deviations ≤ 2.8%. The quantitation limit was 10 ng g -1 in the flank and liver.