Triangular Structure Research Articles

The Helix Ring Peptide U11 from the Venom of the Ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum, Acts as a Putative Pore-Forming Toxin.

An insect neuroactive helix ring peptide called U11-MYRTX-Tb1a (abbreviated as U11) from the venom of the ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum. U11 is a 34-amino-acid peptide that is claimed to be one of the most paralytic peptides ever reported from ant venoms acting against blowflies and honeybees. The peptide features a compact triangular ring helix structure stabilized by a single disulfide bond, which is a unique three-dimensional scaffold among animal venoms. Pharmacological assays using Drosophila S2 cells have demonstrated that U11 is not cytotoxic but instead suggest that it may modulate potassium channels via the presence of a functional dyad. In our work described here, we have tested this hypothesis by investigating the action of synthetically made U11 on a wide array of voltage-gated K and Na channels since it is well known that these channels play a crucial role in the phenomenon of paralysis. Using the Xenopus laevis oocyte heterologous expression system and voltage clamp, our results have not shown any modulatory effect of 1 μM U11 on the activity of Kv1.1, Kv1.3, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Shaker IR, Kv4.2, Kv7.1, Kv10.1, Kv11.1 and KQT1, nor on DmNav and BgNav. Instead, 10 μM U11 caused a quick and irreversible cytolytic effect, identical to the cytotoxic effect caused by Apis mellifera venom, which indicates that U11 can act as a pore-forming peptide. Interestingly, the paralytic dose (PD50) on blowflies and honeybees corresponds with the concentration at which U11 displays clear pore-forming activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that the insecticidal and paralytic effects caused by U11 may be explained by the putative pore formation of the peptide.

Investigation of crystalline and band alignment properties of NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN heterojunctions using synchrotron radiation based techniques

Epitaxial layers of NiO and Ni0.5Co0.5O have been deposited on GaN templates using RF magnetron sputtering deposition technique. The epitaxial relationship in out-of-plane and in-plane directions for NiO and Ni0.5Co0.5O layers with respect to GaN is [111]NiO(Ni0.5Co0.5O)∥[0001]GaN and [1̅10]NiO(Ni0.5Co0.5O)∥[1̅21̅0]GaN, respectively. The epi-layers are found to have two triangular domain structures oriented along [111] direction with an in-plane rotation of 60° with respect to each other. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been used to determine the valence band offset (∆EV) and the band alignment at the heterojunctions (HJs). The ∆EV at NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJs are 1.2 ± 0.2 eV and 1.8 ± 0.2 eV, respectively. The conduction band offsets (∆EC) have also been estimated using the determined values of optical band gap (NiO: Eg = ∼ 3.5 eV; Ni0.5Co0.5O: Eg = ∼ 3.3 eV) from optical transmission measurements. The values of ∆EC are found to be 1.5 ± 0.2 eV and 1.9 ± 0.2 eV at NiO/GaN and Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJs, respectively. A type-II band alignment is observed at both the HJs. Higher values of valence band and conduction band offsets are observed at Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJ in comparison to NiO/GaN. These experimentally determined values of band offsets can be used to design wide band gap HJ based devices like photodetectors, where higher values of band off-set at the Ni0.5Co0.5O/GaN HJ can be utilized to confine the carriers.

An analysis of the impact of nanofluids on the cooling effectiveness of pin and perforated heat sinks

In the presented numerical study, the effect of the use of mono and hybrid (CuO/Water at 2% volume concentration and CuO + Fe/Water (1% CuO + 1% Fe)) type nanofluid in heat sinks designed in new geometric structures used to increase the processor cooling performance was investigated. The geometries used are circular, triangular, square, hexagonal, square, and hexagonal, and their perforated structures and their effects on a total of eight geometries were analyzed. In addition to these, the rate of improving the temperature distribution and heat transfer in the heat sink, i.e., the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC), was also examined. According to the results obtained, the lowest thermal resistance value is seen in the circular cross-section with Rth = 0.289 K/W, while the highest thermal, i.e., cooling performance is seen in the triangular perforated structure with Rth = 0.63 K/W and at the lowest pressure inlet condition. In terms of temperature distribution, the most uniform distribution was obtained between 311.82 and 308.98 K in the circular section. The most interesting result in terms of the results was the PEC = 1.4 for the triangular hole structure in the heat transfer improvement performance. The main reason for this is that the range of the temperature distribution shown is very high (319–311.5K).

Research on mechanical properties of metal rubber based on planar lattice design

Metal rubber is a common vibration is olation material. Because the arrangement of the internal spiral coil will affect the mechanical properties of the metal rubber, this paper draws on the crystal lattice theory in metallurgy, changes the mesoscopic arrangement of the spiral coil through the design of the two-dimensional blank plane lattice structure, and prepares three kinds of lattice structures, and optimizes the mass ratio of the three metal rubber lattice structures, so as to improve the average stiffness and energy dissipation coefficient of the metal rubber. The quasi-static compression experiments passed. The results show that the triangular lattice structure design can reflect the good average stiffness, and the square lattice structure design can obtain the maximum energy dissipation coefficient. The study confirms that the fabrication of metal rubber materials based on planar lattice design is an effective way to improve stiffness and energy dissipation.

Preparation of silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures and evaluation of their biological potentials

Abstract Silymarin-loaded zein polysaccharide core–shell nanoparticles (SZPCS-NPs) were synthesized where sodium alginate and pectin offer stability and controlled release qualities to zein, a maize protein, having excellent biocompatibility. The present study is an attempt to develop zein–silymarin polysaccharide core–shell nanostructures to enhance water solubility, thereby improving bioavailability and producing enhanced biological responses in living systems. SZPCS-NPs were prepared using pH-induced antisolvent precipitation method. Five different types of SZPCS-NPs were synthesized using different combinations of sodium alginate and pectin, namely P100–A00 (non-uniform size ranging from 20 to 100 nm), P70–A30 (spherical and uniform size measuring approximately 80 nm in diameter), P50–A50, P30–A70, and P00–A100 exhibited irregular shapes with the presence of some triangular and oval structures and non-uniform size ranging from 20 to 100 nm. The SZPCS-NPs P70–A30 possessed the best results in terms of shape, size, and other characterization studies. Furthermore, the SZPCS-NPs possessed a percent drug loading of 72.5% and entrapment efficiency of 51.7%, respectively. The resulting SZPCS-NPs exhibited an excellent relative bioavailability percentage of 97.4% in comparison to commercial silymarin, having 58.1%, and crude silymarin, having 46.97% bioavailability percentage, correspondingly. In addition, SZPCS-NPs possessed an almost two folds’ increase in antioxidant activity in comparison to crude and commercially available silymarin. Similarly, SZPCS-NPs also showed better stabilization in hepatic biomarker enzymes and possessed better hepatoprotective activity for a period of 6 weeks, in contrast to commercial and crude silymarin formulations.

Noise Analysis and Optimization Design of an Electric–Mechanical–Hydraulic Power Coupler for the Vehicle

This article proposes a new electric–mechanical–hydraulic power coupler (EMHPC). The EMHPC is integrated by a swash plate axial piston pump and permanent magnet synchronous motor, which can realize the conversion of electric, mechanical, and hydraulic energy. To analyze the noise characteristics of the EMHPC, the mathematical models of fluid noise and electromagnetic noise are established, respectively. An optimization model is built based on Isight, and the multi‐island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the triangular groove structure. The optimization results show that the sound pressure level of sound field monitoring points decreases at different frequencies, and the vibration displacement of the cylinder block decreases. The maximum sound pressure level of the directivity curve of the radiated sound field decreases by 9 dB. For the electrodynamic structure optimization of the EMHPC, this article establishes a combination approximation model with higher accuracy. The structure of the stator and rotor is optimized based on the combined approximate model. The optimization results show that the sinusoidal property of the radial air‐gap magnetic density curve is better after optimization, and the harmonic amplitude of the radial electromagnetic force decreases. The maximum sound pressure level in the air domain of the external sound field is reduced from 69 to 60 dB. Moreover, the superposition analysis of fluid noise and electromagnetic noise is carried out, and the main noise sources of the EMHPC in different working modes are determined.

New growth mechanism of InAs-GaSb core-shell nanowires with polygonal triangular pyramids and quantum dots grown by MOCVD

In this paper, new growth mechanism of InAs/GaSb heterojunction nanowires grown by MOCVD has been investigated. A spear-shaped structure was firstly formed at the top of nanowires and GaAsSb quantum dots were firstly grown on the side walls of the nanowires by self-catalyzed mode. It is found that the length of InAs-GaSb nanowires in core-shell structure plays an important role in the formation of polygonal triangular pyramids and quantum dots structures. The shorter InAs nanowires become, the larger the polygonal triangular pyramid will be formed while the longer InAs nanowires become, the smaller the polygonal triangular pyramid will be formed, and quantum dots will appear on the side walls of nanowires. This new mechanism and growth technology will be conducive to the preparation of quantum dots attached to the surface of nanowires.

On curve fitting via logarithmic model for line graph of triangular graphyne based on connection number

The triangular γ-graphyne structure is highlighted in particular, as it is a new configuration with possible applications in medicine. We shed light on this structure’s special qualities and potential uses in healthcare by computing several topological indices linked to it through computational research. Furthermore, we use Shannon’s entropy measure to express the information content of the connection-based topological indices in tandem. This method offers a thorough comprehension of the intricate features and structural properties of the triangular γ-graphyne structure. A logarithmic regression model is built to establish a quantifiable relationship between the computed indices and entropy. The SPSS program was used in the development of this model, allowing for a thorough examination of the relationship between structural features and informational entropy. A regression model based on triangular graphyne topological indices is used as a predictive tool for entropy estimation.

Impact of intermittent sputtering on the ordering of triangular surface topography

It is demonstrated that the quality of nanoscale triangular structures on Si (100) surfaces can be improved by applying intermittent ion beam sputtering. This investigation is conducted along the work of Rakhi et al. (2023), which introduces an additional physical parameter space related to intermittent sputtering. Through this approach, we have observed the minimum surface defect density associated with higher-order surface structures, particularly at tT = 8 min. This can have large potential applications in modern cutting-edge technology demands of controlled growth of nanostructures, especially the low dimensional high aspect ratio nanostructures.

Investigation of pin and perforated heatsink cooling efficiency and temperature distribution

The uneven temperature distribution resulting from thermal stresses in heat sinks is a significant issue in modern electronic devices. This numerical investigation utilizes fluid to analyze the cooling, flow, and heat transfer characteristics of eight different heat sink designs. These include pin–fin heat sinks with circular, triangular, square, and hexagonal cross-sections, as well as their perforated versions. The results show that the thermal resistance range for all geometries was between Rth = 0.29 and 0.51 K W−1. The circular cross-section pin structure was found to be the most efficient in terms of thermal resistance, while the triangular perforated structure was the least efficient. The narrow and low temperature distribution indicates a high cooling potential for the heat sink. It has been observed that the temperature range studied is between 308.732 and 315.273 K. The circular cross-section pin structure is most efficient in terms of homogeneous distribution between 308.73 and 311.306 K. The pin-type structure with a square cross-section attained the maximum Performance Evaluation Criteria (PEC) of 1.1872 at P = 689 Pa, while the pin-type structure with a triangular cross-section attained the lowest PEC of 0.67 at P = 2750 Pa. The investigation revealed that, in relation to PEC, perforated structures had superior performance compared to other pin designs, except for the square-section pin structure. This research found that measuring the efficiency of a heat sink based just on thermal resistance or average temperature distribution is not enough; the PEC criteria must also be taken into account.

Structure determination of alkali trimers on helium nanodroplets through laser-induced Coulomb explosion.

Alkali trimers, Ak3, located on the surface of He nanodroplets are triply ionized following multiphoton absorption from an intense femtosecond laser pulse, leading to fragmentation into three correlated Ak+ ions. Combining the information from threefold covariance analysis of the emission direction of the fragment ions and their kinetic energy distributions P(Ekin), we find that Na3, K3, and Rb3 have an equilateral triangular structure, corresponding to that of the lowest lying quartet state A2'4, and determine the equilibrium bond distance Req(Na3) = 4.65 ± 0.15Å, Req(K3) = 5.03 ± 0.18Å, and Req(Rb3) = 5.45 ± 0.22Å. For K3 and Rb3, these values agree well with existing theoretical calculations, while for Na3, the value is 0.2-0.3Å larger than the existing theoretical results. The discrepancy is ascribed to a minor internuclear motion of Na3 during the ionization process. In addition, we determine the distribution of internuclear distances P(R) under the assumption of fixed bond angles. The results are compared to the square of the internuclear wave function |Ψ(R)|2.

Theoretical and Numerical Simulation Study on the Ultimate Load Capacity of Triangular and Quadrilateral Truss Structures

Spatial truss structures (STSs), serving as the bottom support structure of a cooling tower, effectively harness the superior load-bearing capacity offered by lattice-type truss structures. STSs are composed of main bars, diagonal bars, and horizontal bars, with horizontal bars serving as vital components of the truss structure. They play a pivotal role in maintaining the overall integrity and stability of the structure. The proportional relationship between the stiffness of each bar in STSs has a profound impact on the mechanical characteristics of the overall structure. This relationship directly influences the ultimate load-bearing capacity of the structure. Therefore, conducting research on the influence patterns of this relationship is of utmost importance. This paper explores the study of triangular truss structures (TTSs) and quadrilateral truss structures (QTSs). Firstly, through theoretical analysis, considering structural elements such as the stiffness of the horizontal bars, the number of layers in the truss, and the angle between the diagonal bars and the horizontal bars, theoretical expressions for the calculation of the ultimate load capacity of TTSs and QTSs are derived. Furthermore, a parametric finite element (FE) model was established for the TTSs and QTSs. Through numerical simulations, the validity of the theoretical calculation expressions was verified. Finally, this paper discusses the influence of factors such as the stiffness of the horizontal bars, the number of layers in the truss, and the angle between the diagonal and horizontal bars on the TTSs and QTSs. It analyzes the patterns and trends of these influences. The research results indicate that the theoretical and numerical simulation results for the TTSs have an error ranging from 0.40% to 4.93%, while the relative error for the QTSs ranges from 1.59% to 4.88%. These errors are within an acceptable range for engineering calculations. As the stiffness of the horizontal bars increases, the proportionality coefficient of the truss’s ultimate load capacity shows an initial increase followed by a stable trend. It reaches an equilibrium state when the stiffness of the horizontal bars reaches a certain threshold. As the number of layers in the truss and the angle between the diagonal and horizontal bars increase, the proportionality coefficient of the load capacity gradually decreases. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of TTSs and QTSs in cooling towers.

О приоритетных направлениях виктимологической профилактики служебно-экономической преступности в сфере реализации национального проекта «Здравоохранение»

The article examines the victimological aspects of service-economic crime in the implementation of the national project “Healthcare”. The author presents the characteristics of victims and substantiates the triangular structure of victimological crime prevention in the area under study. The use of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), as well as specific scientific ones (questioning, formal legal) allowed us to approach the problem posed methodologically correctly and present reasoned solutions.

헤어바이나이트 디자인 분석에 의한 작품 제작 연구

This study attempted to examine the formative characteristics of hair-by-night styles from the Korean beauty skills competition and analyze its meaning. The formative analysis of hair-by-night styles from the Korean beauty skills competition is a must-have tool in understanding the value and meaning of hairstyles through the analysis of visual elements. It is a field to be studied and developed continuously to obtain better results in aesthetics and design. It is anticipated that emphasis on the importance of such formative analysis would be available as basic data needed to increase and further develop applicability to diverse fields. This study analyzed shape, texture, color and direction flows, and the results found the followings: In terms of the formative characteristics of hair by night, symmetric forms were observed. In addition, triangular structure was designed at the front in an elegant and stable form. They can be defined as a dinner-party style which maximizes brilliance, using at least two different hairpieces, maintaining their creative style and uniformity. Hair directions and shapes at the front, side and nape varied depending on the position of a hairpiece. This study examined hairstyles from the beauty skills competition only so that it is limited in generalizing the formative characteristics of hairstyles. It is hoped that Korean hairstyles would evolve in a more creative fashion, gradually going beyond the formality and limit of conventional design.

Study on mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of mudstone-clay composites under uniaxial compression

In the western mining area of China, mudstone-clay composite roofs are commonly found in coal seam roadway. This kind of roadway surrounding rock has poor self-stabilization ability and is difficult to support. Therefore, through a series of uniaxial loading and acoustic emission (AE) experiment, this study explores the mechanical properties of mudstone-clay composites (MCCs) considering different thickness, horizon, quantity, and moisture content of clay layers. The research results show that: First, if the clay meets water, the bearing and deformation resistance of the MCCs are significantly weakened. The thicker the clay layer and the more quantity, the smaller uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of MCCs. Second, the AE energy characteristics in different combinations of specimens are disparate. For the MCCs with hydrous clay and thicker mudstone, the AE energy peaks mostly appear at the beginning and end of the stress step in the post-peak stage. Third, the moisture state of the clay layers significantly influences the MCCs' failure mode and crack type. If the clay is exposed to water, the failure mode of MCCs changes from tension-shear joint failure to single tension failure. Finally, the tearing effect of clay lateral displacement on mudstone is dominant to mudstone cracking. The bonding effect of clay prompts the rock blocks on both sides of the mudstone fissures and clay layer form a triangular structure. In the post-peak stage, the periodic instability and rebalance of the triangular structure lead to a stepped decline in the stress-strain curves of the MCCs.

A novel metamaterial with instantaneously sign-switchable coefficient of thermal expansion and Poisson's ratio

Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. In contrast, negative thermal expansion materials exhibit the opposite behavior. In this paper, we present a metamaterial that expands both when heated and cooled. The unit cell configuration is crafted by embedding two isosceles triangular structures composed of high thermal expansion materials within a re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb framework. Initially, the bases of the two isosceles triangles are in contact. The metamaterial exhibits two deformation states under different external loads. Analytical formulas for the equivalent parameters were derived based on classical beam theory within the regime of small deformation. Finite element simulations were conducted to validate the accuracy of these analytical formulas. The influence of geometric parameters on the metamaterial is discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that the metamaterial can exhibit excellent multi-functional properties within a small range of deformation, including instantaneous sign-variable coefficients of thermal expansion and Poisson's ratios, along with significantly distinct tensile and compressive stiffnesses. This metamaterial consistently exhibits expansive characteristics regardless of variations in ambient temperature. Additionally, the material always expands laterally regardless of the sign of uniaxial loads. Based on these properties, the metamaterial can be applied to fasteners in the aerospace industry that require permanent locking, ensuring stability in various temperature and mechanical load conditions.

Mimetic desire in Augustine’s Confessiones as a model for natural theology and virtue ethics

This article examined the concept and notability of mimetic desire in Augustine’s autobiographical work Confessiones. Mimetic desire is based primarily on the knowledge that there is a Perfect Being, viz. God, ideal forms (in Platonic idiom), which may be known and imitated by humans. Mimesis demonstrates that humans have a natural capacity and tendency to imitate and possess what others have. Despite this, in popular culture, mimesis has the connotation of feyness and is discouraged in place of inventiveness. The culture and spirit of our day promote originality and inventiveness without an understanding of the human nature and its inherent mimetic desires. The concept of mimetic desire is rooted in Rene Girard’s theory of anthropology but can be traced back as far as Plato’s Republic. Therefore, this interdisciplinary concept has been explored through Augustine’s narratological composition of Confessiones. The introspective tone and cultural forming narratives that make up Confessiones were succinctly examined in the context of mimetic theory. The triangular structure of mimetic desire was further explored to gain a better understanding of how Augustine relied on mimesis in his conversion to Christianity. The choice of imitating authentic models led to Augustine’s moral renewal, and likewise such implications are relevant to modern-day Christians. Moreover, this article aims to promote the concept of mimesis as an ideal practise concerning human nature and conditioning, towards a virtuous and morally acceptable society. The results of this article underline the importance of narrative theory and friendship in developing positive cultures through mimesis. Through contrasting Augustine’s earlier Manichaean life and his later Christian life, an illustration of mimetic desire can be drawn, and for Augustine, this could only mean Christ.Contribution: This article contributes to the ongoing interdisciplinary studies of ontology, anthropology, theology, and sociology. By interpreting or reading Augustine’s Confessiones through the lens of mimetic desire, this article offers an alternative perspective on Augustine’s natural theology and virtue ethics. It further presents the conceptual framework of mimesis on Christian and Platonist praxis of the ideal forms. Moreover, the article of the narratological composition of Confessiones expounds the importance of interpersonal relationships in our spiritual growth. The triangular structure of mimesis was further expounded in the context of interior life, viz. interior homo [inner man] as the ultimate model.

Hierarchical coiled phononic crystals: Reflectionless interfaces by duality

Duality has previously been demonstrated in twisted Kagome lattices, which are composed of a 2-D unit cell whose configuration can be transformed smoothly by varying a particular unit cell parameter. In the Kagome lattice, the twist angle defines the orientation of two triangular structures comprising the unit cell. In this case, duality expresses the fact that dispersion curves are identical for twist angles that are + /− δψ away from the self-dual configuration at ψ;c. The term self-dual refers to a certain unit cell configuration where dispersion curve families become degenerate, and thus, overlap. In this talk, a 1-D phononic crystal (PnC), composed of rotation-locked nodes linked by flexible bars modeled by continuum elements, is studied as a function of a twist angle. Interestingly, we demonstrate that a 1-D bar-based PnC also exhibits duality, when subjected to periodic rotation locking at the nodes. We show that particular segments of dual unit cells, having a + /− 90o difference in their wave propagation axes may be connected together without reflection and that this enables hierarchically coiled PnC (HCPnC), is contrasted with topologically protected metamaterials that also enable reflectionless wave propagation around a corner.

Implementation of High Speed and Area Efficient Polar Encoder

Abstract: Polar codes were introduced by E.Arıkan in 2008. They are the first family of error-correcting codes that attain the capacity of binary memoryless and symmetric channels with efficient encoding, decoding, and construction algorithms. In this paper, implementation of high speed and area efficient polar encoder for systematic polar codes is presented. According to an iterative property of the generator matrix and particular lower triangular structure of the matrix, the number of XOR computations are reduced. In this implementation, total area of the encoder is decreased by 33.69%, delay is decreased by 54.6% and power consumption is decreased by 39.44%.

Large Anomalous Hall Effect at Room Temperature in a Fermi‐Level‐Tuned Kagome Antiferromagnet

AbstractThe recent discoveries of surprisingly large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in antiferromagnets have attracted much attention due to their promising use in spintronics devices. However, such AHE‐hosting antiferromagnetic materials are rare in nature. Herein, it is demonstrated that Mn2.4Ga, a Fermi‐level‐tuned kagome antiferromagnet, has a large anomalous Hall conductivity of ≈150 Ω−1 cm−1 at room temperature that surpasses the usual high values (i.e., 20–50 Ω−1 cm−1) observed so far in two outstanding kagome antiferromagnets, Mn3Sn and Mn3Ge. Although the triangular spin structure of Mn2.4Ga shows a weak net magnetic moment of ≈0.05 µB per formula unit, it guarantees a nonzero Berry curvature in the kagome plane. Moreover, the anomalous Hall conductivity exhibits a sign reversal with the rotation of a small magnetic field that can be ascribed to the field‐controlled chirality of the spin triangular structure. This theoretical calculations further suggest that the large AHE in Mn2.4Ga originates from a significantly enhanced Berry curvature associated with the tuning of the Fermi level close to the Weyl points. These properties, together with the ability to manipulate moment orientations using a moderate external magnetic field, make Mn2.4Ga extremely exciting for future antiferromagnetic spintronics.