Trimetallic Oxide Research Articles

Atomic-Level Tin Regulation for High-Performance Zinc-Air Batteries.

The trade-off between the performances of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) presents a challenge in designing high-performance aqueous rechargeable zinc-air batteries (a-r-ZABs) due to sluggish kinetics and differing reaction requirements. Accurate control of the atomic and electronic structures is crucial for the rational design of efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Herein, we designed a Sn-Co/RuO2 trimetallic oxide utilizing dual-active sites and tin (Sn) regulation strategy by dispersing Co (for ORR) and auxiliary Sn into the near-surface and surface of RuO2 (for OER) to enhance both ORR and OER performances. Both theoretical calculations and advanced dynamic monitoring experiments revealed that the auxiliary Sn effectively regulated the atomic/electronic environment of Ru and Co dual-active sites, which optimized the *OOH/*OH adsorption behavior and promoted the release of the final products, thus breaking the reaction limits. Therefore, the as-designed Sn-Co/RuO2 catalysts exhibited superb bifunctional performance with an oxygen potential difference (ΔE) of 0.628 V and negligible activity degradation after 200,000 (ORR) or 20,000 (OER) CV cycles. The a-r-ZABs based on the Sn-Co/RuO2 catalyst exhibited a higher performance at a wide temperature range of -30 to 65 °C. They demonstrated an ultralong lifespan of 138 days (20,000 cycles) at 5 mA cm-2, 39.7 times higher than that of Pt/C + IrO2 coupled catalysts at a low temperature of -20 °C. Additionally, they maintained an initial power density of 85.8% after long-term tests, significantly outperforming previously reported catalysts. More importantly, the a-r-ZABs also showed excellent stability of 766.45 h (about 4598 cycles) at a high current density of 10 mA cm-2.

Novel trimetallic oxide (CdO/ZnO/V2O5) nanocomposite derived from eggshell membrane: Synthesis, structural characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities

Novel trimetallic oxide (CdO/ZnO/V2O5) nanocomposite derived from eggshell membrane: Synthesis, structural characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities

Trimetallic oxide catalysts from metal-organic frameworks on Ti₃C₂Tx MXene for enhanced water splitting

Trimetallic oxide catalysts from metal-organic frameworks on Ti₃C₂Tx MXene for enhanced water splitting

NiCoZn trimetallic oxides nanoflower spheres and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical sensing detection of piroxicam

NiCoZn trimetallic oxides nanoflower spheres and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical sensing detection of piroxicam

Catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil over activated carbon supported monometallic, bimetallic and trimetallic oxides

Catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil over activated carbon supported monometallic, bimetallic and trimetallic oxides

Synthesis of morphology-controlled ternary nanocomposite with the aid of surfactant (CATAB) as structure-directing agent for catalytic oxidation of organic azo dye

ABSTRACT A novel synthesis approach was applied to deposit tri-metal oxide nanocomposite, AL₂O₃/TiO₂/ZnO, onto surfactant template in an attempt to control the morphology and reduce the aggregation . Consequently, increases the surface area available for catalytic activity. Different samples were prepared by varying the amount of CTAB as a structure-directing agent. Samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, DLS, TGA, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption. The nanocomposites were tested for the catalytic oxidation of Congo red (CR). Calcination resulted in higher activity as a result of removing the template and thus leaving empty pores with higher surface area. Before calcination, the amount of CATAB added inversely affected both available surface area and activity. The maximum oxidation efficiency was 92%. TOC analysis confirmed mineralization of CR by 82% drop. After four successive cycles, only 3% reduction in catalysis activity was observed. Overall, this proposed method is very promising in controlling morphology, structural properties, and catalytic activity of catalyst.

One-pot bioinspired synthesis of PbO/CuO/FeO trimetallic oxide nanocomposite using Vitis vinifera fruit juice for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of 4-Nitrotoluene

The determination of explosive nitroaromatic chemicals has prompted concerns about human safety around the world. In this work, we demonstrate an electrochemical sensor based on trimetallic oxide nanocomposites modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds. Trimetallic oxide nanocomposites are multiphase materials containing ternary metal oxides. Because of their high specific surface area, superior electron transport capabilities, and favourable catalytic behaviour, they are frequently employed as antibacterial materials, catalysts, and sensors. In order to combat the problems associated with high manufacturing costs, low selectivity, and low sensitivity of conventional sensors, this paper reports on the construction of an electrochemical sensor for 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT) using a trimetallic oxide nano-sensor. The nano-sensor is composed of transition metal oxides copper and iron combined with post-transition lead metal oxide. In this study, we prepared a PbO/CuO/FeO TMO NCs sample with different individual metal oxides synthesized by a green reduction method using Vitis vinifera fruit juice. SEM was used to observe and validate structural and morphological variations brought on by various metal compositions. The four bio-synthesized materials comprise dispersed multiphase matrices containing varying shapes of nanoparticles with different morphologies. The elemental and phase arrangements of the synthesized samples were investigated employing UV, FT-IR, XRD, and EDAX approaches. The findings of the electrochemical measurements indicate that the SPCE modified with PbO/CuO/FeO TMO NCs has enhanced sensing capabilities over CuO, FeO, and PbO NPs for 4-NT; the limit of detection is 4.512 nM and sensitivity is 0.531 μA nM−1 for the developed sensor. Notably, recovery values (99.2–101.7 %) in water samples showed that evaluating interfering species from different contaminants had no effect on the sensing of 4-NT. All of these findings show that the newly developed sensor performs well in terms of reproducibility, selectivity, and sensitivity for the detection of 4-NT.

Oxygen-Deficient Thermal Treatment Boosts Performance of Co-Ni-Fe Oxide Electrocatalyst in Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The production of green hydrogen through water electrolysis using electricity generated from renewable sources is one of the most promising strategies toward achieving a carbon-neutral economy.[1-3] Water electrolysis is an effective and well-established water splitting process consisting of two half-cell reactions, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at cathode and anode, respectively. Although hydrogen as the value-added product is generated at the cathode, the anodic reaction plays an important role in determining the reaction kinetics of the entire water splitting process due to the multiple-electron transfer.[4] Therefore, developing low-cost and highly active OER electrocatalysts is one of the keys to further improve overall efficiency of water electrolysis. Among various water electrolysis technologies, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) has been commercialized for many decades and standing for medium-scale hydrogen production and using non-noble metals as electrocatalysts.[5]Co-, Ni-, and Fe- oxides or (oxy)hydroxides are reported as auspicious OER electrocatalysts for AWE, as well as abundance on earth.[6] In addition, oxygen vacancies in metallic oxides are reported recently as an effective approach to enhance catalyst activity for OER.[7] Herein, we present trimetallic oxides (CoNiFe oxides) annealed in different atmospheres which are oxygen-rich (A; air), an oxygen-poor (M; 1 vol% air in argon), and oxygen-free (H; 5 vol% H2 in argon), respectively, The CoNiFe (2:2:1)/M with a molar ratio of Co : Ni : Fe = 2 : 2 : 1 treated under an oxygen-poor atmosphere (M) exhibits the best performance in 1 M KOH, with an overpotential of 291 mV at 10 mA cm-2 geo, a mass activity at 1.56 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) of ~345 A g-1 catalyst, and a small Tafel slope of 32.0 mV dec-1. Moreover, CoNiFe (2:2:1)/M shows excellent stability in the OER process for at least 50 hours at 100 mA cm-2 geo at lab scale and ~75 h at 400 mA cm-2 in an alkaline electrolyzer. This work presents a simple and effective method to design OER catalysts based on trimetallic oxides with oxygen deficiencies for alkaline water electrolysis.

Green synthesis of Fe[sbnd]Ni[sbnd]Sn trimetallic oxides from Moringa oleifera for photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 6B dye

The nanocomposite FeNiSn trimetallic oxides were synthesized using an aqueous Moringa Oleifera leaf extract. The prepared nanocomposite was analyzed using SEM, FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, Zeta potential, and UV–vis analysis. A common Azo dye named Reactive Red 6B (RR-6B), widely applied in the dyeing industry and causing environmental pollution, was selected to examine the photodegradation of FeNiSn trimetallic oxides nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation, and it was shown that this dye could be successfully degraded by prepared nanocomposite. Effects of parameters such as inorganic salt concentration, H2O2 concentration, contact time, pH, and impact of different concentrations of catalyst and dye were examined to find out degradation conditions. This prepared nanocomposite was applied for the photodegradation of RR-6B dye, and 95 % degradation efficiency was obtained at pH 4, 10 mg of catalyst concentration, 10 ppm of dye concentration, and contact time of 2 h. Degradation kinetics were carried out using Langmuir-Hinshelwood and first-order reaction models. These results showed a facile technique for forming nanocomposite to efficiently degrade organic contaminants from wastewater, which directly impacts industrial wastewater treatment. The antibacterial activity was performed using the Time assay kill method for Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria. The results of antibacterial activity showed an inhibition effect on bacterial growth by trimetallic oxides NPs, suggesting their potential use in antimicrobial coatings and materials. These findings underscore the practical applications of our research, demonstrating its relevance and potential impact in real-world scenarios.

Low-Cost Self-Reconstructed High Entropy Oxide as an Ultra-Durable OER Electrocatalyst for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer.

Future energy loss can be minimized to a greater extent via developing highly active electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrolyzers. Incorporating an innovative design like high entropy oxides, dealloying, structural reconstruction, in situ activation can potentially reduce the energy barriers between practical and theoretical potentials. Here, a Fd-3m spinel group high entropy oxide is developed via a simple solvothermal and calcination approach. The developed (FeCoMnZnMg)3O4 electrocatalyst shows a near equimolar distribution of all the metal elements resulting in higher entropy (ΔS≈1.61R) and higher surface area. The self-reconstructed spinel high entropy oxide (S-HEO) catalyst exhibited a lower overpotential of 240mV to reach 10mA cm-2 and enhanced reaction kinetics (59mV dec-1). Noticeably, the S-HEO displayed an outstanding durability of 1000h without any potential loss, significantly outperforming most of the reported OER electrocatalysts. Further, S-HEO is evaluated as the anode catalyst for an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) in 1m, 0.1m KOH, and DI water at 20 and 60°C. These results demonstrate that S-HEO is a highly attractive, non-noble class of materials for high active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts allowing fine-tuning beyond the limits of bi- or trimetallic oxides.

Synthesis of trimetallic oxide/nitrogen-doped carbon composite using ZIF-guided combustion pyrolysis for efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysis in zinc–air batteries

Multi-element catalysts coupled with heterogeneous atom-doped carbons have significant potential for bifunctional oxygen catalysis owing to multiple active sites and tunable electronic structures. However, their synthesis routes involve multi-step procedures, limiting efficient screening of optimal designs considering electrocatalytic performance. Herein, we present a single-step strategy for synthesizing Co/Ni/Fe trimetallic oxide (TO) catalysts within nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) networks via combustion pyrolysis of ZIF-67 metal–organic framework/NiO/Fe2O3 precursors. The ultrafast melting-recrystallization induced by a rapid heating-cooling duration (∼1.5 s) lead to uniformly mixing metal elements, enabling abundant oxygen vacancies/strong chemical bonds within the porous structure, and optimizing the energy barrier for bifunctional catalysis, while decreasing interfacial resistances. The optimized TO-NC catalyst exhibits excellent overpotential of 0.88 V, and provides outstanding power density (125 mW cm−2) and stability (>200h) to a liquid zinc–air battery, outperforming those with a Pt/C + Ir/C catalyst. This research establishes scalable yet tunable thermochemical fabrication of multi-element/carbon-based catalysts.

Hollow CuCo-based trimetallic oxides derived from ZIF-67 as enhanced electrocatalysts for OER

Multimetallic oxide configuration and hollow structure construction are effective strategies for the design of efficient electrocatalysts, which can regulate the intrinsic properties of the active sites, enlarge the specific surface areas and expose more active sites. In this work, hollow-structured CuCo-based ternary metal oxides supported nitrogen-carbon networks (HS-CuMCoOx, M = Fe/Zn/Ni) derived from ZIF-67 hollow spheres were fabricated through facile ion exchange and heat treatment. The prepared composites possess hollow configurations with homogeneously dispersed trimetallic active species on the shells. Among all the ternary metallic derivatives, hollow spheres supporting Cu, Fe, and Co oxides (HS-CuFeCoOx) exhibited highest electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The improved OER performance ascribed to the inherent electrocatalytic properties of the ternary metal active species and microstructure by hollow structure design and heat treatment, which offered an effective synthetic strategy for the fabrication of trimetallic oxide composites for as OER electrocatalysts.

A Recyclable Heterogeneous Cu/Co/Fe Trimetallic Oxide Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1H-Tetrazoles

A Recyclable Heterogeneous Cu/Co/Fe Trimetallic Oxide Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Substituted-1H-Tetrazoles

Morphostructural studies of pure and mixed metal oxide nanoparticles of Cu with Ni and Zn

Nano-scale interactions between pure metal or metal-oxide components within an oxide matrix can improve functional performance over basic metal oxides. This study reports on the synthesis of monometallic (CuO), bimetallic (CuO–NiO) and trimetallic (CuO–NiO–ZnO) oxide nanoparticles (NPs) via the co-precipitation method and investigation of morphostructural properties. All of the synthesized metal oxide NPs were calcined at 550 °C temperature and annealed under vacuum. In this work, we applied Scherrer formula, modified Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall plots, and Halder-Wagner plots to calculate the average crystallite size. The XRD data analysis showed that average crystallite sizes of the as-synthesized metal oxide phases were between 4 nm and 76 nm and average diameters calculated from SEM image were between 15 nm and 83 nm. The XRD studies also disclosed that average crystallite size and lattice microstrain of the CuO phases remain almost same (43 nm–46 nm and 2.074×10−3 to 2.665×10−3) for pure CuO and mixed CuO–NiO; but in case of mixed CuO–NiO–ZnO it is found to decrease in size to 11 nm where lattice microstrain increases to 9.653×10−3. Line broadening of diffraction peaks from microstrain contribution was between 0.02 and 0.01. Degree of crystallinity (%) of CuO phases found to decrease from 81 to 71. Dislocation density of CuO phases found to increase from 6.63×10−4nm−2 to 12.68×10−3nm−2. X-ray density of CuO phases increased from 6.48 to 6.53 g/cm3. Where this calculated small dislocation density well agreed with the high crystallinity. Crystal structure and specific surface area were determined from lattice constants and X-ray density. These synthesized nanopowders showed the existence of monoclinic, cubic, and hexagonal phases. The obtained NPs of multi-metal oxide explained more than one phases with different size, shape, and morphology at nano scale.

Multiscale Structured Trimetal Oxide Heterojunctions for Urinary Metabolic Phenotype-Dependent Screening of Early and Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Developing a standardized screening tool for the detection of early and small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through urinary metabolic analysis poses a challenging yet intriguing research endeavor. In this study, a range of intricately interlaced 2D rough nanosheets featuring well-defined sharp edges is fabricated, with the aim of constructing diverse trimetal oxide heterojunctions exhibiting multiscale structures. By carefully engineering synergistic effects in composition and structure, including improved adsorption, diffusion, and other surface-driven processes, the optimized heterojunctions demonstrate a substantial enhancement in signal intensity compared to monometallic or bimetallic oxides, as well as fragmented trimetallic oxides. Additionally, optimal heterojunctions enable the extraction of high-quality urinary metabolic fingerprints using high-throughput mass spectrometry. Leveraging machine learning, discrimination of HCC patients from high-risk and healthy populations achieves impressive performance, with area under the curve values of 0.940 and 0.916 for receiver operating characteristic and precision-recall curves, respectively. Six crucial metabolites are identified, enabling accurate detection of early, small-tumor, alpha-fetoprotein-negative HCC (93.3%-97.3%). A comprehensive screening strategy tailored to clinical reality yields precision metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score) exceeding 95.0%. This study advances the application of cutting-edge matrices-based metabolic phenotyping in practical clinical diagnostics.

Enhanced OER electrocatalyst performance by sulfur doping trimetallic compounds hybrid catalyst supported on reduced graphene oxide

Hydrogen evolution by electrolysis of water is an effective method to solve the energy problem, but the catalyst of oxygen evolution reaction is an effective measure to solve the slow kinetics of hydrogen production from electrolytic water. Therefore, an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction is urgently needed to find. The Co-based trimetallic oxides has been prepared by using isopropyl alcohol and propan-1,3-diol as hydrothermal reaction environment and annealing at high temperature can enrich the types of active core materials of the catalyst. The sulphuration process forms the core-shell structures of crystalline and amorphous phases, and the heterogeneous interface between the crystalline and amorphous structures optimizes the electronic structure. Meanwhile, due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, not only does rGO provide a conductive substrate and promote carrier migration and high current response, but also effectively inhibits the aggregation of nanoparticles, so that the catalyst nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed and the active center is fully exposed, providing a way for oxygen release in the OER process. When Fe0.3Ni1Co2/S-C has been used as electrocatalytic for OER, the overpotential and Tafel slope were as low as 276 mV and 52.2 mV·dec−1 at 10 mA·cm−2 current density. With many improvements on transition metal catalysts, transition metal catalysts may be quickly replaced precious metal catalysts for large-scale use in electrolytic water.

Flowered molybdenum base trimetallic oxide decorated by CdS nanorod construct S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Molybdenum-based metal oxide catalysts are attracting widespread attention in the field of photocatalysis due to their significant applications in addressing energy and environmental challenges. As a new three-dimensional molybdenum-based metal oxide photocatalyst, NaZn2(OH)(MoO4)2·H2O is highly promising as a semiconductor catalyst for enhancing photocatalytic performance, thanks to its ease of preparation and environmental friendliness. Herein, we prepared an S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst composed of NaZn2(OH)(MoO4)2·H2O and CdS, which enabled efficient H2 production through photocatalysis, addressing issues associated with the rapid recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. The hydrogen generation yield of NZM/CdS-30 reached 5335 µmol g−1 h−1, approximately 30 and 953 times higher than those of CdS and NaZn2(OH)(MoO4)2·H2O, respectively. Moreover, we verified the mechanism through in-situ XPS analysis to elucidate the activity enhancement. Our research provides an innovative universal and effective synthetic strategy of design S-scheme heterojunction for hydrogen production from solar water splitting.

Ethanol combustion-assisted fast synthesis of tri-metal oxides with reduced graphene oxide for superior overall water splitting performance

Developing rapid and cost-effective methods for preparing electrocatalysts with high efficiency in water splitting is a critical issue in the field of hydrogen production.

Scalable exothermic synthesis of sprout-like Ni-Co-Fe trimetallic oxide nanoparticles anchored on N-doped carbon nanotubes as bifunctional oxygen catalysts for zinc-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs) offer a high specific energy density, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. Hence, they are attractive candidates for use as sustainable energy-storage devices. However, their practical applications are limited by their high bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction/oxygen reduction reaction (OER/ORR) overpotential and sluggish kinetics. To address these limitations, in this study, a highly active bifunctional oxygen catalyst, TNPs@N-CNT, is developed, in which Ni-Co-Fe trimetallic nanoparticles are anchored on N-doped carbon networks. TNPs@N-CNT is synthesized via the thermally driven combustion of collodion fuel. The carbonization of melamine foam containing pyridinic N in TNPs@N-CNT enhances the ORR and affords a high catalytic surface area and high electrical conductivity. Morphological studies and chemical characterization aid in finely tuning the thermal processing conditions, affording a TNPs@N-CNT suitable for charge transfer. TNPs@N-CNT shows enhanced ORR activity (half-wave potential = 0.62 V and onset potential = 1.49 V) in alkaline media. A ZAB with TNPs@N-CNT as the air cathode exhibits an output power density of 90 mW cm−2 and excellent cycling stability for over 200 h, outperforming previously reported carbon-supported precious-metal catalysts. This tunable and scalable fabrication strategy could promote the development of novel mesoporous structures combined with high-efficiency multi-metallic catalysts for applications in energy-storage systems.

Adsorption removal of fluoride from polluted drinking waters using Mn-Al-La oxide.

Trimetal oxides have received high attention in treatment of fluoride-polluted drinking waters. In this study, Mn-Al-La (MAL) oxide with a mole ratio of 2:1:1 was successively prepared and characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, and TEM. It exhibited as cotton-like assemblages (500-800nm of axial lengths), and BET specific surface area was 52 m2/g. It was used to study fluoride adsorptions in aqueous solutions by batch experiments, under different adsorbent/adsorbate levels, times, temperatures, pH and coexisting anions, and treat simulated groundwater (with 2.85mg/L fluoride and pH 7.0) by batch and column tests. Adsorption data well fitted to pseudo-second-order rate model (R2 = 0.996-0.999), and Langmuir (R2 = 0.962 - 0.997) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.964-0.989) isothermal models. Their maximum adsorption capacities could reach 45-113mg/g. Only H2PO4- anions had a restrictive impact at pH 7.0, and there was a good removal ability at pH 3-9. Adsorption processes were spontaneous, endothermic, and random. Adsorption mechanisms were electrostatic interaction and ligand exchange at pH 7.0. Adsorption capacity could reach 73% of initial value at pH 7.0, after three cycles. All application data on the polluted groundwater treatments show MAL oxide is a potential adsorbent for fluoride removals.