Trends Of Labor Migration Research Articles

Трудовая миграция в российских регионах в контексте обеспечения экономической безопасности

In the accepted understanding of the role of labor migration as a leading factor in ensuring the economic security of Russia and its regions, it is necessary to proceed from the content of migration as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, characterized by multidirectional and contradictory dynamics of the processes occurring in it. In conditions of geopolitical and macroeconomic instability, the diagnosis of these processes is updated in connection with sharp structural shifts in labor migration and changes in their influence on the economic security of Russian regions and the country. Based on a structural-dynamic analysis made with the use of official statistical information, the dynamics and effectiveness of the processes accompanying labor migration and their impact on the economic security of Russia, its regions, and macro-regions were identified. The main trends in labor migration at the macro level are the predominance of internal migration flows over external ones against the negative increase in labor migrants from countries outside the CIS countries and the reorientation of labor flows to other countries; changes in the sectoral structure of migration; and the high share and growth of illegal migration. At the meso level, there is a high level of differentiation in labor migration flows and, as a result, their ambiguous impact on the economic security of Russian macro-regions and their constituent entities. The main factors hindering the positive impact of labor migration on the economic security of the regions of the Southern Federal District are differences in their sectoral specialization; the state of social infrastructure, education, and healthcare; level of employment; environmental and climatic living conditions; composition and structure of the population; and quality of life. The solution to the problems of labor migration in the Southern Federal District, which can ensure an increase in the migration attractiveness of the territories of the macro-region, lies, first of all, in the growth and balance of the quality of life of the population in the regions of the Southern Federal District, increasing the effectiveness of the state regional industrial and social policy, and strengthening the place and role of migration policy in long-term programs of regional development.

Introduction: Labor Migration in Ukraine and the Post-Soviet Space

This themed section of Dve domovini / Two Homelands illuminates significant contemporary migration and labor migration trends in the post-Soviet space. Ukraine has experienced substantial emigration in recent decades, spurred by economic uncertainties and the conflict in eastern Ukraine since 2014. Labor migration is a major phenomenon, partly facilitated by Ukraine’s visa-free access to the EU, which provides more opportunities for temporary work abroad (Kortukova, 2021). However, large-scale emigration of working-age Ukrainians poses risks of “brain drain” and other socioeconomic impacts (Spanger & Andersen, 2023). Kazakhstan has also seen substantial emigration and immigration, mainly to and from neighboring countries like Russia and Uzbekistan, for economic reasons. Newly restrictive residence permit regulations in Kazakhstan may alter these longstanding migration dynamics within the region. Japan is gradually easing some of its previously strict immigration policies to fill acute labor shortages in the construction, home healthcare, and agriculture sectors. However, tensions remain around the integration of migrants into Japanese society. Public attitudes do not always align with government efforts to accept more foreign workers (Liu, 2023). Meanwhile, many Tajiks engage in temporary cyclical labor migration to Kazakhstan, working in trade sectors like markets or transportation. Their collective family-based migrant enterprises demonstrate resilience in the face of challenging conditions, though restrictive and unpredictable migration policies in Kazakhstan create precarity.

Migration Abroad as a Social Consequence of Transformations of the Institute of Education in Modern Ukraine

This study provides an original qualitative analysis of how contemporary labor migration trends shape and interact with Ukraine’s education system. While extensive research analyzes the economic and political impacts of Ukrainian migration, few studies examine its influence on domestic educational processes. Thus, this study helps fill this gap through the in-depth examination of migrants’ motivations, particularly the desire to finance quality education for children. By elucidating these understudied connections, the study aims to inform education policies and partnerships that leverage migration’s developmental potential while mitigating the risks of brain drain.

Climbing the Peak: Understanding Contemporary Trends of Foreign Labor Migration in Nepal

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of labor migration trends in Nepal, focusing on the significant increase in the number of laborers migrating and the government's role in facilitating migration to new destinations. It also explores the long-term consequences of labor migration, particularly the brain drain resulting from the outflow of skilled and educated workers, and its negative impact on Nepal's holistic development, innovation, productivity, and economic growth. This study is based on existing secondary data and used published research articles, books, and report. The article emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive actions to safeguard the rights of migrant workers, mitigate the negative effects of labor migration, and harness its potential for sustainable development. It is found that labor migration from Nepal is a complex issue with far-reaching impacts, and it is crucial for the government, civil society, and the international community to address the challenges and risks faced by Nepali migrant workers and ensure their rights and well-being.

Labor Migration Trends in Vietnam in The Period 2014-2018

Information about labor migration plays an important role in planning and implementing socio-economic development policies in each region and for the whole country. This study used data from Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2018, 2016 and 2014 conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam to analyze labor migration trends based on demographic characteristics and regional features. Statistical results show that the percentage of labor migrants tended to increase in the period 2014-2018. The results show that demographic factors such as ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, and education had a strong relationship with labor migration flows. In addition, there was a positive correlation between regional characteristics such as unemployment and underemployment and labor migration. By understanding the demographic and regional characteristics that influence specific groups of migrant workers, policymakers can establish target policies to effectively control labor migration flows

Trends in Indian Labour Migration to Gulf Countries from 1990 to 2019: An Assessment of Literature

Globalisation around the world has allowed the labour movement between the countries. International migration i.e. migration between one country to another country has become a common phenomenon. India has exported a significant number people migrating to different regions across the world under different circumstances. Large number of unskilled and semi-skilled Indian labour migration to Gulf countries is a recent phenomenon. The upward trend in labour migration to the Gulf countries started when large-scale development activities took place in gulf countries due to an increase in oil prices in the 1970s. The lack of employment opportunities, poverty, low wages and poor standard of living in India caused many Indians to migrate to gulf countries to gain economic benefits. There is a rapid growth rate of 79 percent in the Indian migrants who were migrated to GCC countries over the two decades. India was the leading country of origin of international migrants, with 17.5 million globally. As many as 9.3 million migrants are concentrated in gulf countries. India remains top among the other countries in terms of total remittances in 2019($83.1 billion), compared to 1990 ($2.3 billion), and it contributed 2.9 percent of the Indian GDP in 2018-19. The present paper represents recent trends in labour migration to GCC countries from India and also attempts are made to study the volume of remittances and its impact on the Economy. The paper is based on the secondary data from the publications of the national and international organizations and existing literature is used for the purpose of the present study.

Trends in Indian Labour Migration to Gulf Countries from 1990 to 2019: An Assessment of Literature

Globalisation around the world has allowed the labour movement between the countries. International migration i.e. migration between one country to another country has become a common phenomenon. India has exported a significant number people migrating to different regions across the world under different circumstances. Large number of unskilled and semi-skilled Indian labour migration to Gulf countries is a recent phenomenon. The upward trend in labour migration to the Gulf countries started when large-scale development activities took place in gulf countries due to an increase in oil prices in the 1970s. The lack of employment opportunities, poverty, low wages and poor standard of living in India caused many Indians to migrate to gulf countries to gain economic benefits. There is a rapid growth rate of 79 percent in the Indian migrants who were migrated to GCC countries over the two decades. India was the leading country of origin of international migrants, with 17.5 million globally. As many as 9.3 million migrants are concentrated in gulf countries. India remains top among the other countries in terms of total remittances in 2019($83.1 billion), compared to 1990 ($2.3 billion), and it contributed 2.9 percent of the Indian GDP in 2018-19. The present paper represents recent trends in labour migration to GCC countries from India and also attempts are made to study the volume of remittances and its impact on the Economy. The paper is based on the secondary data from the publications of the national and international organizations and existing literature is used for the purpose of the present study.

COVID-19, the Global Financial Crisis, and the Regulation of Labor Migration

AbstractThe development of globalization processes in the world economy allows reconciling supply and demand for staff regardless of the employee's country of origin and leads to international labor migration. The experience of highly developed countries shows that a country's economy and its subsequent growth largely depend on the effective recruitment and use of skilled labor. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a drastic restriction on population mobility and, consequently, worsened the economic and social situations in countries where labor migration was a widespread phenomenon. The ensuing economic crisis has not only altered trends in labor migration but has also brought new challenges to its legal regulation. The article aims to determine the features of migration trends and policy in the COVID-19 environment, examine them in the context of new regulations adopted to protect the labor rights of migrants under the current circumstances, suggest effective measures to regulate the situation in the labor market, and address the economic crises in the countries of destination and origin. The examination of this issue involved a complex methodological framework where the general scientific dialectical method was central to the research. The conducted research provides a foundation for overcoming the social and economic crises caused by COVID-19, which contributes to its practical significance.

RETURN MIGRATION TO TAJIKISTAN: FORMS, TRENDS, CONSEQUENCES

This paper aims to study the trends of labor migration (voluntary and forced) from Russia to Tajikistan and the peculiarities of the reintegration of returning migrants into Tajik society. Labor migration is the main driver of economic growth for Tajikistan and the most effective tool in the national fight against poverty. However, many migrants from Tajikistan do not have a formally documented status in Russia, which makes their predicament extremely difficult and vulnerable. One of the most sensitive measures for Tajik labor migrants was the introduction of administrative penalties through expulsion and the imposition of a massive ban on labor migrants from entering the Russian Federation. This has led to an increase in the return migration of Tajik migrants to their homeland. The article clarifies the concept of return migration, reveals the reasons for the return of labor migrants from Russia to Tajikistan and identifies the specific features of reintegration and the socio-economic situation of returning migrants in Tajikistan. The authors establish that a significant share of returning migrants have already reached retirement age after working in Russia for decades, but they do not receive a pension either in Tajikistan or in Russia. Unfortunately, as of today the Government of Tajikistan has not developed any special programs for the reintegration of returning migrants due to lack of funds and lack of experience in this area. Most returning migrants are forced to solve their problems on their own or resort to the help of their families and relatives. In fact, the government does not hold an interest in the massive return of labor migrants, since the increase in their number worsens the socio-economic situation and the general state of the labor market.

Виклики та можливі шляхи розв’язання проблем трудової міграції сільського населення

The purpose of the articles is to analyze the state of affairs and identify ways that indicate a solution to the problem of labor migration of the rural population. Research methods. The theoretical basis of the study was the assessment of the state and trends of labor migration as a major and important factor in the lives of rural people. Economic and statistical methods are used, which are components of the direction of a number of social problems in the organization of labor migration. Using logical and comparative methods, the ways of solving the migration problem at the current standard of living of the rural population are outlined. Research results. It was found that migration as a phenomenon of social development is a kind of expression of the needs and experience of the Ukrainian people, which takes place in the field of labor and employment of the rural population. The needs of finding new directions of society development while providing conditions for raising the living standards of rural people are substantiated. The main factors influencing the state of labor migration, which today are extremely necessary for a normal life, and even more so for starting your own business. The main criteria for solving the issue of stabilization of migration sources, while overcoming the problems in the economy of rural development. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to identify ways to solve the problem of labor migration as a key element, increasing the importance of education, science and acquiring innovative skills to ensure sustainable economic growth of the rural population in the modern labor market. Practical significance. The main parameters of creating employment conditions for rural people, in particular young people, on the basis of appropriate programs to combat labor migration are proved. Approaches to determining the self-assessment of the living standard of a rural person and his vision for the future are optimized. Refs.: 22.

SOUTH CAUCASIAN ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN RUSSIA: SPECIFICS OF FORMATION AND ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR HOMELANDS

This study has been suggested by the huge importance of labor migration for the social and economic development of the South Caucasian post-Soviet space. Confronted with an unprecedented outflow of their citizens and acutely aware of the problems associated with migration of able-bodied population to other countries, Russia among them, these countries have arrived at a conclusion that their migration policies need reforms. The article analyzes the trends of labor migration from the South Caucasian countries to Russia and other equally popular destinations. The migration trends up to and including Russia’s regions with the maximum numbers of labor migrants from the Southern Caucasus and the structure of their employment by industry are also analyzed. The paper contains statistics on the amounts of remittances sent by labor migrants from Russia to their homelands and assesses their impact on the economies of corresponding states. The cultural and economic contacts between the diasporas and the countries of their origin suggested a comparative analysis of their emergence and development. We have identified the typical industries preferred by representatives of each of the South Caucasian states in Russia, and the documents required of migrants to be employed in Russia. Conclusions related to the specifics of influence and the role of the diasporas in the structure of their employment are contained in the final part of our article along with the identified patterns and trends of these processes. Today, the situation on the market is unbalanced when it comes to job availability and the positions of members of these diasporas. The situation will remain the same as long as diasporas preserve their influence and the migration flows, their proportions. We have identified the most attractive regions in terms of job availability, the spread of migrants from the Southern Caucasus across the regions of the Russian Federation and the rivalry between Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians for jobs in various employment spheres.

LABOR FORCE RECRUITMENT TO THE OECD AND MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN: TRENDS, MECHANISMS, CONSEQUENCES

The article examines the trends in labor migration from Tajikistan. Although Russia and Kazakhstan remain the main labor migration destinations for Tajiks, emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries is becoming increasingly more noticeable. New Tajik communities are actively forming in the OECD countries, potentially becoming networks of attraction for new migrants in the near future. The forms of labor migrant recruitment in Tajikistan, including digital technologies, are examined. Despite Tajikistan’s attempts to regulate labor migration more actively on the basis of bilateral agreements with OECD countries, Russia still remains attractive for Tajik labor migrants. So far, Russia’s competitive advantages are the absence of a language barrier, the absence of the need to obtain a visa and work permit, a common mentality, and the prospects for obtaining citizenship. However, the rigidity of migration policy and the drop in wages in Russia are potential negative factors that will contribute to the reversal of some of the labor migrant flows from Tajikistan in favor of the OECD countries. Also, the active participation of intermediaries in migrant employment, as well as the OECD countries’ active policy that aims to attract labor migrants will lead to Russia’s loss of a significant part of Tajikistan’s migration potential. The possibility of reorientation of a part of labor emigrants to OECD countries is becoming feasible due to the widespread study of the English language in Tajikistan and the cutbacks in teaching the Russian language, the active development of private and state labor force recruiting systems.

TRENDS IN THE MIGRATION OF THE HEALTH LABOR FORCE IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC ABROAD

The current situation in the countries is monitored by various experts from various fields. Various factors are monitored in the countries, including demographic developments. The change in the structure of the population, which is reflected in the aging of the population, is an irreversible process in the European Union. It is important that Slovakia, as a member of the European Union, prepares the labor market for an aging population. The aging of the population is associated in the future with the additional need for labor in many areas, but especially in health care. Among the demographic factor, which has recently resonated more and more in the professional public, is the issue of labor migration. Labor migration is one of the issues that has recently received increasing attention from the professional public, mainly due to the current demographic situation in most countries of the world. Migration is generally perceived as a natural and in many respects positive phenomenon, but it is important to investigate and monitor it in order to maintain its positive impact on society and eliminate possible adverse effects. Globalization, greater economic integration of countries, the development of technology and transport infrastructure, or the removal of political barriers, but also other factors such as changes in demographic trends undoubtedly contribute to the expansion of migration in recent periods. Although it can be of potential benefit to migrants themselves and to both countries concerned, it is also necessary to examine its negative effects and look for ways to eliminate them. Migratory flows of the labor force, especially for work abroad, its intensity and extent are not negligible indicators that affect the labor force in the health sector. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyze trends in labor migration as a whole in the Slovak Republic, identify the share of medical staff emigrating from the Slovak Republic abroad and identify whether the migration of health workers will affect the decline in health care in the Slovak Republic

Migration of population in present world: consequences, influence factors, legal context

Leading experts in various areas of public life are thinking today about the question: what role does the factor of migration play in the future revival of the "world after the virus"? To avoid a migration crisis, states must take the "migration issue" into account in their national anti-pandemic strategies. And it is important that migrants are perceived not only as victims, but also as people who are able to withstand new threats. The strategy for winning Covid-19 must be based on inclusiveness, courage and cooperation at all levels of international communication. Nations must unite in order to prevent a global migration crisis and at the same time overcome the social, economic and legal "barriers" that the entire world community has faced today. In parallel with the global battle against the pandemic, a struggle is unfolding between two com-peting concepts regarding the strategy of forming a new world order. The first concept seems the most obvious and appropriate: the pandemic crisis has highlighted the need for a system of multilateral relations and joint action, demonstrated all the fallacies of unilateral nationalism and isolationism. The second concept offers a diametrically opposed approach: globalization and open borders have made humanity vulnerable to viruses and other threats, and the current struggle to control the supply of goods, including medical equipment and materials, requires that each country take care of itself first. And regardless of who eventually wins this long struggle for survival, the socio-economic crisis caused by the pandemic will lead to an even more powerful surge of nationalism, xenophobia, and dis-crimination on ethnic and national grounds. In such circumstances, migrants are the most obvious target for growing problems. Accordingly, the study of current trends in labor migration, taking into account the threats associ-ated with the global economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other threats, is relevant for both scholars and the general population.

Main trends in development of migration policy in Ukraine

This Article is devoted to the interdisciplinary research of Migration Policy and determination of Main Trends of its realization in Ukraine at the current stage. The Basic Steps of Migration Policy-making have been defined. We have also identified that the efficiency of migration policy is determined by degree of consideration of the factors of political, economic, social and demographic origin, as well as by the trends of international labor migration. On the basis of the study results, the main trends of implementation of Migration Policy in Ukraine have been identified: lack of system of collecting and analyzing the statistical information; low level of protection of rights and economic well-being of the employees; absence of any bilateral agreements with those countries where a large number of Ukrainian migrants have been located; significant volume of educational migration; impact of the military and political situation upon the situation with migration. Nowadays, migration processes are one of the key factors in formation of well-being and level of social and economic development of the countries. The global trend of decreasing population, in particular, due to the demographic crisis, push many countries to implement the related migration policy, in order to compensate the loss of labor resources by means of its substitution with the migrant workers. While analyzing the main trends of labor migration in Ukraine, we should underline that nowadays the labor outflow is extremely problematic within the country. The learning of Migration Policy has been realized from the point of view of the principles of historicist tradition, objectivity, complementarity and reasonability, those aspects related to the methodological basis for comprehensive analysis of the subject under study. Researching of Migration Policy in Ukraine was performed with analysis of historical, demographic, economic, social and legal aspects of development. Nowadays, educational migration has a strong influence on migration policy in the country, that’s why it’s needed to be studied deeply. The holistic approach to the problem exploration led to the conclusion that due to the increasing volume of international labor migration, which is closely inter-related with the processes of European integration, there is an increasing need to stipulate and implement the effective migration policy, in particular, in order to reduce the emigration losses for Ukraine and provide conditions for coming of the migrants back to their country.

Possible Scenarios of Development of Migration Processes in the Context of Eurasian Integration

The article talks about migration processes in the post-Soviet space in the context of Eurasian integration. It is noted that recently, due to the natural population decline in Russia, migration is one of the mechanisms for compensating for demographic problems. An important factor determining migration processes is Eurasian integration. The article indicates that the creation of the EAEU and its expansion provides legal access to the Russian labor market for an increasing number of post-Soviet countries. The authors consider the demographic situation in Russia and the need for labor migration. They indicate that the peculiarity of Russia is a rather low life expectancy compared to other urbanized industrial countries, especially for men. Talk about the general situation with migration in Russia in 2017. The key longterm trends of labor migration to Russia are indicated. One of them, according to the authors, is the tendency for the population in the post-Soviet space to grow, mainly in the countries of the Muslim cultural tradition, primarily in Central Asia, while in the countries of the Christian cultural tradition it is falling. The possible expansion of the EAEU is considered as a factor determining migration. In this regard, security threats associated with Central Asian labor migration are identified. Also scenarios for the development of migration to Russia from post-Soviet countries, including in the context of Eurasian integration processes are indicated.

Circular labor migration and land-livelihood dynamics in Southeast Asia's concession landscapes

Abstract Labor migration and large-scale land enclosures are increasingly central to the story of agrarian change throughout the Global South. Nonetheless, there remain limited understandings of how recent explosions of mobile labor and new sources of smallholder capital shape and are shaped by ongoing land use and property transformations. This article reviews this gap in Southeast Asia – a region where labor and capital are highly mobile and where the expansion of industrial agriculture and forestry has been particularly rapid. We begin by synthesizing recent labor migration trends in Southeast Asia and discussing key conceptual frameworks for studying labor mobility and agrarian transformations. We then summarize shifts in land use, land control, and labor relations linked to both labor mobility and large-scale land enclosures. We conclude by highlighting two questions deserving of further study. First, how do large-scale industrial agriculture and forest concessions affect rates and patterns of labor migration out of nearby communities? Second, how do new patterns of household resource control and labor allocation from labor migration affect land use and land cover, particularly in sites dominated by large-scale commodity concessions? These questions cannot yet be answered fully though work has begun to address them both directly or indirectly. We use the existing literature to highlight directions for future research on these themes.

Budget Tax Revenues and Losses from External Labor Migration in Russia

One of the reasons behind declining budget revenues can be external migration. This article aims to describe the methodology for estimation of tax losses and revenues from international labor migration for specific types of taxes. Changes in personal income tax revenues are estimated by using the data on the number of labor emigrants (immigrants) for specific occupations, nominal gross monthly wage of employees in this occupation in Russia, standard child tax deductions and the corresponding personal income tax rate for residents (non-residents). Changes in VAT and excise tax revenues caused by the current trends in labor migration are estimated in accordance with the structure of household consumption. The amount of tax revenues (and losses) is calculated as the product of the sum of VAT and excise tax payments made by one member of a household per year when buying goods, works and services on the territory of Russia, and the number of emigrants (or immigrants). The research uses the data provided by Rosstat, Federal Tax Service of Russia and the Analytical Centre under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2012–2017. The conclusion is made that international migration has a negative impact on the tax revenues of the country’s consolidated state budget. Although, throughout the whole of the given period, the balance of additional revenues from VAT, excise taxes and the personal income tax (PIT) on earned income and budget losses from these taxes remained positive, in absolute terms, this balance decreased significantly. Trends in international labor migration affected the balance of tax losses and revenues. Therefore, the government’s attempts to target international labor migration by reforming the tax legislation seem quite reasonable: the upcoming tax reforms will include the introduction of the concept ‘centre of vital interests’ as the second criterion of residence and equalization of the PIT rate for tax residents and non-residents. The proposed methodology can thus prove to be an effective tool for the Federal Tax Service of Russia to estimate the resulting changes in tax revenues as well as other changes related to labor migration processes.

Main trends of labor migration in the context of current international migration processes

Main trends of labor migration in the context of current international migration processes

Sri Lanka’s Labour Migration Trends, Remittances and Economic Growth

Labour migration has significant multiple impacts for Sri Lanka, where migrant remittances have massively increased over time. In the light of changing migrant worker dynamics, including state involvement in virtually exporting people, this article examines various trends of labour migration and then specifically analyses remittance inflows and their economic impacts in Sri Lanka between 1970 and 2015. Our findings confirm the increasing importance of remittances as a source of external financing, with considerable impetus for domestic economic growth, related development policies and gender issues. The conclusions make some suggestions to safeguard future remittance inflows to Sri Lanka.