Trend Line Analysis Research Articles

Trace element partitioning controls on cave drip water compositions through prior calcite and aragonite precipitation

Speleothem trace element records can provide seasonal resolution climate reconstructions, but the interpretation can be challenging. Aragonite samples are understudied compared to calcite samples, despite that aragonite has 10x higher uranium concentrations and thus provide excellent dating precision. Here we present a high-resolution dataset of drip water trace elements (calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, uranium) that are commonly affected by prior carbonate (calcite / aragonite) precipitation, a process often driven by effective rainfall. Our data suggest that prior calcite and aragonite precipitation can occur at the same drip site complicating the interpretation of strontium and uranium concentrations in aragonite speleothems. However, both processes can be distinguished with the “Sinclair test” through the trendline analysis of logarithmic relationships. Furthermore, our data show that aragonite speleothems slowly growing under relatively constant conditions are ideal to record variations in prior carbonate precipitation with its barium concentrations, independent from the prior carbonate precipitation mode.

Estimation of groundwater storage variations in African river basins: Response to global climate change using GRACE and GRACE-FO among past two decades

Groundwater Storage (GWS) is an important component of the water cycle and a vital resource for supplying water to millions of people as well as sustaining domestic and economic activities, especially in arid and semi-arid regions such as Africa. This study aims to estimate and analyze the recent groundwater changes (ΔGW) for 11 major African basins in light of climate changes and global warming utilizing the data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) from January 2003 to December 2021. We proposed a new gap-filling technique to calculate the missing months between GRACE and GRACE-FO missions for the continuous estimation of groundwater changes. Then, we establish a new framework to analyze and investigated the climate parameters that could affect groundwater changes using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) technique. Our analysis reveals that the new gap-filling technique is significantly consistent with the TWS time-series based on the trend line analysis. The lowest GPCC drought index value occurs in the lower Nile basin by approximately −0.93, while the highest occurs in the middle of Africa in Congo basin by approximately −0.02. The precipitation rate is mostly concentrated in mid-Africa while North and South Africa shows a weak rate. Meanwhile, according to the analysis of dependent climate parameters, climate change has had a negative impact on groundwater. However, the long-term effect on the groundwater does not clearly appear because most of Africa is located within semi-arid and arid regions. The effect of rain on groundwater was evident through EOF analysis, which shows GWS EOF Mode-2 (36.28%) and precipitation EOF Mode-1 (78.34%) were found to be in significant agreement in spatio-temporal domains.

Anti-inflammatory effects of eggshell membrane hydrolysates on carrageenan-induced rat

Background: Eggshells are one of the most common culinary wastes, yet using eggshell membrane detritus in medical treatments remains largely unexplored. Objective: This study aims to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of eggshell membrane hydrolysate. Method: Eggshell membrane hydrolysate was prepared using acid-base hydrolysis. The intraplantar carrageenan-induced inflammation model was used to test the anti-inflammatory effect. The experimental group consisted of a control, comparison (4.5 mg/kg BW diclofenac-Na, 4.5 mg/kg BW hyaluronic acid, and 45 mg/kg BW collagen), and eggshell membrane hydrolysates (9, 22.5, 45 and 90 mg/kg BW). Observations of inflammation, percentage of inflammation, and percentage of inhibition of inflammation were measured every 30 minutes for 180 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test and also trendline analysis. Result: The findings revealed that collagen and hyaluronic acid demonstrated the ability to suppress inflammation compared to controls (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the group that received eggshell membrane hydrolysate at doses of 9, 22.5, 45, and 90 mg/kg BW also exhibited inhibition of inflammation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the dosage of eggshell membrane hydrolysate correlated with an increase in the percentage of inflammation inhibition in carrageenan-induced rats. Conclusion: Eggshell membrane hydrolysate has the potential to act as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Trend of Anemia Prevalence in Pregnant Women in the Working Area of Sukosari Health Center, Madiun City, 2018-2022

Pregnancy anemia poses a significant national challenge due to its adverse impact on human resource (HR) quality. Without proper management, it can lead to maternal and fetal complications, even death. This study aimed to determine the trend of anemia prevalence of pregnant women from 2018-2022 in the working area of Sukosari Health Center, Madiun City. Conducted as descriptive quantitative research with predictive elements, it encompassed 2157 pregnant women in the center's jurisdiction. Utilizing the total population as the sample, data was collected from maternal LB3 documents. Trendline analysis in MS Office Excel revealed the trend and prediction of the anemia prevalence in the following year by displaying the equation display on chart. The results showed a trend and prediction of the anemia prevalence for pregnant women at the end of 2023, the total Sukosari Health Center increased. The trend and prediction of the prevalence of pregnant women in each village and each trimester of pregnancy also increased. The highest increase in the anemia prevalence for pregnant women occurred in Klegen Village and in the first trimester of pregnancy. From these results, it can be concluded that the trend of anemia prevalence of pregnant women at the health center has increased and exceeds the target set by the Madiun City Health Office, which is <15%. This condition needs to be monitoring and paid special attention to by increasing education on the prevention and treatment of anemia among adolescent girls and pregnant women, monitoring and evaluating the program of giving blood-added tablets, and maximizing local area monitoring of pregnant women. Innovative efforts can also be made in the form of taking blood tablets together on the opening day of pregnancy check-up services and during the implementation of classes for pregnant women and organizing classes for brides-to-be at health centers.

Current status and trends in sustainability of pea production in the Kemerovsk region

The demand for crop products is relatively constant in the short term, and in the long term, it increases relatively evenly. Consequently, the supply of products must be steadily steady or steadily increasing. Changes in hydrothermal conditions for cultivating crops lead to fluctuations in yield. The study was carried out based on statistical data from 2012 – 2021. The article examines the main trends in the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) production in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Kemerovo region. The sown areas of peas and the crop yield are determined, and the characteristics of the gross grain harvest in the study zones are given. The trend line analysis showed an annual increase in the sown area; its value increased significantly from 2017 to 2021 in both the steppe and forest steppe. During the same period, a tendency was established towards a significant increase in pea yields due to improved farming standards. According to our data, the trend in the yield series is not the same. The coefficients of variation in the steppe zone are 38.51% and, in the forest-steppe zone - 34.73%, indicating a higher agrotechnical level in the forest-steppe zone than in the steppe zone. High coefficients in the studied areas are observed due to solid deviations in yield in individual years. In the steppe zone, the yield ranged from 6.9 to 23.9; in the forest-steppe, it went from 7.3 c/ha to 21.7. It was revealed that the size of the pea harvest strongly depends on weather conditions. The most productive years are 2020 and 2021. The trend equations for the steppe and forest-steppe describe the tendency towards an increase in the gross grain harvest. The conclusion is formulated that to solve the main problems in pea production, which depend on the farming culture and fluctuations in cultivation conditions, it is necessary to look for ways to increase the sustainability of the production of this crop.

Analysis of Forecasting Techniques for the Growth of Vehicular Population in Nepal

Forecasting of vehicular population is a critical process that entails predicting future values based on analyzing past trends and considering explanatory variables, such as economic and demographic factors. This becomes especially vital in the context of Nepal, where the accurate prediction of the future growth of the vehicular population is paramount for achieving sustainable transportation systems. This study employs three distinct forecasting methods: trend line analysis, econometric analysis, and time series analysis. These methods have been rigorously evaluated to assess their respective levels of accuracy in predicting Nepal's vehicular population. Notably, the results from time series analysis, particularly the ARIMA model, have demonstrated a remarkable level of precision compared to the traditional trend line and econometric analysis approaches. The superiority of the ARIMA model underscores its efficacy as the preferred method for accurate vehicular population forecasting, providing a reliable foundation for future planning and policy implementation. The forecasted figures for Nepal's vehicular population indicate anticipated counts of 8,914,793 for 2030 AD, 1,482,842,6 for 2040 AD, and 2,203,801,2 for 2050 AD. These predictions offer transportation planners invaluable insights for the effective implementation of new projects, ensuring that resources are optimally allocated and transportation sustainability is realized.

What happens to the residential land value with the construction of megamalls? (Evidence from Tabriz)

ABSTRACT Megamalls affect their surrounding areas while meeting the needs of citizens, but the amount of these effects can vary in different areas of the city according to the contextual characteristics; In this research, the type and extent of the spatial effects of four megamalls in Tabriz on the surrounding areas have been investigated. The main question of this study is ‘How do the megamalls built in Tabriz affect their vicinities?’ In order to analyze the spatial data related to the spatial value of the city, Moran and Kriging analyses have been used. Next, with the help of a treated-control, linear trend line analysis and difference-in-difference techniques, the data related to the surrounding area of each of the megamalls were analyzed. The results show that the impact of megamalls on the surrounding areas is greater in valuable urban areas.

Fluctuations of ice in a lake due to the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (1960/61–2009/10) – a case study of Łebsko Lake

The paper represents an attempt to understand the impacts produced by the North Atlantic Oscillation on the ice cover regime of the largest coastal lake in Poland situated in the northern part of the country. The purpose of the study was to estimate the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on selected ice cover parameters. The study also attempts to examine other factors that may affect its significant impact on observed changes in the climate. Water temperature data are used to assess temperature conditions in aqueous ecosystems as well as determine the heat absorption capacity of these systems. This allows one to then determine cooling rates in the event of ice cover formation. The data analysis provided in the paper focuses on selected characteristics of ice cover conditions (i.e. dependent variables) including the number of days with ice and maximum ice thickness in relation to NAO index changes (i.e. independent variables) for the reference period 1960/61–2009/10. In addition, the paper divides the studied period into 10-year subperiods in order to capture the weakest and strongest phases of NAO and assess the extent to which they affect the duration of ice cover. A large increase in the mean air temperature (1.8°C) occurred in the years 1960–2010. Trendline analysis indicates that the number of days with ice cover declined by about 60 days and the maximum thickness of ice cover decreased by about 10 cm. Oceanographic research employs satellite image data in order to accurately assess human impact. Therefore, ice cover forecasts generated for consecutive winter seasons may become an important tool in this type of assessment.

Target Acquisition for Collimation System of Wireless Quantum Communication Networks in Low Visibility.

In severe low-visibility environments full of smoke, because of the performance degeneration of the near-infrared (NIR) collimation system of quantum drones communication networks, the improved dual-threshold method based on trend line analysis for long-wave infrared (LWIR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is proposed, to achieve target acquisition. The simulation results show that smoke-scattering noise is a steeply varying medium-high-frequency modulation. At particle sizes less than 4 μm, the traditional dual-threshold method can effectively distinguish the target information from the smoke noise, which is the advantage of the LWIR laser compared to the NIR laser. For detecting lasers with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the method can achieve good target acquisition, by setting reasonable conventional thresholds, such as 0.7 times the peak intensity and 0.8 times the peak rising velocity. At low SNRs and steep intensity variation, the method can also achieve good target acquisition, by adaptively resetting new thresholds after filtering the detecting laser, such as 0.6 times the peak intensity and 0.6 times the peak rising velocity. The results of this paper will provide a reference for the performance improvement and refinement of the collimation system for wireless quantum communication networks in low visibility.

Development and Verification of a Diagnostic Technology for Waste Battery Deterioration Factors.

We defined four major deterioration factors (electrolyte loss (EL), lithium loss (LL), lithium precipitation (LP), and compound deterioration (CD)). Then, we derived eleven key performance indicators (KPIs) for comparative analysis. After that, we fabricated three deteriorated cells for each of three deterioration factors (EL, LL, and LP) and one cell with CD (for verification) with four individual (dis)charging experiment manuals. The two major contributions of this study are the performance of 1)trend analysis to determine a suitable diagnostic metric by inspecting the eleven KPIs and 2) comparison analysis of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]to verify the effectiveness of utilizing [[EQUATION]]as a real-time deterioration diagnostic factor using a concept of model-in-the-loop simulation. The results show that 1) [[EQUATION]]has the most conspicuous trendline tendency among the eleven comparison targets for all four major deterioration factors, and 2) the angle difference between the two trends of [[EQUATION]]and [[EQUATION]]lies within a minimum of 9° and a maximum of 43° (with a 104scale on the x-axis and a 10-7scale on the y-axis for a clear trend line analysis). From this, we can conclude that the trendline-based real-time deterioration analysis employing [[EQUATION]]may be practically applicable to a limited extent.

Process parameter optimization for machining of Ti-6Al-4V using WASPAS and multi-objective genetic algorithm along with exponential trend line analysis

An upgraded form of electric discharge machining is wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). Metals are sliced using a wire electrode in this approach. Here, spark erosion produced by constant heat creation is at play. Any shape may be produced and work pieces of any hardness may be cut using this procedure. This method provides goods with a surface quality that needs little to no polishing. With this process, accuracy is just as important as precision. The present study examines the effectiveness of two methods for process parameter optimisation in Ti-6Al-4 V material machining: Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR) have been chosen as the output response parameters with pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), wire tension (Wt), and wire feed (Wf) as the input parameters. The Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array was used in the experiment design throughout the whole inquiry. Finally, Tableau 19 software performs the Exponential Trend Line Analysis for each response of the WEDM operation.

A Trendline and Predictive Analysis of the First-Wave COVID-19 Infections in Malta.

Following the first COVID-19 infected cases, Malta rapidly imposed strict lockdown measures, including restrictions on international travel, together with national social distancing measures, such as prohibition of public gatherings and closure of workplaces. The study aimed to elucidate the effect of the intervention and relaxation of the social distancing measures upon the infection rate by means of a trendline analysis of the daily case data. In addition, the study derived a predictive model by fitting historical data of the SARS-CoV-2 positive cases within a two-parameter Weibull distribution, whilst incorporating swab-testing rates, to forecast the infection rate at minute computational expense. The trendline analysis portrayed the wave of infection to fit within a tri-phasic pattern, where the primary phase was imposed with social measure interventions. Following the relaxation of public measures, the two latter phases transpired, where the two peaks resolved without further escalation of national measures. The derived forecasting model attained accurate predictions of the daily infected cases, attaining a high goodness-of-fit, utilising uncensored government-official infection-rate and swabbing-rate data within the first COVID-19 wave in Malta.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ УКРАЇНАХ ЄС

The article analyzes the peculiarity of the development of banking activity in EU countries as one of the elements of financial stability in the conditions of harmonization and joint regulation. In the article is shown impact of digital transformation, modern strategies and banking business models on the need to adapt the banking sector to new conditions. The leading role of the banking sector in stimulating long-term financing is determined, as the bank-ing sector affects the economic and social development of European countries. The banking sector is one of the factors supporting the economic growth of European countries and the EU in general. The types of banks are disclosed, where a significant role is assigned to the new wave of their development –digital banks. The place and role of state banks and development institutions, investment banks is revealed, special attention is paid to digital banks, which have significantly changed the banking industry. It was noted that the market of digital banks has a positive trend towards their growth in the EU. Emphasis is placed on the fact that technologies are changing the development of banking activity in European countries and the banking sec-tor. The trend of consolidation and concentration due to bank mergers and acquisitions is high-lighted, which is the most visible sign of this process. It is noted that the quality of banking services today has become one of the strategic changes in competition on the European mar-ket. The indicators of the development of the banking sector were analyzed, and their trends were determined, namely, the decrease in the number of banks, employees in credit organiza-tions, and the decrease in branches and subsidiaries of credit institutions in the EU. The author focused heavily on deposits in EU banks as a share of total bank assets, based on which an analysis of the dynamics of changes in the total volume of deposits in EU banks was carried out with further analysis of trend lines –using linear, logarithmic, polynomial and power func-tions. The author has forecasted deposits in EU banks according to the most likely scenario of the development of economic events, pessimistic and optimistic. It has been proven that trends have a gradual upward trend for the future

Spatial and temporal analysis of urban heat island effect over Tiruchirappalli city using geospatial techniques

Alterations made to the natural ground surface and the anthropogenic activity elevate the surface and air temperature in the urban areas compared with the surrounding rural areas, known as urban heat island effect. Thermal remote sensors measure the radiation emitted by ground objects, which can be used to estimate the land surface temperature and are beneficial for studying urban heat island effects. The present study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in the effects of urban heat island over Tiruchirappalli city in India during the summer and winter seasons. The study also identifies hot spots and cold spots within the study area. In this study, a significant land surface temperature difference was observed between the urban and rural areas, predominantly at night, indicating the presence of urban heat island at night. These diurnal land surface temperature fluctuations are also detected seasonally, with a relatively higher temperature intensity during the summer. The trend line analysis shows that the mean land surface temperature of the study area is increasing at a rate of 0.166 K/decade with p less than 0.01. By using the spatial autocorrelation method with the urban heat island index as the key parameter, hot spots with a 99 percent confidence level and a 95 percent confidence level were found within the urban area. A hot spot with 95 and 90 percent confidence level was identified outside the urban area. This spike in temperature for a particular region in the rural area is due to industry and the associated built-up area. The study also identified cold spots with a 90 percent confidence level within the rural area. However, cold spots with a 95 and 99 percent confidence level were not identified within the study area.

Future ethical implications and potential health consequences of nanotechnology research in Jordan: A scientometric analysis


 
 
 
 Purpose: To evaluate the implanted legislation and regulations in Jordan, in order to minimize nanotechnology research-related health concerns.
 Methods: In the first part, all nanotechnology published research in Scopus database and the Jordanian National Database for Researchers were mined. The growth in nanotechnology research was analyzed by calculating the relative growth rate (RGR), doubling time (DT), and compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Thereafter, the results were compared to global preferences. Furthermore, this research explored all possible factors that may influence decision-makers and health policies in Jordan.
 Results: Data analysis showed that the quantity of nanotechnology research in Jordan is exponentially increasing with RGR (1.96), DT (0.37), and CAGR (33 %) very close to the figures obtained worldwide. The trend line analysis (R2 = 0.9638) expected that more than 65 % of nanotechnology research will be produced within the next 5 years. Moreover, no legislation has been adapted in Jordan to regulate nanotechnology research and industry.
 Conclusions: Adopting nanotechnology without having any corresponding legislation constitutes a violation of the ethical codes of research, and ignorance of public safety. Moreover, the research suggests a set of steps to organize the crafting of nanotechnology and research in Jordan, and other similar contexts in developing countries.
 
 
 

P110. Improvements in cost effectiveness of adult cervical deformity corrective surgery over time: Analysis of a prospective adult cervical deformity database

<h3>BACKGROUND CONTEXT</h3> As operative measures and field knowledge advance, we hope that there is an improvement in outcomes for adult cervical deformity surgery. This improvement can be described by cost effectiveness, which encompasses operative cost, poor outcomes such as complications, and patient-reported measures. <h3>PURPOSE</h3> To determine whether surgical methods have improved by reducing the instance of complications and cost of cervical deformity (CD) surgery while improving patient reported outcomes. <h3>STUDY DESIGN/SETTING</h3> Retrospective cohort study of a prospectively enrolled multicenter CD database. <h3>PATIENT SAMPLE</h3> A total of 132 CD patients. <h3>OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> Complications, Reoperations, EQ5D, total cost, utility gained, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), Distal Junctional Kyphosis (DJK) <h3>METHODS</h3> CD patients with baseline (BL) and up to 2-year (2Y) HRQL data from 2013-2017 were included. Data from 2017 was combined with 2016 due to an incomplete year. ANCOVA found estimated marginal means of complications and reoperations adjusting for BL age, sex, surgical approach, and invasiveness. Cost was calculated using PearlDiver and assessed for Complications/Major Complications and Comorbidities according to CMS.gov. QALYs were calculated from EQ5D improvement and utilized 3% discount rate for residual decline to life expectancy (LE, 78.7 years). This data represents national average Medicare costs by surgical approach, complications and revision status. Trendline analysis noted changes over time. In a sub-analysis relating to a previous study, patients were identified by amount of risk factors for revision (UIV>C3, LIV>T3, C2-T3 SVA<46.7°, C2-C7 SVA>57.6°, CTPA>7.8°, and C2S<60.4) met. QALYs were calculated from NDI improvement in this analysis. <h3>RESULTS</h3> There were 132 patients included in the study. Of these, 24 had surgery in 2013, 52 in 2014, 24 in 2015, and 32 in 2016. There was a trend downward with respect to 2-year total cost over the years (2013: $42,754; 2016: $39,155), as the trendline showed a yearly decrease of $2,753 (R2=0.6966). Concurrently, there was an increase EQ5D improvement after 2-year (2013: 0.0113; 2016: 0.0697). This resulted in an increase of 0.0172 per year in QALYs gained at 2-year (R2=0.8109) and a 0.2358 increase per year in QALYs gained at LE (R2=0.8533). Thus, there was a decrease in cost per QALY at 2-year of $6,057 per year (R2=0.0497) and at LE of $67,478 per year (R2=06588). Total cost at 2-year for those with Distal Junctional Kyphosis was $98,357 vs $59,129 for non-DJK; cost per QALY was $46,932 vs $28,571, respectively. Sub-analysis indicated increasing risk criteria were associated with major complications (2.085 [1.057-4.114], p=0.034) and reoperations (4.267 [1.604-11.352], p=0.004). Cost increased by $7,167 per factor (R2=0.9901). Patients with fewer factors had greater NDI improvement than high risk (1: -24.6; 2: -14.8; 3: -15.6; 4: -3.8, p=0.023). This translated to low cost per QALY at 2-year for 1 factor ($45,787), with worse cost efficiency per factor (2: $90,117; 3: $103,543; 4: $525,472). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Between 2013 and 2017, total cost for cervical deformity surgery decreased – possibly due to complication and risk reductions – while EQ5D improvement has increased, leading to improved cost effectiveness. <h3>FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS</h3> This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

Kontribusi Generasi Muda Dalam Pertanian Indonesia

Indonesia is one country that relies on the agricultural sector as its superiority. However, the need for good quality and human resources in recent years has diminished especially in the agricultural sector so that it will affect the contribution of the young agricultural / young generation workforce to the success of agriculture in Indonesia. This study aims to determine 1) the contribution of young generation agricultural sector workers in Indonesia 2) the development trend of the younger generation workforce in the agricultural sector 3) efforts to lure young people to work in the agricultural sector. The research method used is descriptive analytic method. The data used are secondary data from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Central Statistics Agency of Indonesia. The data analysis method uses the contribution method and trend line analysis. Based on the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the value of the contribution of the agricultural youth workforce from 2014 to 2019 tends to decrease. The trendline for the development of the young agricultural workforce is y = - 518017x + 4E + 07 and is negative or will decline in the following years. Efforts to increase the interest of young people can be done in various ways such as improving education, making young entrepreneurs in agriculture and providing incentives in agriculture to attract the interest of young people working in agriculture

Examining long-term natural vegetation dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin applying the linear spectral mixture model.

BackgroundAssociated with the significant decrease in water resources, natural vegetation degradation has also led to many widespread environmental problems in the Aral Sea Basin. However, few studies have examined long-term vegetation dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin or distinguished between natural vegetation and cultivated land when calculating the fractional vegetation cover.MethodsBased on the multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, this study examined the natural vegetation coverage by introducing the Linear Spectral Mixture Model to the Google Earth Engine platform, which greatly reduces the experimental time. Further, trend line analysis, Sen trend analysis, and Mann–Kendall trend test methods were employed to explore the characteristics of natural vegetation cover change in the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2018.ResultsAnalyses of the results suggest three major conclusions. First, the development of irrigated agriculture in the desert area is the main reason for the decrease in downstream water. Second, with the reduction of water, the natural vegetation coverage in the Aral Sea Basin showed an upward trend of 17.77% from 2000 to 2018. Finally, the main driving factor of vegetation cover changes in the Aral Sea Basin is the migration of cultivated land to the desert.

A Comparison of the Antinociceptive Properties of SJP-005 and Morphine in Rats.

SJP-005 (a combination of ketotifen and ibuprofen) is being developed as a potential treatment for pain and for opioid use disorder. It is therefore important to investigate the potential antinociceptive properties of SJP-005. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the potential effects of SJP-005 in rats. Study 1 applied the von Frey test to examine the antinociceptive effect of morphine with and without SJP-005 in adjuvant-induced hypersensitivity to tactile stimulation. In a double-blind, between-groups design, groups of rats (n = 10 each) received morphine at 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) (subcutaneous injection) with or without SJP-005 (oral). Mechanic allodynia and paw volume were assessed before and after treatment. Study 2 utilized the hot plate test. Using a crossover design, groups of rats (n = 10 each) received either morphine at 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg bw (subcutaneous injection) preceded by oral administration of placebo (Week 1) or SJP-005 (Week 2). In Study 1, in the von Frey up-and-down test, Δ paw withdrawal responses in Group 1 (3 mg/kg bw morphine) were significantly lower compared to those in Group 4 (3 mg/kg bw morphine plus SJP-005), whereas the differences in Δ paw withdrawal between Group 2 and Group 5 (10 mg/kg bw morphine with and without SJP-005) and between Group 3 and Group 6 (10 mg/kg bw morphine with and without SJP-005) did not reach statistical difference. Trendline analysis of the dose–response relationship for the morphine + placebo groups and morphine + SJP-005 groups revealed no significant differences in the intercepts and slopes. In Study 2, no significant differences were observed on hot plate performance between morphine and morphine in combination with SJP-005. In conclusion, the findings in the von Frey up-and-down test (Study 1) suggest that animals can withstand higher levels of painful stimuli when SJP-005 is co-administered. This may also suggest a possible opioid sparing effect. However, in the hot plate test (Study 2), animals did not respond more adaptively to stronger painful stimuli after co-administering SJP-005. These observations warrant further investigation of the antinociceptive properties of SJP-005.

黄土高原植被恢复与生态系统土壤保持服务价值增益研究——以延河流域为例

为探究黄土高原地区退耕还林（草）工程（1999）实施后植被恢复的生态效益，选择黄土高原延河流域为研究区，利用趋势线分析法、SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型和生态系统服务价值评价方法（市场价值法、机会成本法、恢复费用法和影子工程法等），重点分析2000-2015年该区域植被恢复状况及其对土壤保持的作用，并评估生态系统服务价值的提升效应。研究结果表明：（1）退耕还林（草）工程实施后，延河流域植被覆盖均呈增加趋势，植被恢复显著；（2）植被恢复对土壤侵蚀的抑制作用明显。在没有植被覆盖的条件下，土壤极易发生侵蚀，且侵蚀模数大；从该工程实施以来，2001-2014年土壤保持量具有不同程度的增幅，表明多年来流域治理取得一定的成效；（3）流域植被覆盖以中覆盖为主，土壤保持量以低保持为主。不同植被覆盖下土壤保持量存在差异。其中，中低、中、中高覆盖能有效保持土壤；（4）生态系统土壤保持服务价值时空分布特征明显。流域年均（2000-2015）土壤保持服务价值为3.64×10⁸元，生长季月均土壤保持服务价值为6.06×10⁷元，生态系统土壤保持服务价值显著提升。时间尺度上，生态系统土壤保持服务价值受降水因素影响；空间尺度上，流域生态系统土壤保持服务价值空间差异大，具体表现为下游残塬平梁沟壑区最高，上游山地区次之，中游梁峁丘陵沟壑区最低。通过研究延河流域植被恢复状况以及定量评估土壤保持服务价值，不仅阐明了退耕还林（草）工程带来的巨大生态效益，同时也为流域乃至黄土高原的水土流失治理工作提供一定的参考作用。;In order to explore the ecological benefits of vegetation restoration after the implementation of the Grain for Green Project (GFGP) in 1999, this study selected the Yanhe Watershed in the Loess Plateau as the study area. By using the trendline analysis, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) Model and the evaluation approach of ecosystem services (including market value, opportunity cost, restoration cost, and shadow project approaches), the paper analyzed the vegetation restoration status and its effect on soil conservation after the implementation of the GFGP, and assessed the effect of ecosystem service value enhancement. The results showed that:(1) since the GFGP was implemented, the vegetation recovery effect has been remarkable, which was specifically reflected in the increasing trend of vegetation coverage in the Yanhe Watershed from 2000 to 2015. (2) The effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion was obvious. Without vegetation cover, the soil is prone to erosion with the large erosion modulus. Taking 2000 as the base year when the GFGP was implemented, the soil conservation from 2001 to 2014 has increased to varying degrees, indicating that the watershed management has achieved certain outcomes over the years. (3) The vegetation cover in the watershed is dominated by medium vegetation cover, and the soil conservation is dominated by low soil conservation. There are differences in soil conservation under different vegetation cover. Among them, medium-low, medium and medium-high vegetation cover can effectively maintain the amount of soil. (4) The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the value of the ecosystem soil conservation services are obvious. From 2000 to 2015, the annual average soil conservation service value of the watershed was 3.64×10⁸ yuan, and the monthly average soil conservation service value was 6.06×10⁷ yuan during the growing season. The value of the ecosystem soil conservation service increased significantly. On the temporal scale, the precipitation is an important factor in the value of the ecosystem soil conservation service; on the spatial scale, the spatial differences in the value of ecosystem soil conservation service in the watershed is large, which is specifically manifested as the highest in the downstream, followed by the upstream, and the lowest in the middle-stream. This study not only clarified the huge ecological benefits brought by the GFGP, but also provided a certain reference role for the soil and water loss management in the watershed and even the Loess Plateau.