Trends In Women Research Articles

Generational trends in the transition to womanhood in lowland rural Nepal: Changes in the meaning of early marriage.

In South Asia, studies show secular trends toward slightly later women's marriage and first reproduction. However, data on related biological and social events, such as menarche and age of coresidence with husband, are often missing from these analyses. We assessed generational trends in key life events marking the transition to womanhood in rural lowland Nepal. We used data on 110 co-resident mother-in-law (MIL) and daughter-in-law (DIL) dyads. We used paired t-tests and chi-squared tests to evaluate generational trends in women's education, and mean age at menarche, marriage, cohabitation with husband, and first reproduction of MIL and DIL dyads. We examined norms held by MILs and DILs on a daughter's life opportunities. On average, MIL was 29 years older than DIL (60 years vs. 31 years). Both groups experienced menarche at average age 13.8 years. MIL was married at average 12.4 years, before menarche, and cohabitated with husbands at average 14.8 years. DIL was simultaneously married and cohabitated with husbands after menarche, at average 15 years. DIL was marginally more educated than MIL but had their first child on average 0.8 years earlier (95% CI -1.4, -0.1). MIL and DIL held similar norms on daughters' education and marriage. While social norms remain similar, the meaning of "early marriage" and use of menarche in marriage decisions has changed in rural lowland Nepal. Compared to DIL, MIL who was married earlier transitioned to womanhood more gradually. However, DIL was still married young, and had an accelerated trajectory to childbearing.

Moving Away, Moving Up, and Moving Back: Gender Dimensions of Social and Geographical Mobility in East Asia

East Asia has witnessed an acceleration of geographical movements and varied patterns of social mobility across the region as economies matured and growth slowed. This special issue builds on the widely recognized gender dimensions of geographical mobility and investigates its relationship with social mobility from a gender perspective, while also recognizing that social mobility, with or without geographical mobility, is gendered. Focusing specifically on women and exploring the interrelationship between social and geographical mobility, we identify three key issues: (1) gendered employment opportunities and obstacles to moving up and around; (2) the interaction between women’s migration/mobility and marriage, motherhood, family roles, and domestic responsibilities; and (3) emerging trends in women’s migration and return migration in relation to social mobility. These issues cast light on the ways in which different forms of geographical and social mobility can either empower women or reinforce gender inequality in East Asian societies.

Trends of Women’s Participation in Engineering Education in the Republic of Benin and Implications for the Future of Higher Education

Engineering, as well as men’s and women’s valuable labours or contributions, are important for the socioeconomic development of countries. This reality and the lack of data in this field in developing countries brought this paper’s authors to investigate the extent to which female and male students are enrolled and graduate in engineering education faculties in the Republic of Benin, a West African country. To this end, statistics of enrolment, graduation, failure, and exclusion of female and male students of the two oldest engineering education faculties, i.e., the Polytechnics School of Abomey-Calavi (EPAC) and the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (FSA) of the University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), have been estimated using Excel software and available enrolment, and academic results’ books and database. Pedagogical bylaws and other education policy documents were also reviewed for the sake of understanding the gender participation trends of the studied faculties. The analysis of almost four decades (1985–2022) of data revealed that very few (about 4,912, including 694 women) students got enrolled in the engineering programmes of the studied faculties. The total number of engineering students enrolled in the two faculties represents less than 1% of the total number of those who got their baccalaureate over the study period. Of the total number of women enrolled over the four decades, about 25% got excluded, while only about 22% of men got excluded at the polytechnic school EPAC. Meanwhile, at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences FSA, 2% of the women enrolled were excluded against 1% of men. These results show that students are more excluded in the industrial engineering programmes of the polytechnic school compared to the agricultural engineering programmes of FSA. The main reasons identified for the small number of students enrolled in the engineering education faculties were, among others, the limited number of scholarships and places given to the engineering programmes by the government, donors and the faculties due to limitations in infrastructure and other resources available. With regards to the very poor participation of women in engineering programmes, socio-cultural stereotypes, poor social support or care provided to ladies and women, poor gender-responsiveness of STEM education and pedagogies, poor and late information on the advantages of engineering education and careers, sexual harassment, and early pregnancy, are few of the reasons mentioned by interviewees. More advocacy and more gender-responsiveness of further interventions might help improve the overall number of engineering students and the participation of women and other valid but less-represented people in engineering education programmes in universities of the Republic of Benin.

Temporal trends in admission for cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome in France from 2009 to 2021: Persistent sex, age and social disparities

BackgroundCardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome is recommended to decrease patient morbidity and mortality and to improve quality of life. AimsTo describe time trends in the rates of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome in France from 2009 to 2021, and to identify possible disparities. MethodsAll patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome in France between January 2009 and June 2021 were identified from the national health insurance database. Cardiac rehabilitation attendance was identified within 6 months of acute coronary syndrome hospital discharge. Age-standardized cardiac rehabilitation rates were computed and stratified for sex and acute coronary syndrome subtypes (ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation). Patient characteristics and outcomes were described and compared. Factors independently associated with cardiac rehabilitation attendance were identified. ResultsIn 2019, among 134,846 patients with an acute coronary syndrome, 22.3% underwent cardiac rehabilitation within 6 months of acute coronary syndrome hospital discharge. The mean age of patients receiving cardiac rehabilitation was 62 years. The median delay between acute coronary syndrome hospitalization and cardiac rehabilitation was 32 days, with about 60% receiving outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Factors significantly associated with higher cardiac rehabilitation rates were male sex, younger age (35–64 years), least socially disadvantaged group, ST-segment elevation, percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft. Between 2009 and 2019, cardiac rehabilitation rates increased by 40% from 15.9% to 22.3%. Despite greater upward trends in women, their cardiac rehabilitation rate was significantly lower than that for men (14.8% vs. 25.8%). In 2020, cardiac rehabilitation attendance dropped because of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. ConclusionsDespite the health benefits of cardiac rehabilitation, current cardiac rehabilitation attendance after acute coronary syndrome remains insufficient in France, particularly among the elderly, women and socially disadvantaged people.

Dietary Pattern, Physical, and Behavioral Trends in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Context: Dietary intake and physical activity play a significant role in improving health parameters such as enhancing mood, strengthening visceral organ functions, and reducing the progression of chronic diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine and metabolic condition that concerns women of reproductive age presenting hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Aims: This study aimed to assess the quality of life and dietary patterns in women with and without PCOS, which may assist in identifying the possible factors linked to PCOS. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study was conducted Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, KSHEMA-IVF Unit and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Mangalore. Methods: With the sample size of 45 (23 women with PCOS diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria and 20 women as healthy control aged between 18 and 40 years), we investigated the sociodemographic dietary intake, quality of life, sleep, and physical activity using a semi-validated questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Obtained data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test with P < 0.05. Results: The results indicate that total energy, carbohydrate, protein, and total dietary fiber, including soluble dietary fiber intake, was significantly lower in women with PCOS than the healthy group. No clear relation was identified between lifestyle and PCOS indices. Conclusions: The present study suggests dietary intake and associated nutrient patterns may indeed play an imperative role in the management of PCOS symptoms, but physical activity and quality of life may need further investigation.

Awrah and Women's Clothing: Reinterpretation of Islamic Texts in Indonesian Contexts

The concept of Awrah among Indonesian Muslims undergoes a process of contextualization and adaptation to local culture. This article focuses on the understanding of the ulemas about Awrah based on the interpretation of Al-Quran and Hadith texts which have implications for the practice of women's clothing. By using a qualitative approach, data obtained from online media and interviews. This article shows that the models, forms and trends of women's clothing influenced by multiple interpretations of Islamic texts, which are not only influenced by religious understanding, modernity, local traditions but also the context of the relationship between Islam and the state. There has been a shift in the reasons women cover their private parts from piety and obedience in religion; security, comfort and tranquility; then a lifestyle. External factors that influence women to cover their awrah are due to the family and friends, as well as maintaining local traditions. Interestingly, women who choose not to cover their awrah have the support of religious prominent, with argumentation personally and religiously. There are attempts to reinterpret the spirit of Awrah which does not only focus on women's clothing, but includes issues of ethics, morals, decency and protection of women.

Gender diversity at spine surgery academic conferences: a 15-year investigation

Enhancing gender diversity at academic conferences is critical for advancing women's representation and career trajectories in spine surgery. To discover trends in women's representation at major spine conferences over a 15-year period. Conference records from the 2007-2021 annual meetings of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, North American Spine Society, and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). Authors of spine-related presentations. Authorship by gender. Retrospective bibliometric analysis with univariate and multivariate modeling to identify trends and predictors of gender diversity. Among 8,948 presentations, 750 (8.4%) had female first authors and 618 (6.9%) had female senior authors. There was no change in rates of female first authorship (p=.41) or senior authorship (p=.88) over time. The strongest predictors of female first authorship were having a female senior author (OR 7.32, p<.001), and delivering presentations at SRS (OR 1.95, p=.001). Factors negatively associated with female first authorship included poster format (OR 0.82, p=.039) and conference location in the United States/Canada (OR 0.76, p=.045). Similar trends were encountered for senior authorship. Productivity per senior author was similar between genders (p=.160); whereas a gender gap in productivity per first author during 2007 to 2011 (p=.020) equalized by 2017 to 2021 (p=.300). Among the 10 most productive authors of each gender, male authors delivered more presentations, but all authors shared similar format, content, and location. Women's representation in spine-related presentations did not increase at three major conferences over a 15-year period. Our findings regarding the positive effects of female mentorship, and international or virtual venues merit further investigation to address the gender gap. The upstream pipeline of recruiting women into academic spine surgery also needs to be addressed.

Trends in women's height and the effect of early childbearing on height retardation: An analysis of the height of Bangladeshi women born between 1974 and 1998.

Depending on race, ethnicity, and region, genetic variants determine human height by 65% to 80%, while the remaining variance of 20% to 35% is influenced by nutrition and other individual or environmental exposures in the early years of life. An improvement in nutrition and health in the early years in a population underprivileged in health and nutrition will likely increase the group's average height. Due to outstanding improvements in these areas in recent decades, we hypothesised that the average height of Bangladeshi women has increased. Moreover, because pregnancy at an early age affects women's health and nutrition, we hypothesised that women who began childbearing early would experience growth retardation compared to women who had pregnancies at a later age. We used data from five national surveys conducted between 2004 and 2018 that collected height data from ever-married women aged 15-49 years. We analysed the height of women aged 20-29 years (born between 1974 and 1998) and examined the mean height by birth years, age at first birth (AFB), economic status, religion and region. We conducted multiple linear regression models, controlling for the differential effects of the socio-demographic characteristics on women's height over time and by AFB. The average height of women born between 1974 and 1998 significantly increased by 0.03 cm annually, with fluctuations between 150.3 and 151.6 cm. We also found an association between age at childbearing and height in adulthood - women who began childbearing before age 17 were approximately one centimetre shorter in adulthood than those who began childbearing at a later age. We found evidence of an increasing trend in women's height in Bangladesh and an inhibiting effect of early teenage childbearing on attaining the potential growth of women. The findings call for further studies to investigate early childbearing and its consequences on women's and their children's growth in diverse settings, considering socio-cultural customs influencing early marriage and childbearing.

X-RAY ASSESSMENT OF JAW BONE TISSUE IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC OSTEOPOROSIS BEFORE THE SURGICAL STAGE OF DENTAL IMPLANTATION

The assessment of the initial state of bone tissue is important not only for the placement of implants in accordance with the chosen treatment plan, but also for predicting the results of their osseointegration. Until recently, systemic connective tissue diseases were a contraindication to implantation, although it is believed that osseointegrated contact between the surface of an unloaded implant and the surrounding bone tissue is also possible in the case of osteoporosis. However, the effectiveness of implantation in such cases is highly questionable, because with a decrease in the mineral density of bone tissue and changes in its metabolism, there is often an increase in destruction processes, which leads to pathological bone remodeling.&#x0D; The aim of the study – to conduct a comparative analysis of the condition, structure and mineral density of jaw bone tissue in patients with systemic osteoporosis, depending on the sex, before the surgical stage of dental implantation.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The condition, structure and density of bone tissue before the surgical stage of dental implantation were determined in 87 patients who needed dental implantation. Orthopantomograms were used to analyze the state of bone tissue in the areas where the operation was planned, for which the type of bone quality was determined according to the C.E. Misch classification. To evaluate the structure and density of bone tissue, patients were examined using spiral computed tomography (SCR) on a Picker PQ 2.00 computed tomograph (Picker International Ink., USA). When processing the information from the CT studies, the image data were studied in different planes (to determine the width and height of the alveolar ridge), and the bone density was determined by the Hansfield scale. To assess the state of bone tissue, ultrasonic densitometry was performed using an Omnisense 7000S apparatus (Sunlight Medical, Israel).&#x0D; Results and Discussion. In women with osteoporosis of group I, the radiological characteristics of the bone in the areas of future dental implantation in 36,84% and 34,20% corresponded to bone type D3 and D4, respectively. In men with osteoporosis of group II, bone type D1 prevailed (28,57% of patients) and D2 – 33,33% of patients, as well as in subjects of group III without osteoporosis, in whom the frequency of bone type D1 was visualized in 53,57% of patients and D2 in 28,57% of patients, in the absence of bone type D4. Densitometric studies revealed a decrease in the width and height of the alveolar spines in patients with systemic osteoporosis, with a prevalence of this trend in women of group I. At the same time, the passage of an ultrasound wave along the mandible was significantly lower in patients with osteoporosis compared to those without BMD disorders: 1,9 times in women and 1,3 times in men, p,p1&lt;0.01.&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, metabolic disorders in systemic osteoporosis adversely affect the structures of the oral cavity, especially in women, which may be the reason for the low effectiveness of dental implants and indicate the need to improve orthopedic and surgical treatment by developing adequate osteotropic treatment.

Gender representation in the Central Surgical Association: A call to action

BackgroundOrganizations such as the Central Surgical Association are important for promulgating advances in general surgery, but diversity and inclusion profoundly affect what is presented and discussed. The objective of this study was to evaluate gender representation trends at the Central Surgical Association and its annual meetings over the past 13 years. MethodsPublicly available Central Surgical Association meeting proceedings from 2010 to 2022 were reviewed for society leaders, new members, invited speakers and moderators, and contributors to scientific sessions (first authors, senior authors). Gender identity was assessed through professional online platforms. The 2017 and 2021 meetings were conjoined with the Midwest Surgical Association. Incomplete data were obtained from 2013 and 2020–2022. ResultsA total of 2,158 individuals were reviewed, 554 (25.7%) of which were women. The overall trend of the absolute proportion of women participation increased by 1.8% per year (R2 = 0.7, P < .01). For leadership roles, 42/205 (20%) were women, with a 2.4% per year increase (R2 = 0.45, P = .02). For speaker roles, 82/384 (21.4%) were women, with a 2.2% increase per year (R2 = 0.6, P < .01). For scientific contributions, 253 first (35.9%) and 136 (19.3%) senior authors of 704 were women, with 1.5% (R2 = 0.4, P = .02) and 1.3% (R2 = 0.4, P = .03) increase per year, respectively. ConclusionThere has been a positive trend in women's involvement at Central Surgical Association meetings for leaders, speakers, and scientific authors. Diversity allows variate experiences to contribute to surgical advancements; thus, measures by the Central Surgical Association to ensure adequate representation should continue.

CORR Insights®: What Are the Trends in Women's Representation Among Lead Investigators of Orthopaedic Clinical Trials?

CORR Insights®: What Are the Trends in Women's Representation Among Lead Investigators of Orthopaedic Clinical Trials?

869 Gender Distribution of Invited Speakers at Major Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Conferences: A Retrospective Open Cohort Study

Abstract Aim Females are disproportionately under-represented in surgery despite the upward trend in women entering the medical profession. Visibility of female surgeons at academic meetings has proven to be an important facet of gender equity. We aim to quantify the proportion of female faculty and prevalence of all-male speaking panels (“manels”) at major T&amp;O surgery meetings. Method We retrospectively analysed four major annual T&amp;O meetings between January 2016 and December 2021. Data was collected on invited lecturers, panelists and chairs/moderators. Male and female faculty were academically stratified according to mean publications, citations, and H-index. A “manel” was defined as a session with 2 or more speakers, all of whom are men. Sex was defined by gender titles used in the conference program, online speaker biography, or the Gender Balance Assessment Tool. Results A total of 968 sessions with 6582 speakers across 18 conferences were identified. The mean percentage of female faculty (invited lecturers, panellists and chairs) was 4.90% (n = 323). Of 775 panel sessions, 568 (73.3%) were manels. No statistically significant difference in the percentage of manels was observed between online (77.8%) versus in-person conferences (72.8%) (p = 0.3195). No statistically significant difference in the proportion of manels was observed over time (from 76.1% in 2016 versus 76.7% in 2021; p = 0.26). Male invited lecturers had a significantly higher H-index than female invited lecturers (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions Manels are highly prevalent in major T&amp;O surgery meetings whilst there is poor representation of female speakers. This study highlights the need for greater gender diversity and female representation in T&amp;O.

476 Manels and Gender Representation at Major Urological Surgery Conferences

Abstract Aim Females are disproportionately under-represented in surgery despite the upward trend in women entering the medical profession (Rakestraw et al., 2022). Visibility of female surgeons at academic meetings gives a cross-sectional view of inclusion within the field. We aimed to quantify the proportion of female faculty and prevalence of all-male panels (“manels”) at major international urological surgery meetings. Method We retrospectively analysed annual meetings organised by major urological surgery associations or societies between January 2016 and December 2021. Demographic and academic metrics, including H-index, number of publications, and number of citations were collected for each invited lecturer, panellist and chair/moderator. Results Twenty-two conferences held by four urological surgery organisations were identified, including 1871 sessions delivered by 5427 speakers. On average across all speakers, 12.0% (n = 643) were female. Of the 838 panel sessions, 584 (69.7%) were manels. Percentage of manels was statistically significant between online and in-person conferences (online 64.6% versus in-person 75.1%; p&amp;lt;0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of manels over time (79.4% in 2016 versus 28.8% in 2021; p&amp;lt;0.05). Male invited lecturers had significantly higher H-index than female invited lecturers (male 32 versus female 17; p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions Despite the encouraging findings that manels are becoming less prevalent in major urological surgery meetings, manels continue to comprise the majority, whilst female speaker representation remains poor. This study hopes to highlight the need for greater gender diversity and female representation in urology.

Two Decades of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Women: Has Anything Changed?

BackgroundStudies have shown that women have worse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); it is unclear whether this knowledge has led to improved outcomes over time. This study sought to examine temporal trends in women undergoing CABG. MethodsFrom 2000 to 2021, 9062 women underwent isolated CABG at a single institution. The institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeons database was queried for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. The cohort was stratified by date of operation into 6 groups coinciding with versions of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database: 2002-2004/version 2.41 (n = 1348 [15%]), 2004-2007/version 2.52 (n = 2413 [27%]), 2008-2011/version 2.61 (n = 2244 [25%]), 2011-2014/version 2.73 (n = 1230 [14%]), 2014-2017/version 2.81 (n = 783 [9%]), and 2017-2021/version 2.9 (n = 1044 [12%]). ResultsThe median age was 66 (interquartile range, 58-74) years. Comorbid conditions including chronic lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure increased over time. The number of urgent CABG procedures increased from 20% in the 2002-2004 group to 66% in the 2017-2021 group, whereas the number of elective CABG procedures decreased from 76% to 32% (P < .001). From 2002-2004 to 2017-2021, internal mammary artery use increased from 85% to 92% (P < .001). Mortality did not improve for women over time, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher for women (3.6%) than for men (1.8%; P < .001), and the gap between women and men remained unchanged over time. ConclusionsMortality of women undergoing CABG at our institution (3.6%) remains higher than the overall national average (∼2%) and that of the male institutional cohort (1.8%). Further studies to understand this disparity and to improve care for women undergoing CABG are needed.

Female Entrepreneurs and Motivational Factors

Purpose: The main aim of this research is to investigate and analyze, the impact of motivational factors on female entrepreneurship. This research intends to explore in-depth the motivating factors of female entrepreneurs, with a focus on Albania.&#x0D; &#x0D; Theoretical framework: The literature on entrepreneurship, global trends in women’s entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurship in Albania, and female motivation factors is studied, and it is the focus and is used to better understand the push and pull motivation factors of female entrepreneurs.&#x0D; &#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used in this study consists of quantitative methods. Based on the literature review in our understanding, a questionnaire was set up and was carried out to collect the data. It included several from the five-point Likert scale. The population of the study consisted of a final sample of 494 female entrepreneurs, from different Albanian cities. The hypothesis was developed in response to the research question. Regression analysis is used to empirically evaluate the hypothesis using SPSS, version 23.&#x0D; &#x0D; Findings: The results of the study, show that being independent, working on scarce jobs, and working from home are the main motivational factors that positively correlate with women entrepreneurs' performance. At the country level, we find evidence that motivational factors encourage females to run their businesses, promoting development opportunities for female entrepreneurs. The conclusions are well supported by the data. Females are more inclined to start and go on their businesses. It is the best way to be independent, to have a job on a scarce time, and to work from home.&#x0D; &#x0D; Research, Practical &amp; Social Implications - The paper gives some novel insights into the motivation factors and helps to fill the gap in the literature on this topic. It will serve as a model for female entrepreneurs in developing and less developed countries. It will be full of interest and useful to females, business communities, academics, and policymakers. From an academic perspective, the findings demonstrated that factors influencing motivation play a significant role in encouraging women entrepreneurs to achieve success. This research contributes to the limited knowledge of motivational factors in developing countries, such as Albania.&#x0D; &#x0D; Originality/value: The originality of this paper is the new approach in Albania regarding motivational factors that influence the performance of female entrepreneurs by adding evidence to this, which may be implied for further research in the future.

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Purpose: The main aim of this research is to investigate and analyze, the impact of motivational factors on female entrepreneurship. This research intends to explore in-depth the motivating factors of female entrepreneurs, with a focus on Albania. Theoretical framework: The literature on entrepreneurship, global trends in women’s entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurship in Albania, and female motivation factors is studied, and it is the focus and is used to better understand the push and pull motivation factors of female entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used in this study consists of quantitative methods. Based on the literature review in our understanding, a questionnaire was set up and was carried out to collect the data. It included several from the five-point Likert scale. The population of the study consisted of a final sample of 494 female entrepreneurs, from different Albanian cities. The hypothesis was developed in response to the research question. Regression analysis is used to empirically evaluate the hypothesis using SPSS, version 23. Findings: The results of the study, show that being independent, working on scarce jobs, and working from home are the main motivational factors that positively correlate with women entrepreneurs' performance. At the country level, we find evidence that motivational factors encourage females to run their businesses, promoting development opportunities for female entrepreneurs. The conclusions are well supported by the data. Females are more inclined to start and go on their businesses. It is the best way to be independent, to have a job on a scarce time, and to work from home. Research, Practical &amp; Social Implications - The paper gives some novel insights into the motivation factors and helps to fill the gap in the literature on this topic. It will serve as a model for female entrepreneurs in developing and less developed countries. It will be full of interest and useful to females, business communities, academics, and policymakers. From an academic perspective, the findings demonstrated that factors influencing motivation play a significant role in encouraging women entrepreneurs to achieve success. This research contributes to the limited knowledge of motivational factors in developing countries, such as Albania. Originality/value: The originality of this paper is the new approach in Albania regarding motivational factors that influence the performance of female entrepreneurs by adding evidence to this, which may be implied for further research in the future.

Bridging the Gaps in Women's Primary Care for Those Treated at a Residential Drug Treatment Facility in Southwest Ohio

Background: Patients with substance use disorders (SUD) have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and limited utility of preventive and outpatient primary care. Women with SUD are a particularly vulnerable population requiring consistent primary and reproductive health care. This study evaluated the need for providing women’s primary health care to patients in a residential SUD treatment facility in rural southwest Ohio.Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted using intakes at a female-only residential SUD treatment facility from 2021-2022. Variables recorded in this study were: 1) patient-reported substance use; 2) laboratory screenings for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and STIs; 3) reproductive history (contraceptive, Papanicolaou (Pap) test, and pregnancy history); 4) patient-reported connection with a primary care provider (PCP); and 5) patient-reported mental health disorders. The analysis provided descriptive statistics to identify comorbidities and trends in women with SUD.Results: All completed intake charts were reviewed (n=159) without exclusions. No current PCP was reported in 59% of patients. Papanicolaou tests were needed in 50% of patients, and, of those completed, six (21%) had abnormal results. Almost 20% of patients were found with a positive STI, with highest prevalence of trichomoniasis (23%). Viral infection rate was 42%, the most common being hepatitis C (35% with active infection). Patient-reported comorbid psychiatric illness was 90%, the most common being generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at 67.3%.Conclusion: This study supports the need for whole person primary care in residential SUD treatment facilities, particularly in respect to viral and sexually transmitted infections, and for overall women's health.

What Are the Trends in Women's Representation Among Lead Investigators of Orthopaedic Clinical Trials?

Serving as a principal investigator for a clinical trial can bring national visibility and recognition to physicians, and it can have a substantial impact on their promotion and tenure. In the field of orthopaedics, there is a well-known gender gap in terms of representation and leadership. Examining the representation of women in clinical trial leadership may help to inform and enable the design of targeted interventions and policies to foster a more inclusive and diverse environment in clinical trial leadership. (1) What is the proportion of women principal investigators in orthopaedic clinical trials, and has this changed over time? (2) Are there trial characteristics (trial phase, status, funding source, and intervention) associated with women principal investigators? (3) What is the geographic distribution globally and regionally within the United States of clinical trials led by women principal investigators? A cross-sectional survey of clinical trials using the ClinialTrials.gov registry and results database provided by the NIH was performed on August 22, 2022. Trial characteristics included principal investigator names and gender, trial phase, type, funding source, intervention, and location (defined by continent and US Census region). Our primary outcome was the overall proportion of women orthopaedic principal investigators over time. We assessed this by comparing the proportion of women principal investigators from 2007 to 2022. Our secondary outcomes were trial characteristics (trial phase, status, funding source, and intervention) and geographic distribution (globally and within the United States) associated with women principal investigators. Baseline characteristics of the clinical trials were calculated using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Fisher exact tests were conducted to evaluate differences in gender proportions based on the included clinical trial characteristics. Univariate linear regression was applied to analyze trends in the annual proportion of women principal investigators over time. The overall proportion of women principal investigators was 18% (592 of 3246), and this proportion increased over the study period. Specifically, the proportion of women leading clinical trials was 13% (16 of 121) in 2007 and 22% (53 of 242) in 2022 (r 2 = 0.68; p < 0.001). This trend was also observed when evaluating only US women principal investigators (r 2 = 0.47; p = 0.003) and non-US women principal investigators over the study period (r 2 = 0.298; p = 0.03). There was no difference in the distribution of trial phases between men and women principal investigators. Most men and women were involved in "not applicable" or Phase IV trials. Similarly, there was no difference in trial status or funding source. However, women principal investigators had a higher proportion of studies involving behavioral interventions (11% [67 of 592]) compared with men principal investigators (3% [74 of 2654]; p = 0.03). The proportion of women principal investigators over the study period by world region revealed a higher proportion of women principal investigators in Asia (23% [88 of 391]), followed by South America (24% [12 of 49]), North America (18% [306 of 1746]), and Europe (16% [136 of 833]). Among all US trials over the study period, the proportion of women principal investigators across the US Census region was Northeast (19% [62 of 329]), South (18% [90 of 488]), West (20% [97 of 492]), and Midwest (13% [22 of 168]). Although there has been a notable increase in the proportion of women principal investigators over time, the overall representation remains relatively low. The disparities observed in trial characteristics and geographic distribution of women principal investigators further emphasize the need for targeted interventions and policies to foster a more inclusive and diverse environment in clinical trial leadership. These results underscore the importance of adopting practices and strategies that foster gender equity in the leadership of orthopaedic clinical trials. By establishing mentorship and sponsorship programs, early-career women surgeons can be connected with experienced leaders, cultivating a supportive network and offering valuable career guidance. Additionally, addressing geographic disparities in the representation of women principal investigators can involve the implementation of mentorship and sponsorship programs in regions with lower representation.

The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study)

BackgroundChanges that occur during pregnancy and after that during breastfeeding induce some symptoms similar to metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. This study aims to determine the relationship between pregnancy, as well as the duration of breastfeeding and MetS controlling the effect of other risk factors like hypertension, glucose intolerance, triglyceride, central obesity, and reduction of high-density lipoprotein in women of Fasa Persian Cohort Study.Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 5015 women aged 35–70 years were investigated in the Sheshdeh region from 2016 to 2021, and the information related to the disease symptoms was collected through questionnaires, examinations, and laboratory tests. MetS was calculated based on two guidelines according to adult treatment panel III (ATP III) and international diabetes federation (IDF) methods. For reporting the data, the odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval was used. In order to eliminate the effect of confounders, logistic regression was used.ResultsPrevalence of MetS showed a descending trend in women with up to two pregnancies and it reached 22.6% and 22.4% using ATPIII and IDF methods respectively, while with an increase in the number of pregnancies of more than two, MetS prevalence was ascending. The prevalence of MetS did not have any specific trend across various breastfeeding duration groups. Multivariate analysis approved that the odds ratio of developing MetS in comparison with women who had two pregnancies was significantly increasing trend when the pregnancy counts increased.ConclusionThe chance of developing MetS based on both IDF and ATP III methods after adjustment for confounding effects would grow with an increase in the number of pregnancies to more than two and breast-feeding of more than seven years. It is recommended that women with more than two pregnancies or the long duration of breast-feeding women undergo a specialized examination to investigate and control MetS problems so that future diseases could be prevented.

Research trends in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing from 2011 to 2021: a quantitative content analysis.

Topic modeling is a text mining technique that extracts concepts from textual data and uncovers semantic structures and potential knowledge frameworks within context. This study aimed to identify major keywords and network structures for each major topic to discern research trends in women's health nursing published in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing (KJWHN) using text network analysis and topic modeling. The study targeted papers with English abstracts among 373 articles published in KJWHN from January 2011 to December 2021. Text network analysis and topic modeling were employed, and the analysis consisted of five steps: (1) data collection, (2) word extraction and refinement, (3) extraction of keywords and creation of networks, (4) network centrality analysis and key topic selection, and (5) topic modeling. Six major keywords, each corresponding to a topic, were extracted through topic modeling analysis: "gynecologic neoplasms," "menopausal health," "health behavior," "infertility," "women's health in transition," and "nursing education for women." The latent topics from the target studies primarily focused on the health of women across all age groups. Research related to women's health is evolving with changing times and warrants further progress in the future. Future research on women's health nursing should explore various topics that reflect changes in social trends, and research methods should be diversified accordingly.