Trends In Women Research Articles

The Gender Mobility Paradox: Gender Segregation and Women’s Mobility Across Gender-Type Boundaries, 1970–2018

In this article, we examine trends in women’s mobility among male-dominated, gender-neutral, and female-dominated occupations. Earlier research, largely employing data from the 1970s and early 1980s, showed that along with significant net movement by women into male-dominated fields, there was also substantial attrition from male-dominated occupations. Here, we build on previous research by examining how “gender-type” mobility rates have changed in recent decades. The findings indicate that while still quite high, levels of women’s occupational mobility among female, gender-neutral, and male occupations have decreased considerably over time. We suggest that this is the result of increasing differentiation among women. In particular, many women, especially those in high-status occupations, plan to pursue employment in a male-dominated field, succeed in gaining entry, and tend to remain in these fields more often than their counterparts in previous decades. We interpret these findings as evidence that gender segregation is maintained by an enduring but imperfect system of social control that constrains women’s choices before, during, and after entry into the labor market. The evidence presented here underscores the importance of studying gender-type mobility as a distinct dimension of labor market inequality.

Women\u2019s autonomy in refusing risky sex and associated factors in Ethiopia: evidence from 2011 to 2016 EDHS data

BackgroundRisky sexual behavior is a major public health concern of Ethiopians. Although studying the autonomy of women in refusing risky sex is significant to take proper actions, the issue is not yet studied. Accordingly, this population-based nationwide study was aimed at assessing women’s autonomy in refusing risky sex and its associated factors in Ethiopia.MethodThe sample was limited to married women of 2011 (n = 8369) and 2016 (n = 8403) Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. Women's autonomy in refusing risky sex was measured based on wives' response to 'not having sex because husbands have other women. To examine associated factors, socio-demographic variables were computed using binary logistic regression.ResultThe finding revealed that the trend of women’s autonomy in refusing risky sex had declined from 78.9% in 2011 to 69.5% in 2016. Women aged from 25 to 34 were less likely autonomous in refusing sex compared to those who aged less than 24 years old (AOR = .7064; 95% CI 0.605, 0.965). The autonomy of women with higher educational status was three times more likely higher than those who have no formal education (AOR = 3.221; 95% CI 1.647, 6.300 respectively. The autonomy of women who are from rich households was more likely higher in comparison to women from poor households (AOR = 1.523; 95% CI 1.28, 1.813). The autonomy of women those who live in Tigray 2.9 times (AOR = 2.938; 95% CI 2.025, 4.263), Amhara 4.8 times (AOR = 4.870; 95% CI 3.388, 7.000), SNNP 1.9 times (AOR = 1.900; 95% CI 1.355, 2.664), and Addis Ababa 3.8 times (AOR = 3.809; 95% CI 2.227, 6.516) more likely higher than those who reside in Dire Dawa.ConclusionThe autonomy of women in refusing risky sex has declined from 2011 to 2016. This infers that currently, women are more victimized than previously. Hence, possible interventions like empowering women shall be taken to protect women from certain health problems of risky sexual behavior.

Recent scholarship on eighteenth‐century women's poetry

AbstractThe eighteenth century was a period of vital importance for the development of women's poetry: with each passing decade, more women began to read and write verse in every available genre and form. Since the late 1980s, this poetry has become increasingly accessible, and individual women poets have been thoroughly integrated into academic research and teaching. This essay provides an overview of recent scholarship on eighteenth‐century women's poetry. It begins by outlining broad trends in women's literary history which have shaped the field, before highlighting the unique challenges that women's poetry presents. It then offers a more focused survey of recently published scholarship, with an emphasis on the last 2 decades. Emerging research themes span from the growth in book history and manuscript investigations, to the resurgence of formalist interpretation. Studies of women's poetry have allowed scholars not only to reassess women's contributions to eighteenth‐century literary history, but to reconsider the very nature of that history—by re‐envisioning how and why poetry was written, innovated, circulated, published, read, and valued within the period. The essay concludes by proposing future directions for the field, including the need for continued recovery work, more critical editions and monograph studies, new methodologies, cross‐period dialogues with scholars of early modern and Romantic women's poetry, and practical initiatives to support precarious early career researchers.

Travel after tragedy: A phenomenological study on what it takes for women to travel solo after tragedy

Tragedies are encountered and experienced by almost everyone. While many give in to the tragic times, there is a recent trend of women who choose to travel solo after encountering tragedies. Drawing on Horowitz’s stage model of reschematization, Tedeschi and Calhoun’s posttraumatic growth model, and Iso Ahola’s theory of travel motivation, this research explores what motivates women to travel after tragedy and how it helps them in coping with trauma. The phenomenological study based on interviews with twelve women travelers suggests four themes: family trust and support; fighting the fright; need for self-reflection, restoration, and growth; and financial independence. Implications and future research agenda are also discussed.

المضامين الجندرية في صفحات الفيسبوك ودورها في ترتيب اولويات المرأة

Gender has considered and become a new trend in women's studies, as it reflects the behaviors, roles and attitudes imposed by society on its members in accordance with their biological nature,with focusing on gender rather than on concentration on women, which is closely linked to the vision that concentrates on women's problems which are not primarily according to their biological differences But rather to a greater extent to social, cultural, historical and religious barriers and Obstacles. Therefore, the qualitative division due to the concept of "gender" is not a rigid biological division, but is relied on the broad general context through which the social division of work is done. Thus, content in the pages of Facebook with high-level started to appear and calls for the need to cancel these roles and changing the other prevailing concepts. Thus , Gender disaggregation is therefore not a rigid biological division, but rather is based on the broad general context within which the social division of labor takes place. The contents of the Facebook pages, which are of a high level, call for the abolition of these roles and changing the prevailing concepts. The problem to the current research has summarized and raised by several questions like the main question that is concentrated on the Gender contents in Facebook Pages , as well as the influence of these contents in determining women's priorities ? so , in order to answer on this question , there were several subdivided questions raised on the analytical and field level of research so as to reach the main objective that is represented with (the nature of the relationship between the gender implications on Facebook And women's priorities(. The current researcher is belonged to the descriptive research the researcher has used , specifically the sample of surveying method so as to collect data and information on the relationship of the gender contents in the Facebook pages and in ranking of the priorities of the research sample, to depend on the questionnaire tool and the scale, as well. The researcher has depended and used the method of content analysis to analyze the gender contents of the selected sample Research relied on the analysis of the categories of what was mentioned recently to ?what was said ? How it was said? Through the construction of a special form for analysis. The researcher has reached to a number of results, the most important one , are: 1. Facebook is considered a means of mass communication that depends on the user in the extraction information and news, and it is considered , as well, a way to form direction and changing the behavior. 2. The relationship of gender contents in Facebook to women's priorities is considered a positive one, ie, the more the number of content on a given topic the priority of women has increased.

The Legacy of the Numerus Clausus One Hundred Years On

The Legacy of the Numerus Clausus One Hundred Years On

النشوء التأريخي لموجات الاتجاه النسوي

لقد شکلت قضية المرأة أهمية کبيرة کانت ولا تزال لها أهمية کبيرة، فإن الموجات الاتجاه النسوي الثلاثة اهتمت بقصية المرأة منذ اللحضة الأولى لها، إلا إن نشوء هذه الموجات، والأسباب التي دعت إلى ظهور هذه الموجات، فقد کانت تهدف الى تحرير المرأة من کافة أشکال التهميش والعنف والسيطرة والهيمنة الذکورية، فيکون هذا من خلال وجود التجمعات النسوية والانضمام إلى الاتجاه النسوي من أجل تحقيق أهداف النساء والسعي إلى تطوير قدراتهن وتحقيق مساواة فعلية بين المرأة والرجل، إلا إن هذا الاتجاه والموجات النسوية نشأت بسبب معاناة المرأة من ظلم بمختلف أشکاله، والعمل على تحريرها ووضع الحد من بعض القيم الاجتماعية البالية التي ترجع الأنثى إلى الخلف والذکور إلى الأمام والتقدم, فقد کان لهذه الموجات هدف هو مناصرة المرأة وتقدمها والسعي إلى تمکينها. Abstract: The occupied the cause of women has been of great importance and has been of great importance. The waves of the three women's trend have been concerned with the disintegration of women since the first wave. However, the emergence of these waves and the reasons that led to these waves were aimed at liberating women from all forms of marginalization, and male domination, this is through the presence of women's gatherings and feminism to achieve the goals of women and seek to develop their abilities and achieve equality between women and men, now that this trend and women's waves arose because of the suffering of women from the injustice of various forms, and work on Silk and put a limit to some worn-out social values ​​that bring the female back and the males forward and progress, and lost these waves aim is to support women and progress and strive to empower them.

Trends of cancer associated with modifiable behavior in the U.S.: Is there a difference based on age, gender, or race?

1542 Background: To examine trends in modifiable behaviorally related cancers among men and women in the United States. Methods: Data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) database for all cancers diagnosed between 2001 and 2017. Alcohol-associated cancers, HPV-associated, obesity-associated, physical inactivity-associated, and tobacco-associated were defined using ICD-O-3 site codes. SEER*Stat 8.3.8 and Joinpoint regression program 4.8.0.1 were used to calculate the trends of associated cancers expressed per 100,000. Results: In 2017 the incidence of cancers in women associated with alcohol, smoking and obesity were 168/100,000, 134/100,000 and 121/100,000 respectively. Based on analysis of trends of women from 2001 to 2017, alcohol, smoking and physical inactivity related cancers decreased with an annual percent change (APC -0.51%, -0.96%, -0.92% respectively, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant change in obesity, HPV, or post menopausal female breast cancer related cancers (APC: 0.07%, 0.09%, -0.08% respectively, p = 0.303, 0.181, 0.569). Based on age, in women less than 65, rates of obesity related cancers are increasing. Based on racial groups, all rates of cancer associated with modifiable factors are decreasing, however Hispanic women have an increasing rate of obesity related cancers (APC 0.46%, p < 0.001). When examining differences in region, all rates of cancer are decreasing or unchanged except the south has an increasing rate of obesity related cancer (APC 0.28%, p < 0.001). Using a projection model, obesity will become the highest incidence cancer in Hispanic women by 2035, surpassing alcohol and tobacco. In 2017 the incidence of cancers in men associated with tobacco, obesity, and alcohol were 209/100,000, 111/100,000 and 81/100,000 respectively. Based on analysis of trends in men alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity and obesity related cancers decreased (APC -1.42%, -1.59%, -3.15%, -0.41% respectively, p < 0.001). HPV related cancers have increased (APC 2.36%, p < 0.001). In men less than 60 years old, the rates of obesity related cancers are increasing. Using a prediction model, obesity is predicted to surpass tobacco as the most common social cause of cancer in 2020 for men 35-39, 2024 in men 40-44 and in 2030 in men 45-49. Conclusions: In women, most modifiable factors associated with cancer are decreasing except in obesity and HPV related cancers. In men, these rates of cancer are decreasing except HPV related cancers. However, rates of obesity related cancers are on the rise in Hispanic women and younger men. Obesity is set to become the major modifiable factor for many associated cancers.

Young patients with cancer related to modifiable behaviors in the United States: What can we learn from them?

10560 Background: We proposed to examine trends in modifiable behaviorally related cancers among younger men and women in the United States. Methods: Alcohol-associated cancers, HPV-associated, obesity-associated, physical inactivity-associated, and tobacco-associated were defined using ICD-O-3 site codes. From 2001 and 2017, registry data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics database. SEER*Stat 8.3.8 and Joinpoint regression program 4.8.0.1 were used to calculate the trends of associated cancers expressed per 100,000. Results: Of the young women (ages 20-49 years) the incidence of cancers in 2017 associated with alcohol, smoking and obesity were 89/100,000, 43/100,000 and 64/100,000 respectively. Based on analysis of trends of women from 2001 to 2017, obesity, physical inactivity and alcohol related cancers increased with an annual percent change (APC 2.31%, 1.67%, 0.46%, p < 0.001). Using a projection model, in Hispanic women, obesity related cancers will become the highest incidence cancers by 2035, surpassing alcohol and physical inactivity. Of the young men (ages 20-49 years) the incidence of cancers in 2017 associated with alcohol, obesity, and tobacco were 23/100,000, 36/100,000 and 44/100,000 respectively. On trends analysis, obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol related cancers have increased (APC 2.0%, 1.65%, 0.17%, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.044), whereas tobacco-related cancers are decreasing with an APC of -0.44% (p < 0.001). When examining different regions, the highest APC for obesity and physical inactivity related cancers was 2.43% in the Midwest (p < 0.001). Using a prediction model, obesity is predicted to surpass alcohol and physical inactivity related cancers for men 20-49 years old by 2035. Conclusions: In women, most modifiable factors associated with cancer are increasing except in HPV related cancers. In men, these rates of cancer are increasing except in tobacco related cancers. However, rates of obesity related cancers are on the rise in Hispanic women and younger men in southern U.S. regions. Obesity is projected to become the major modifiable factor for many associated cancers.

315 Athlete Sleep and Mental Health: Differences by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Abstract Introduction Sleep is important for athletic and academic performance, injury risk and recovery, and physical and mental health. However, athletes commonly have poor and insufficient sleep, which may be worsened by their inflexible schedules, stress, traveling, and timing of competition. To date, little is known about the relationship between sleep problems and risk for mental health problems in college student athletes. Almost nothing is known about gender, racial and ethnic sleep disparities in this group. The current study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationships between sleep disorder symptoms and mental health symptoms, further examining differences by gender, race, and ethnicity. Methods Student athletes (N = 1033) from four universities within the Pacific Athletic Conference (PAC-12) were surveyed using previously-validated mental health questionnaires. Since few individuals self-identified as Asian, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or “Other,” the race variable was recoded into three groups: White, Black, and Other Underrepresented groups. Gender, race, and ethnicity differences on Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) total scores were examined using a three separate MANOVAs. Next, sleep-disorder symptoms were classified as clinically relevant (n=174) or not (n=733) based on established cutoff values on the ASSQ. Gender and sleep disorder differences on mental health total scores were examined using a MANOVA. Results Women athletes reported significantly worse sleep disorder symptoms as a whole. In addition, Black athletes had worse sleep disorder symptoms. There was a trend for women with sleep problems to have higher PC-PTSD scores than women without sleep problems. In addition, athletes in the Other Underrepresented race group with sleep problems also had greater depression, PTSD, and psychotic symptom severity than White or Black student athletes. There was also a trend for Hispanic athletes with sleep disorder symptoms to have greater ADHD symptom severity. Conclusion To further examine individual differences in specific components of sleep symptoms, sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, medication, quality will be reported in the poster presentation. Future studies are needed to understand whether frequency and chronicity of athletic and external stressors, explain elevations in sleep and other psychiatrics symptoms in student athletes. Support (if any) This project was funded by a PAC-12, Mental Health Coordinating Unit Grant.

245 Sleep and cortical thickness are influenced by surgical menopause

Abstract Introduction Early loss of 17β-estradiol (E2), as experienced by women with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO; removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes), is associated with increased prevalence of sleep disorders and greater Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. In older adults, poor sleep heightens AD risk; hypoxia increases markers for incipient AD, including circulating Aβ, and is linked to prefrontal cortical thinning. Thus, we wondered: 1) if this at-risk population of middle-aged women with BSO had sleep hypoxia, measured by oxygen desaturation, and 2) whether this related to decreased prefrontal cortical thickness in women taking and not taking estradiol therapy (ET). Methods Sleep and percent oxygen desaturation (SPO2%) were measured via at-home polysomnography (TEMEC). Prefrontal cortical thickness was obtained from T1-weighted structural scans using the CIVET pipeline. We recruited middle-age women with BSO, some of whom were taking ET (BSO+ET; n=15), and some not (BSO; n=15). We compared their sleep and cortical thickness with that of age and education-matched premenopausal controls (AMC; n=18). Results Women with BSO (BSO, BSO+ET) had lower minimum SPO2% values than AMC, and thinner right medial orbitofrontal (rmOF) cortices. There was a trend for women with BSO to have lower average SPO2% than AMC. Analyses separating groups based on ET therapy status (BSO vs BSO+ET vs AMC) revealed only trending differences between groups, such that women with BSO tended to have lower minimum SPO2% and thinner rmOF cortices than AMC. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest early loss of E2 due to BSO may drive greater drops in SPO2% in middle-age women, and may be related to reduced prefrontal cortical thickness. This study is the first to show hypoxia in women with BSO. Support (if any) Ontario Graduate Scholarship Award (to LG), Alzheimer’s Association Research Fellowship (co-sponsored by Brain Canada Foundation; AARF-17-504715 to NJG), Alzheimer’s Society Canada Postdoctoral Fellowship (to AA), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Masters Award (to LG, AB, and RR), Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women’s Brain Health and Aging (from the Posluns Family Foundation, CIHR, Ontario Brain Institute, and Alzheimer Society of Canada; WJP-150643 to GE)

Trends of Women's Economic Empowerment in Iraq for the Period 1990-2018

This research aims to study the economic, social, and political reality of Iraqi women by identifying the obstacles and diagnosing their empowerment trends in various fields, assessing the extent of their participation in economic activity, and re-achieving balance between women and men by reducing the gender gap between them and reducing the percentage of female unemployment to the lowest possible level. Is achieved by enhancing confidence in Iraqi women by enacting laws and making decisions that allow them to access resources freely. The researcher used the descriptive and analytical method to deal with information and data related to the research topic over a specific period (1990-2018), using local, Arab, and international reports issued by the United Nations and the World Bank, and the Iraqi Ministry of Planning surveys - the Central Bureau of Statistics and previous studies. Among the researcher's findings in the research conclusion is the necessity of empowering Iraqi women by facilitating their possession of an academic qualification that would increase their skills and confidence in themselves and facilitate their involvement in the labour market. Moreover, amend laws that hurt women working in the government and private sectors and activate the media. In addition to activating positive media for women and society to accept her as a right partner with men in all fields of life and work firmly and complete transparency to enforce criminal laws against perpetrators of violence against women in all its forms.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I: is ethnicity relevant?

AimsTo evaluate 99th percentile upper reference limits (URLs) and investigate ethnic differences for the Abbott Architect high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) in a middle-aged to elderly cosmopolitan population.MethodsIn subjects without...

E-3 Feminism and Sufism

The concept of feminism has been represented in different forms and criticized especially in the Muslim world. This study argues that Sufism encourages the concept of feminism in Islam and discourages the theological status of women. The Sufi trends for women are more supportive and relevant to the concept of feminism. In particular, this study looks at deific concept of feminism with Sufi preachings and practices; on the other hand it has also examined the western feminism under the shadow of human security concept. The main argument of feminist school of thought is to create equal social, political, economic, employment and educational rights for women. This argument reasserts that there is deep-rooted gender discrimination in all walks of life. Whereas, Sufism challenges Islamic fundamentalists and provides true recognition to the feminism as a quality of activity, authority, strength, greatness and power. Sufis believe that humans may find themselves in different types but eventually there is no female or male, only being. Sufism provides constructive pathways to safeguarding women in all means.

Pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy: motivations, concerns, and perceptions in a UK population

PurposePre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) is a technique used as part of in vitro fertilisation to improve outcomes. Despite the upward trend in women utilising PGT-A, data on women’s motivations and concerns toward using the technology, and perceptions having undergone the process, remain scarce.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey, based at a fertility clinic in the UK, utilised an electronic questionnaire to assess the motivations of women who undergo PGT-A and their perceptions and attitudes toward PGT-A after using it.ResultsOne hundred sixty-one women responded. The most significant motivating factors to undergo PGT-A were to improve the probability of having a baby per cycle (9.0 ± 2.1) and enhance the chance of implantation (8.8 ± 2.5). The least important motivations were reducing the number of embryos transferred per cycle (2.7 ± 3.3) and saving money by reducing the number of procedures required (4.6 ± 3.4). The most significant concerning factors identified included not having embryos to transfer (5.7 ± 3.4) and the potential for embryo damage (5.2 ± 3.3). The least concerning factors included religious (0.6 ± 1.7) or moral (1 ± 2.2) concerns. The majority of women were satisfied/very satisfied following treatment (n = 109; 68%). The proportion of those who were satisfied/very satisfied increased to 94.2% (n = 81) following a successful outcome, and reduced to 43.5% (n = 27) in those who had an unsuccessful outcome or had not undergone embryo transfer (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study highlights that perceptions amongst women who use PGT-A are mostly positive. We also demonstrate a significant association between satisfaction and reproductive outcomes, with those who achieve a live birth reporting more positive perceptions toward PGT-A.

Women's role in neurosurgical research: is the gender gap improving?

The percentage of women publishing high-impact neurosurgical research might be perceived as a representation of our specialty and may influence the perpetuation of the existing gender gap. This study investigated whether the trend in women taking lead roles in neurosurgical research has mirrored the increase in female neurosurgeons during the past decade and whether our most prestigious publications portray enough female role models to stimulate gender diversity among the new generation of neurosurgeons. Two of the most prominent neurosurgical journals-Journal of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgery-were selected for this study, and every original article that was published in 2009 and 2019 in each of those journals was investigated according to the gender of the first and senior authors, their academic titles, their affiliations, and their institutions' region. A total of 1328 articles were analyzed. The percentage of female authors was significantly higher in Europe and Russia compared with the US and Canada (first authors: 60/302 [19.9%] vs 109/829 [13.1%], p = 0.005; and senior authors: 32/302 [10.6%] vs 57/829 [6.9%], p = 0.040). Significantly increased female authorship was observed from 2009 to 2019, and overall numbers of both first and senior female authors almost doubled. However, when analyzing by regions, female authorship increased significantly only in the US and Canada. Female authors of neurosurgical research articles were significantly less likely to hold an MD degree compared with men. Female neurosurgeons serving as senior authors were represented in only 3.6% (48/1328) of articles. Women serving as senior authors were more likely to have a female colleague listed as the first author of their research (29/97 [29.9%] vs 155/1231 [12.6%]; χ2 = 22.561, p = 0.001). Although this work showed an encouraging increase in the number of women publishing high-impact neurosurgical research, the stagnant trend in Europe may suggest that a glass ceiling has been reached and further advances in equity would require more aggressive measures. The differences in the researchers' profiles (academic title and affiliation) suggest an even wider gender gap. Cultural unconscious bias may explain why female senior authors have more than double the number of women serving as their junior authors compared with men. While changes in the workforce happen, strategies such as publishing specific issues on women, encouraging female editorials, and working toward more gender-balanced editorial boards may help our journals to portray a more equitable specialty that would not discourage bright female candidates.

The trend of women’s wear design by the SCAMPER method

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data to assist students and industrial designers in fashion by examining the trend of designing women’s wear with the SCAMPER method. In the research, the seven types of SCAMPER methods for fashion design were classified based on the previous studies. From 2010 S/S to 2020 S/S, data from 5,149 photographs were collected through overlapping checks and classified by SCAMPER method type. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 for frequency analysis. As a result, in the SCAMPER “combine” method, more than two items were combined, or structural details were combined with items. In the most applied “adapt” method was involved imitating similar images, or natural forms, or other objects. The “modify” method was applied by changing the shape of some details in basic fashion items. The “magnify” method was applied by enlarging, elongating, or elevating some details of fashion items. The “minify” method was applied by minimizing, shortening, or lowering some details of basic fashion. The method of “put to other use” was expressed throughout the clothing by using non-fabric or trimmings such as metal, beads, and strings. The “rearrange” method was applied by repositioning the top and bottom, front and back, or outside and inside in fashion items and in details. The “reverse” method was applied by reversing the style of fashion, mix-and-match fabric, or switching the gender of the fashion items.

Abstract PS14-12: Trends in breast and axillary surgery for T1-T2 male breast cancer: A study from the national cancer database

Abstract Introduction: Due to the low incidence of male breast cancer, large scale prospective trials to guide therapy are lacking. Historically males with breast cancer present at more advanced stages than females and have been surgically treated with modified radical mastectomy. Recent studies suggest that breast-conserving therapy for early-stage male breast cancer yields similar outcomes as for female patients, and that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be used in place of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for appropriate clinically node-negative patients. Our study investigates trends in breast and axillary surgery for male breast cancer patients, focusing specifically on the treatment of early-stage disease. Methods: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was utilized to identify male and female patients diagnosed with clinical T1-2 breast cancer from 2004-2016. Patient, tumor, facility, and surgical treatment factors were examined. Patients were stratified by surgery type: partial, unilateral, and bilateral mastectomy; simple versus modified radical mastectomy; SLNB (removal of ≤ 5 lymph nodes) and ALND (&amp;gt;5 lymph nodes). Trends in surgery type were compared between male and female patients and over the study period for each gender. Results: 9,782 males and 1,078,105 females with T1-2 breast cancer were identified. Men were significantly older at diagnosis than women (31.4% vs. 23.6% age &amp;gt;70, p&amp;lt;0.0001), were more often insured by Medicare (44.5% vs. 35.3%, p&amp;lt;0.0001), and had greater co-morbidity (21.9% vs. 15.6% Charlson Deyo Score &amp;gt;0). ER/PR+ disease (94.2% vs. 84.1%, p&amp;lt;.0001), moderate/high grade histology (85.4% vs. 77.8%, p&amp;lt;.0001) and lymphovascular invasion (24% vs. 15.3%, p&amp;lt;.0001) were also more common in males vs. females. The majority of all patients were clinically node negative (80.4% of males, 85% of females) and had AJCC clinical stage I or II disease (92.3% men, 95.2% women). Unilateral mastectomy was performed most commonly for men (67.1% men vs. 24.1% women, p&amp;lt;0.001), while women more frequently underwent partial mastectomy (64.7% women vs. 26.4% men, p&amp;lt;0.001). The rates of each surgery type remained disparate by gender and stable over the study period: male unilateral mastectomy rate 59.8% in 2004 and 66.1% in 2016; female partial mastectomy rate 65.9% in 2004, 68.4% in 2016. Modified radical mastectomy rates decreased in favor of simple mastectomy for both genders, 61.8% to 24.1% in males and 58.7% to 20.2% in females, 2004 to 2016. There was a similar overall increase in SLNB vs. ALND for all patients, though SLNB was not adopted as the more common procedure in male patients until 2009. In 2016, 78.2% of females and 65.3% of males underwent SLNB vs. 51.1% and 39.8% in 2004, respectively. Conclusions: Although breast-conserving therapy is the treatment of choice for female patients with early-stage breast cancer and could be similarly used to treat men with T1-T2 disease, the majority of male breast cancer patients continue to undergo unilateral mastectomy for early-stage disease. In more recent years, SLNB has surpassed ALND for men, mirroring the trend for women, though in a more delayed and gradual fashion. Partial mastectomy and SLNB warrant consideration for men with T1 and T2 breast cancer, in particular since male breast cancer patients present at older ages and with more co-morbidity than their female counterparts, and may benefit from de-escalation of surgical treatment. Citation Format: Rashi Singh, Lifen Cao, Anuja L Sarode, Michael Kharouta, Robert Shenk, Megan E Miller. Trends in breast and axillary surgery for T1-T2 male breast cancer: A study from the national cancer database [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS14-12.

National Trends of Sex Disparity in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline Writing Committee Authors Over 15 Years.

National Trends of Sex Disparity in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline Writing Committee Authors Over 15 Years.

Gender differences in ultradian serum levels of NGF and BDNF correlate with psychophysical traits in healthy humans.

We aimed at investigating the gender and/or ultradian pattern of serum levels of the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Blood samples were collected at the 8.00, 13.00 and 20.00 hours of the day in healthy men and women, and the neurotrophins concentration was measured in the serum by ELISA. A further aim of the study was to evaluate whether or not the NGF/BDNF variations might be related to specific physiological or psychological traits as mood, feeling good and feeling rested, sexual desire and energy. Heart rate and blood pressure were also monitored at the same hours in each enrolled subject. The anxiety (STAI-T and STAI-S score) and sleeping quality were once evaluated in the morning too. We found that serum BDNF increases in men and decreases in women from morning to evening, while NGF shows a similar ultradian profile between men and women, but with higher concentrations in women. Both neurotrophins also show gender-related associations with psychophysiological variables. High NGF levels correlated with a high score for all the psychological variables in men, but with a low score in women. An inverse correlation was found between BDNF and energy and sexual desire in women, while no correlations were found in men. These data disclose that the condition of well-being (or activity/arousal status) is featured by an increasing NGF profile in men and a negative BDNF/NGF trend in women. The clinical relevance of the present data is discussed.