Parts Of Tree Research Articles

Indicators to monitor the status of the tree of life.

Following the failure to fully achieve any of the 20 Aichi biodiversity targets, the future of biodiversity rests in the balance. The Convention on Biological Diversity's Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) presents the opportunity to preserve nature's contributions to people (NCPs) for current and future generations by conserving biodiversity and averting extinctions. There is a need to safeguard the tree of life-the unique and shared evolutionary history of life on Earth-to maintain the benefits it bestows into the future. Two indicators have been adopted within the GBF to monitor progress toward safeguarding the tree of life: the phylogenetic diversity (PD) indicator and the evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) index. We applied both to the world's mammals, birds, and cycads to show their utility at the global and national scale. The PD indicator can be used to monitor the overall conservation status of large parts of the evolutionary tree of life, a measure of biodiversity's capacity to maintain NCPs for future generations. The EDGE index is used to monitor the performance of efforts to conserve the most distinctive species. The risk to PD of birds, cycads, and mammals increased, and mammals exhibited the greatest relative increase in threatened PD over time. These trends appeared robust to the choice of extinction risk weighting. EDGE species had predominantly worsening extinction risk. A greater proportion of EDGE mammals (12%) had increased extinction risk compared with threatened mammals in general (7%). By strengthening commitments to safeguarding the tree of life, biodiversity loss can be reduced and thus nature's capacity to provide benefits to humanity now and in the future can be preserved.

Imputing Phylogenetic Trees Using Tropical Polytopes over the Space of Phylogenetic Trees

When we apply comparative phylogenetic analyses to genome data, it poses a significant problem and challenge that some of the given species (or taxa) often have missing genes (i.e., data). In such a case, we have to impute a missing part of a gene tree from a sample of gene trees. In this short paper, we propose a novel method to infer the missing part of a phylogenetic tree using an analogue of a classical linear regression in the setting of tropical geometry. In our approach, we consider a tropical polytope, a convex hull with respect to the tropical metric closest to the data points. We show a condition that we can guarantee that an estimated tree from the method has at most a Robinson–Foulds (RF) distance of four from the ground truth, and computational experiments with simulated data and empirical data from Clavicipitaceae, which contains more than 4000 genes, show the method works well.

Point2Tree(P2T)—Framework for Parameter Tuning of Semantic and Instance Segmentation Used with Mobile Laser Scanning Data in Coniferous Forest

Inthis study, we introduce Point2Tree, a modular and versatile framework that employs a three-tiered methodology, inclusive of semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, and hyperparameter optimization analysis, designed to process laser point clouds in forestry. The semantic segmentation stage is built upon the Pointnet++ architecture and is primarily tasked with categorizing each point in the point cloud into meaningful groups or ’segments’, specifically in this context, differentiating between diverse tree parts, i.e., vegetation, stems, and coarse woody debris. The category for the ground is also provided. Semantic segmentation achieved an F1-score of 0.92, showing a high level of accuracy in classifying forest elements. In the instance segmentation stage, we further refine this process by identifying each tree as a unique entity. This process, which uses a graph-based approach, yielded an F1-score of approximately 0.6, signifying reasonable performance in delineating individual trees. The third stage involves a hyperparameter optimization analysis, conducted through a Bayesian strategy, which led to performance improvement of the overall framework by around four percentage points. Point2Tree was tested on two datasets, one from a managed boreal coniferous forest in Våler, Norway, with 16 plots chosen to cover a range of forest conditions. The modular design of the framework allows it to handle diverse pointcloud densities and types of terrestrial laser scanning data.

Evaluation of drying kinetics, electric and emission study of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using microwave-assisted drying method

Indonesia is one of the most important countries in Asia for banana agriculture (Musa spp.). Some parts of the banana tree are widely utilized by humans, especially the leaves. Even the dried banana leaves also have many advantages, such as can be used in producing biogas. Appropriate and environmentally friendly drying methods are needed to minimize process energy consumption and remove moisture from biological products economically. Microwave-Assisted Drying can be an alternative to achieve high efficiency, low carbon, and good quality control in drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves. In order to optimize the drying process, mathematical models of drying kinetics, electric consumption, and environmental impact can also be investigated. Therefore, this study is to evaluate the best kinetics model for the drying behavior of Musa paradisiaca L. leaves by MAD and to determine the electric consumption and CO2 emission parameters of the drying process through a comparison of two drying methods (MAD and oven drying). The best model generated is Jena-Das model (264 W of microwave power) as indicated by R2, SSE, RMSE, MSE, X2 with a value of 0.998994, 0.001036, 0.010728, 0.000115, and 0.009298, respectively. Meanwhile, the electric consumption (Ec) for drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using MAD with 136 W of microwave power, 264 W of microwave power, and oven drying resulted in values of 0.0193, 0.0198, and 8.100 kW h, respectively. And CO2 emission produced on drying Musa paradisiaca L. leaves using MAD with 136 W of microwave power, 264 W of microwave power and oven drying are 0.0154, 0.0158, and 6.4800 kg, respectively.

The Early- to Latewood Transition Phenology Is Asynchronous between the Different Parts of Abies forrestii var. smithii in Jiaozi Mountain, Yunnan, China

Phenological synchronicity of different tree parts and habitats can provide valuable insights into the physiological relationships and regulatory factors of different phenologies. The earlywood (EW) to latewood (LW) transition of the xylem is a critical process closely related to the key functions and physiological processes of trees. This study investigated the phenology phase of the EW–LW transition in branches and stems of Smith fir (Abies forrestii var. smithii Viguié & Gaussen) along an altitude gradient (3600 m, 3800 m, and 4000 m) in Jiaozi Mountain, Yunnan, China, in 2021. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that branches transition earlier than stems, but the elevation does not affect the transition time. We monitored the EW–LW transition dates weekly using microcores and then correlated them to the climatic conditions and developmental processes. Our findings revealed that the EW–LW transition timing varied among the different parts of the tree but was synchronized across the different elevations. Furthermore, the transition always occurred earlier in branches than in the stem, but the difference narrowed with increasing altitude. The EW–LW transition was mainly influenced by photoperiod, which plays a crucial role as a signaling factor. Additionally, the tree crown was more sensitive to environmental changes than the stem. The transition time of stems was less sensitive to environmental factors than that of branches. Therefore, our results suggest that the earlywood to latewood transition is regulated by developmental factors, and the photoperiod may indirectly regulate the developmental process of trees as a signaling factor, thus regulating the earlywood to latewood transition time. Our study provides new insights into the developmental regulation and climate sensitivity of tree ring formation.

Up-Cycling of Olea europaea L. Ancient Cultivars Side Products: Study of a Combined Cosmetic-Food Supplement Treatment Based on Leaves and Olive Mill Wastewater Extracts.

In recent years, a reversal of the global economic framework has been taking place: from the linear model, there has been a gradual transition to a circular model where by-products from the agri-food industry are taken and transformed into value products (upcycling) rather than being disposed of. Olive tree pruning represents an important biomass currently used for combustion; however, the leaf part of the olive tree is rich in phenolic substances, including hydroxytyrosol. Mill wastewater is also discarded, but it still contains high amounts of hydroxytyrosol. In this study, cosmetic and food supplement formulations were prepared using biophenols extracted from leaves and wastewater and were tested in a placebo-controlled study on healthy volunteers using a combined cosmetic and food supplement treatment. A significant improvement in skin health indicators (collagen density, elasticity, etc.) and a 17% improvement against Photo-induced Irritative Stimulus was observed.

A Detail Story About Phytoconstituents and Clincial Uses of Narikela (Coconut, Cocos Nucifera): Drug Review

The Arecaceae plant species Cocos nucifera (L.), known as the "coconut tree," is the most widely distributed fruit tree in nature. Minerals, plants, and animals have traditionally been the primary suppliers of medications, and people have employed medicinal plants therapeutically throughout history. In ancient writings, Ayurveda describes the usage of Narikela (Cocos nucifera Linn., Arecaceae) for the treatment of several diseases. Lauric acid, capric acid and caprylic acid are some of the most important fatty acids found in coconut. There are only two main sources of lauric acid in the human diet: coconut and human breast milk. In addition to having antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, lauric acid also strengthens the immune system and has an anti-inflammatory effect. This article covers the broad aspect of properties and therapeutic actions of different useful parts of coconut tree.

Ratio estimators for aboveground biomass and its parts in subtropical forests of Brazil

Researchers on forest biomass seek to develop or find methods of simple application, whose estimators reveals the best performance and provide the additivity of the biomass parts. Tree biomass normally is obtained by scaling tree parts (stem, branches, and leaves) separately. When the biomass is modeled by parts of the tree, their sum does not match the total, which means lack of additivity in the tree biomass estimation. We aimed to test and propose a modeling technique for estimating total aboveground biomass, so that consistency between tree parts will be achieved. The techniques ‘ratio estimators’ and ‘weighted apparently unrelated nonlinear regressions (WNSUR)’ were tested using a biomass dataset with 387 trees. Data were collected in eight sites located in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where information was collected on diameter at 1.30 m aboveground (dbh), heights (total, stem and crown), total biomass aboveground and its parts: stem, branches and leaves. All trees were identified at species level. To adjust the ratio equations, the cylinder volume (vcl), based on the mean square diameter (dqi2), was used as the independent variable and the total aboveground biomass and the respective parts: stem, branches, and leaves, as dependent variables. The occurrence of heteroscedasticity in the ratio estimators indicated that the data should be stratified into two stages, the first by dbh and the second by the slope of the ratio between the total aboveground biomass and the vcl of each tree. To group the trees in the second stage, a posteriori, a discriminant analysis was applied. The standard errors of the estimate resulted in less than 4% for the ratio estimators, while for the WNSUR they reached values larger than 40% for the total biomass aboveground and its parts. The statistics: bias, MAE, MSE and RMSE showed better performance by ratio estimators when compared to the WNSUR, for the total biomass and its parts except for the bias towards the stem. Ratio estimators naturally provide additivity to biomass parts making it possible to improve the precisions of the estimates. In future work with forest biomass and its parts, more canopy variables should be collected to improve the stratification of trees within the diameter stratum. The total volume of the trees should also be estimated, if possible, via xylometry, to approximate the ratio coefficients of the total aboveground biomass, as much as possible, to the actual values of the specific gravity of the wood.

Extractable Compounds in a Birch Tree—Variations in Composition and Yield Potentials

Extractives from silver birch (Betula pendula) can play an important role in the future bioeconomy by delivering the feedstock, for instance, for antioxidative applications. It is, therefore, inevitable to gain knowledge of the distribution of extractive content and composition in the different tissues of the tree for estimating the potential volumes of valuable extractable compounds. This study examines the extractable compound distribution of different tree tissues such as outer and inner bark and wood, respectively, considering the original height of the stem and comparing the yields after Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Eleven parts of the model tree (seven stem discs and four branches) were separated into primary tissues and extracted with a ternary solvent system. The investigated extraction methods resulted in a comparable performance regarding yields and the composition of the extractives. The extractives were divided into single compounds such as betulin, lupeol, γ-sitosterol, and lupeone and substance groups such as carbohydrates, terpenes, aromatics, and other groups. The distribution of single substances and substance groups depends on the location and function of the examined tissues. Furthermore, the evidence for the correlation of a single substance’s location and original tree height is stronger for lupeol than for betulin. Primary betulin sources of the calculated betulin output are the outer bark of the stem and the branches. By using small branches, further potential for the extraction of betulin can be utilized. A model calculation of the betulin content in the current birch tree revealed a significant potential of 23 kg of betulin available as a valuable chemical resource after by-product utilization.

Resolving Marine-Freshwater Transitions by Diatoms Through a Fog of Gene Tree Discordance.

Despite the obstacles facing marine colonists, most lineages of aquatic organisms have colonized and diversified in freshwaters repeatedly. These transitions can trigger rapid morphological or physiological change and, on longer timescales, lead to increased rates of speciation and extinction. Diatoms are a lineage of ancestrally marine microalgae that have diversified throughout freshwater habitats worldwide. We generated a phylogenomic data set of genomes and transcriptomes for 59 diatom taxa to resolve freshwater transitions in one lineage, the Thalassiosirales. Although most parts of the species tree were consistently resolved with strong support, we had difficulties resolving a Paleocene radiation, which affected the placement of one freshwater lineage. This and other parts of the tree were characterized by high levels of gene tree discordance caused by incomplete lineage sorting and low phylogenetic signal. Despite differences in species trees inferred from concatenation versus summary methods and codons versus amino acids, traditional methods of ancestral state reconstruction supported six transitions into freshwaters, two of which led to subsequent species diversification. Evidence from gene trees, protein alignments, and diatom life history together suggest that habitat transitions were largely the product of homoplasy rather than hemiplasy, a condition where transitions occur on branches in gene trees not shared with the species tree. Nevertheless, we identified a set of putatively hemiplasious genes, many of which have been associated with shifts to low salinity, indicating that hemiplasy played a small but potentially important role in freshwater adaptation. Accounting for differences in evolutionary outcomes, in which some taxa became locked into freshwaters while others were able to return to the ocean or become salinity generalists, might help further distinguish different sources of adaptive mutation in freshwater diatoms.

Conflict-Driven Synthesis for Layout Engines

Modern web browsers rely on layout engines to convert HTML documents to layout trees that specify color, size, and position. However, existing layout engines are notoriously difficult to maintain because of the complexity of web standards. This is especially true for incremental layout engines, which are designed to improve performance by updating only the parts of the layout tree that need to be changed. In this paper, we propose Medea, a new framework for automatically generating incremental layout engines. Medea separates the specification of the layout engine from its incremental implementation, and guarantees correctness through layout engine synthesis. The synthesis is driven by a new iterative algorithm based on detecting conflicts that prevent optimality of the incremental algorithm. We evaluated Medea on a fragment of HTML layout that includes challenging features such as margin collapse, floating layout, and absolute positioning. Medea successfully synthesized an incremental layout engine for this fragment. The synthesized layout engine is both correct and efficient. In particular, we demonstrated that it avoids real-world bugs that have been reported in the layout engines of Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. The incremental layout engine synthesized by Medea is up to 1.82× faster than a naive incremental baseline. We also demonstrated that our conflict-driven algorithm produces engines that are 2.74× faster than a baseline without conflict analysis.

Spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles on trunks of standing Scots pine trees

Abstract The spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles landing and climbing stems of 12 grown and healthy Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) was examined in detail during a 3‐year trial. The beetles were sampled using sticky traps attached to the tree trunk at three tree parts (i.e., the trunk base, middle part of the trunk, and trunk in crown). Each tree part was sampled using two sticky traps facing opposite cardinal directions (north and south). In total, 4063 individuals representing 169 taxa of saproxylic beetles were yielded in the 1405 obtained samples. Remarkable interstrata diversification of saproxylic beetle assemblages reflecting distribution of breeding substrates in the forest stand was observed. Overall, species richness decreased considerably from the trunk base to the crown, with intermediate values for the middle part of the trunk. However, the abundance of mycetophages and saproxylophages decreased from the trunk base to the crown, with xylophages being the most abundant in the tree crown. The cardinal direction exhibited overall weak effects on abundance, species richness, and composition, but the occurrence of a few particular species was significantly associated with the south (13 species) or north (3 species) facing part of the trunk. Our results suggest that primary attraction and random landing strategies are combined during the substrate selection by many species. High variability in the importance of the studied explanatory variables was observed among taxa, which shows how the species composition recorded in any study might alter its general outcomes.

Multiplication Circuit Architecture for Error- Tolerant CNN-Based Keywords Speech Recognition

Approximate multiplication is an emerging circuit design technique for AI-based IoT devices which can reduce the energy consumption. A precision reconfigurable tensor multiplication unit (TMU) is proposed to explore the advantages for energy efficient approximate computing for error-tolerant convolutional neural network (CNN) based keywords speech recognition, which is a widely used human-machine interaction system. A positive-negative encoding method and a reorganization structure of partial products are proposed for the tensor multiplication. The partial products are further optimized by a hierarchical addition tree structure with fine-grained precision reconfigurable approximate computing. The imprecision parts of the addition tree are optimized with a low supply voltage. The effects of circuit configuration variations on accuracy and power consumption have been evaluated under 22nm process technology. The proposed approximate designs are applied to a CNN-based keywords speech recognition system. With the proposed approach, the energy efficiency of the CNN accelerator can be greatly improved with a power reduction of up to 44.1% at a loss in accuracy of less than 2%.

Management of Mango Powdery Mildew through Potential Organic Products

The present study was conducted at farmer’s field in Kyarakoppa village of Dharwad taluka, Karnataka, India during 2014–15 and 2015–16. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered as one of the most important fruit crop for millions of people in the world, particularly in India where it is deemed to be the choicest of all indigenous fruits. Mango powdery mildew caused by Oidium mangiferae Berthet is a severe disease that infects all parts of mango trees except the fruits. Organic production has recently increased the demand for environmental friendly control programs to eliminate the risk of fungicide and pesticide resistance so, it is important to study the alternatives from natural extractions. Hence, the present investigation was carried to evaluate the use of some eco-friendly compounds as alternatives to control the powdery mildew of mango. The results revealed that out of ten different treatments evaluated, the treatment T4 involving panchagavya @ 1:10 dilution has resulted in least mean disease severity of 30.27% and maximum net returns (` 1,12,900) as against 61.00% disease severity and minimum net returns (` 50,000) in the control. The treatment T4 was statistically on par with recommended fungicide sulphur @ 3 g l-1 which has resulted in 28.96% Disease Index over the years. However, the taste and smell were found to be superior with panchagavya sprayed trees which has produced yield 6.75 t ha-1 with cost benefit ratio of 5.11 as compared to C:B ratio of triadimefon (6.86) and sulphur (6.37).

Phenological variations in relation to climatic variables of moist temperate forest tree species of western Himalaya, India

Phenology, an important ecological attribute, deals with the development of vegetative and reproductive parts of trees called “phenophases”, which are important determinants of primary productivity and sensitive to climate change. The present study recorded various phenophases of major tree species (i.e., Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, and Myrica esculenta) as per the two-digit numerical system of Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. A total of 72 individual trees, twenty-four from each species, distributed between 1400 and 1980 m. a.s.l elevations were tagged and measured fortnightly for two consecutive years (2019–2021) in the moist temperate forest of Western Himalaya and compared with earlier existing records. Various phenophases were correlated with climatic factors along with duration and thermal time for each phenological growth stage. We found 24 growth stages for Q. leucotrichophora and M. esculenta and 28 for R. arboreum distributed across seven principal growth stages (e.g. bud development, 0; leaf development, 1; shoot development, 3; inflorescence development, 5; flower development, 6; fruit development, 7; and fruit maturation, 8) of trees as per BBCH scale. Maximum growing degree was 748.87 and 627.95 days recorded for R. arboreum and M. esculenta during leaf development, and 796.17 days for Q. leucotrichophora during fruit development. Flower emergence was observed pre, during, and post-emergence of new leaves for R. arboreum, M. esculenta, and Q. leucotrichophora, respectively, which varied at spatial scale with previous findings. Longevity of fruit development to ripening took 17, 4, and 2 months, respectively in Q. leucotrichophora, R. arboreum and M. esculenta. Duration of leaf initiation and flowering was positively correlated with climatic variables, whereas, the reverse was observed for fruiting in the studied tree species. The study concludes that the variations in phenophases of the three species were strongly influenced by climatic variations, especially minimum temperature. The result of the present study would be important in enabling us to formulate efficient forest management strategies by understanding the short-term adaptation of the climate-sensitive important tree species in the western Himalaya.

Ecological characteristics of pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) larval nests in pine and cedar forests of Algeria

Abstract. Bouzar-Essaidi K, Rahim N, Meftahi B, Benfekih L. 2023. Ecological characteristics of pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) larval nests in pine and cedar forests of Algeria. Biodiversitas 24: 2107-2113. The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the most serious pests of pine and cedar forests in Southern Europe and North Africa. In northern Algeria, outbreaks occur in the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forest, particularly in the semi-arid area and in the Atlas cedar forest (Cedrus atlantica) in the sub-humid elevation area. Under temperate and mountainous climates, the gregarious larvae of this winter-developing insect progressively build a large white, silky nest as a protective shelter during the winter period. We investigated the presence of nests and the environmental parameters (altitude, exposition) and their role in affecting the T. pityocampa density. Studies on nests of the pine processionary caterpillar were carried out in 2022 in two forest sites, namely Ghilas and El-Mroudj (NW Algeria). The mean (±SD) density of winter nests was higher in the cedar forest of El-Mroudj (1.22±0.26) than the Aleppo pine forest of Ghilas (1.62±0.60). The nest density differed with topographic orientation (F: 96.66, p<0.001). The nests of T. pityocampa caterpillars were directed mostly in the south side (the sunny part) of host trees, accounting for 48.5% and 43.5% of the total number of nests in El-Mroudj and Ghilas, respectively. At both sites, larval nest height was positively correlated with tree height (n = 126, P<0.001).

Seasonal Diet Variation of (Tetracerus quadricornis) Four-horned Antelope in Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India

In the ecosystem, the four-horned antelope were selective feeders by browsing and grazing plant species in different compositions. These species have adaptable characteristics to feed on nutritious parts of available shrubs and trees in their habitat. The study was conducted through fecal analysis studies on the diet of four-horned antelopes in Rangayyanadurga four-horned Antelope Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India. The study identified 95.7% of the plant species that occurred in the pellet sample, with 4.30% remaining unidentified. The percentage occurrence of dicots in the pellet sample was 80.85%, while monocots had a minimum occurrence of 19.15%. In point of growth forms, trees accounted for 34.52%, shrubs for 19.15%, herbs for 19.10%, grasses for 19.14%, and climbers for 3.5%. The Poaceae family had the highest composition percentage of occurrence in the diet with 19.13%, followed by Fabaceae at 17.53% in the diet of four-horned antelope. The study concluded that antelopes were adaptable in nature when it comes to the matter of food and survival, picking out the nutritious food that they need as available in nature. The composition of plant species in the diet helps in understanding the food habits and habitats of the four-horned antelope, which is essential for conservation and management in their natural habitat. This study provides valuable knowledge of the food habits and habitats of four-horned antelopes for further studies in this area.

Thermal and Viscoelastic Responses of Selected Lignocellulosic Wastes: Similarities and Differences.

Woody lignocellulosic biomasses comprise the non-edible parts of fruit trees. In recent years, the exploitation of this biomass has been widening in order to mitigate environmental issues. At the same time, this waste could be transformed into a value-added product (active carbon by pyrolysis, isolation of nanocellulose, oils or proteins). For either valorization path, a complete thermo-mechanical characterization is required. A detailed thermo-mechanical study (TGA, DSC, DMA) was performed on two types of lignocellulosic wastes, with and without kernels: on one side, the walnut shells (WS) and the pistachio shells (PsS) and, in the second category, the apricot seeds (AS), the date seeds (DS), and the plum seeds (PS). The results of the sample-controlled thermal analyses (HiRes TGA) evidenced a better resolution of the degradation steps of WS. Kinetic studies conducted also by conventional TGA (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) and modulated TGA (MTGA) allowed us to make comparative reasonings concerning the degradation of the investigated biomasses. The DMA results revealed the effect of water traces and oil kernels on relaxation and supported the atypical DSC endotherm emphasized in the freezing temperature domain.

Potentials of baobab in food systems

The current study aims to review the prospects for baobab domestication and cultivation, nutrient variability, food applications, industrial value and future potentials of the African baobab. The variations in nutrient content of baobab as seen in several studies could have arisen from differences in provenance the sample was obtained, age of the parent plant, as well as differences in soil and climate. Regardless, baobab is a rich source of nutrients, bioactives and functional polysaccharides, representing a huge market potential for food industries. It has garnered widespread interest as a functional ingredient for preventive health care and disease management. Due to approvals given by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC), baobab fruit pulp has gained widespread popularity as a novel food ingredient. In addition, baobab fruit pulp offered as a dietary supplement has been used in its naturally dehydrated form or processed into pills. There are huge information gaps on processing and safety of baobab seed oil, use of baobab seeds and leaf powder - a rich source of mucilage, in food systems. An industrially significant product from baobab are the functional polysaccharides which are a rapidly advancing application. Baobab plant parts, fruit pulp, kernels, whole seeds, funicles, leaves, empty fruit shells and roots all inclusive, are of significant value for their key role in nutrition and health, food security and economic welfare of the rural communities in regions where the trees are originally found. Both traditional and novel applications of the various parts of the baobab tree have been explored in this paper. These include use in edible products like gruels, jams, yoghurt, wines, juice etc. Application of extrusion processing as an economical means of value addition to baobab commodities has been reviewed, especially relating to the classification of baobab as a neglected and underutilized species (NUS).

Pengolahan Buah Aren Menjadi Produk Kolang-Kaling di Desa Kopi Kecamatan Bulango Utara Kabupaten Bone Bolango

The aren tree is a type of palm that has high economic value and is widely distributed in Indonesia, especially in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province. All parts of the palm tree from the leaves to the roots can be used. The superior products of aren as a source of food and energy include brown sugar, ant sugar, fresh sap, and fruit and are used for various handicraft products and building materials. The purpose of implementing PKM in the coffee village is to take advantage of the village's potential to develop the community's economy by making processed palm fruit into processed fruit and fro. The method used in this is assisting MSMEs so that they can develop according to technological developments. The results achieved in this PKM are processed palm fruit products in the form of fro which are already in packaging so that they can support the validity period or expiration date of processed palm fruit products.