Essential Oil Treatment Research Articles

Repeated Inhalation of Peppermint Essential Oil Improves Exercise Performance in Endurance-Trained Rats.

Peppermint essential oil, being natural and safe, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has long been a research interest in relieving fatigue and improving exercise performance. However, the related studies report controversial results, and the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we found that inhalation of peppermint essential oil significantly extended the exhaustion time in rats subjected to 2-week weight-bearing swimming training. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 2-week weight-loaded forced swimming regimen. Prior to each swimming session, the rats were administered peppermint essential oil via inhalation. An exhaustive swimming test was performed at the end of the protocol. Rats treated with essential oil had significantly extended time to exhaustion compared with exercised rats without essential oil treatment. In addition, treated rats also showed reduced oxidative damage induced by endurance exercise. Notably, the rats receiving two-week essential oil inhalation while not subjected to swimming training did not show improved exercise performance. The findings demonstrate that repeated inhalation of peppermint essential oil enhances the effects of endurance training and improves exercise performance partially by preventing oxidative damage.

Untargeted Metabolomics for Unraveling the Metabolic Changes in Planktonic and Sessile Cells of Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 after Treatment with Lippia origanoides Essential Oil.

Nontyphoidal Salmonella species are one of the main bacterial causes of foodborne diseases, causing a public health problem. In addition, the ability to form biofilms, multiresistance to traditional drugs, and the absence of effective therapies against these microorganisms are some of the principal reasons for the increase in bacterial diseases. In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of twenty essential oils (EOs) on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076 was evaluated, as well as the metabolic changes caused by Lippia origanoides thymol chemotype EO (LOT-II) on planktonic and sessile cells. The anti-biofilm effect was evaluated by the crystal violet staining method, and cell viability was evaluated through the XTT method. The effect of EOs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Untargeted metabolomics analyses were conducted to determine the effect of LOT-II EO on the cellular metabolome. LOT-II EO inhibited S. Enteritidis biofilm formation by more than 60%, without decreasing metabolic activity. Metabolic profile analysis identified changes in the modulation of metabolites in planktonic and sessile cells after LOT-II EO treatment. These changes showed alterations in different metabolic pathways, mainly in central carbon metabolism and nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Finally, the possible mechanism of action of L. origanoides EO is proposed based on a metabolomics approach. Further studies are required to advance at the molecular level on the cellular targets affected by EOs, which are promising natural products for developing new therapeutic agents against Salmonella sp. strains.

Jenipapo, Genipa americana L., essential oil and Curvularia lunata control: Potential mode-of-action; plant immune responses and selectivity against beneficial non-target organisms

The Curvularia leaf spot, caused by the phytopathogen Curvularia lunata L., is one of the most relevant foliar diseases in Neotropical fields of corn, Zea mays L. The management of C. lunata infection still is heavily dependent on the use of synthetic compounds. However, due to increasing numbers of control failure reports and the unintended environmental hazards caused by synthetic products, the use of bioactive molecules that combine fungicidal and plant protective activities have been suggested as promising alternative management tools. Here, we assessed the chemical composition and the potential of Jenipapo, Genipa americana L., essential oil for controlling C. lunata in corn leaves. We further evaluated whether the essential oil treatment would modify the plant immune responses (e.g., the activity of defense enzymes, soluble proteins, and foliar pigments) or cause any potential undesired effects in the beneficial fungi Trichoderma asperellum and the ladybeetles Coleomegilla maculata. Chemical composition analysis revealed that the aldehyde (E)-2-decenal was the major component (85.4 %) of the essential oil. The essential oil treatment controlled C. lunata in a preventive way, increased the plant-immunity responses in a concentration manner, and did not cause any detrimental effect on the T. asperellum growth rate nor on the ladybeetles’ survival and predatory abilities. In silico analyses further demonstrated the molecular interactions between the (E)-2-decenal and the C. lunata fungal tyrosine-tRNA ligase as a potential mode of action. Collectively, our findings indicate that Jenipapo essential oil has the potential to be used in the management of C. lunata infection.

Disease alleviating effects following prophylactic lemon and coriander essential oil treatment in mice with acute campylobacteriosis.

Given the worldwide increasing prevalence of human Campylobacter jejuni infections and the emergence of multi-drug resistant enteropathogenic strains, antibiotic-independent approaches applying non-toxic natural compounds for the treatment and prophylaxis of campylobacteriosis appear utmost desirable. In our placebo-controlled intervention study, we surveyed potential disease-alleviating including anti-pathogenic and immune-modulatory effects upon prophylactic oral application of lemon-essential oil (LEM-EO) and coriander-essential oil (COR-EO) in acute experimental campylobacteriosis. Therefore, secondary abiotic IL-10-/- mice were orally challenged with either LEM-EO or COR-EO starting seven days prior to peroral C. jejuni infection. Six days post-infection, slightly lower pathogen loads were assessed in the colon of mice from the LEM-EO as opposed to the COR-EO cohort if compared to placebo counterparts. Prophylactic application of both EOs improved the clinical outcome of acute campylobacteriosis which was paralleled by less distinct pathogen-induced colonic epithelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, mice subjected to LEM-EO and COR-EO prophylaxis displayed lower colonic numbers of macrophages/monocytes and of T lymphocytes, respectively, whereas in both verum groups, basal IL-6 and IFN-γ concentrations were measured in mesenteric lymph nodes on day 6 post-infection. The oral challenge with either EOs resulted in diminished secretion of distinct pro-inflammatory mediators in the kidney as well as serum samples derived from the infected mice. In conclusion, the results from our preclinical in vivo study provide evidence that LEM-EO and COR-EO constitute promising prophylactic measures to prevent severe campylobacteriosis which may help to reduce the risk for development of post-infectious sequelae in C. jejuni infected individuals.

Differences in Neurotransmitters Level as Biomarker on Sleep Effects in Dementia Patients with Insomnia after Essential Oils Treatment.

This study aimed to examine the effects of several essential oils on insomnia in dementia patients following transdermal treatment (aromatherapy). The mean change rates (%) of sleep biomarkers were compared between the single essential and jojoba (vehicle) oil massage groups in this study. The lavender (L) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant decrease in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary free cortisol, whereas the valerian (V) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine. In addition, a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary norepinephrine was observed in the chamomile (C) essential oil massage group only. Based on these results, valerian, lavender, and chamomile oils were mixed in different ratios to produce blending oils A (L:C:V=2:2:1), B (L:C:V=3:1:1) and C (L:C:V=1:3:1). The highest level of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine was observed after administering blending oil A. These results suggest that blending oil A might possess therapeutic effects against insomnia. Overall, it is hypothesized that the optimally blended essential oil will produce synergic effects when combined with hypnotic drugs.

Perbandingan Kualitas Minyak Atsiri Gagang Cengkeh Basah dan Kering (Eugenia aromaticum) dengan Metode Destilasi Uap Air

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of essential oils from wet clove handles and dry clove handles. The experimental design in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 treatments, namely wet handle and dry handle with 3 replications in each treatment. The results of this study showed that there was a significantly different interaction (p<0.05) including, water content, yield, refractive index, eugenol content between wet and dry clove handle treatments and the interaction did not have a significantly different interaction (p>0.05) including weight types between wet and dry clove handle treatment with moisture content value of wet clove handle 63.67% and dry clove handle moisture content 12.96%, essential oil yield value of wet clove handle 0.16% and essential oil yield of dry clove handle 0, 39%, the value of the specific gravity of wet clove handle essential oil 1044.22 g/ml and the dry clove handle essential oil value of 1042.22 g/ml, the value of the refractive index of the wet clove handle essential oil 1.471 and the refractive index of the dry clove handle essential oil 1.473, the value of eugenol content of wet clove handle essential oil 95.56% and dry clove handle essential oil 94.73%. The best essential oil treatment was found in the wet clove handle treatment with a value of 95.56% eugenol content.Keywords: clove handle, chemical characteristics, essential oil

Inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of cinnamon and clove essential oils on Botryosphaeria dothidea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing rots in postharvest bagging-free apple fruits.

Bagging-free apple is more vulnerable to postharvest disease, which severely limits the cultivation pattern transformation of the apple industry in China. This study aimed to ascertain the dominant pathogens in postharvest bagging-free apples, to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil (EO) on inhibition of fungal growth, and to further clarify the molecular mechanism of this action. By morphological characteristics and rDNA sequence analyses, Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) were identified as the main pathogens isolated from decayed bagging-free apples. Cinnamon and clove EO exhibited high inhibitory activities against mycelial growth both in vapor and contact phases under in vitro conditions. EO vapor at a concentration of 60 μL L-1 significantly reduced the incidence and lesion diameter of inoculated decay in vivo. Observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that EO changed the mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure and destroyed the integrity and structure of cell membranes and major organelles. Using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics, it was demonstrated that clove EO treatment impaired the cell membrane integrity and biological function via downregulating the genes involved in the membrane component and transmembrane transport. Simultaneously, a stronger binding affinity of trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol with CYP51 was assessed by in silico analysis, attenuating the activity of this ergosterol synthesis enzyme. Moreover, pronounced alternations in the oxidation/reduction reaction and critical materials metabolism of clove EO-treated C. gloeosporioides were also observed from transcriptomic data. Altogether, these findings contributed novel antimicrobial cellular and molecular mechanisms of EO, suggesting its potential use as a natural and useful preservative for controlling postharvest spoilage in bagging-free apples.

Role of plant essential oil nanoemulsions on host colonization by the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus

The development of effective control strategies targeting non-native ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) represents an emerging challenge. This is due both to their rapid spread into climatically suitable newly invaded regions rich in susceptible host plants and to the limited knowledge concerning sustainable management tools. In this context, the use of botanical insecticides, such as plant essential oils (EOs), is considered a promising option in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies as an alternative to conventional insecticides for sustainable crop protection. Here, the impact of five EO nanoemulsions (Rosmarinus officinalis L. cultivar verbenone, Carlina acaulis L., Laurus nobilis L., Cupressus sempervirens L., and Betula alba L.) on the choice behavior, host colonization and progeny production by the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) was evaluated under laboratory and semi-field conditions. The chemical composition of tested EOs was firstly evaluated by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Then, EO nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized through dynamic light scattering (DLS). Tested EO nanoemulsions showed single or bimodal droplet size distributions in the nanometric range. Results highlighted a significant repellent activity of R. officinalis cv. verbenone and C. acaulis EO nanoemulsions (at 3% EO concentration). However, the trend for repellence of the R. officinalis EO against the beetle was not confirmed at decreasing EO concentrations (i.e., 1% and 0.5%). Nanoemulsions based on C. acaulis EO significantly affected the beetle choices regardless of the tested EO concentration. Indeed, in no choice bioassays, a significantly lower number of individuals started infesting stems treated with these nanoemulsions. On the other hand, no effect of the EO treatment was found on the number of offspring produced by survived beetle females. The repellence by R. officinalis and C. acaulis EOs was confirmed in semi-field conditions. Overall, our findings provide new insights toward the use of R. officinalis and C. acaulis EOs as repellents of X. compactus, suggesting their future incorporation in non-chemical strategies, such as ‘push-pull’, as part of sustainable IPM packages targeting this invasive pest.

An evaluation of the thermoregulatory potential of in ovo delivered bioactive substances (probiotic, folic acid, and essential oil) in broiler chickens

Mitigating the negative effects of heat stress (HS) is a critical challenge for the global poultry industry. This study evaluated the thermoregulatory potential of 3 in ovo delivered bioactive substances using selected gut health parameters. Eggs were incubated and allotted to 5 groups, and respective bioactive substances delivered. These groups included-the noninjected, in ovo saline, in ovo folic acid (FA), in ovo probiotics (P), and in ovo essential oil (EO). At hatch, chicks were assigned to 5 new posthatch treatment combinations, including A) Negative control (NC)-noninjected eggs offered a basal corn-wheat-soybean diet, B) Antibiotics-NC+0.05% bacitracin methylene disalicylate, C) In ovo FA-eggs injected with FA+NC diet, D) In ovo probiotics-eggs injected with probiotics+NC diet, E) In ovo+in-water EO-eggs injected with EO and supplied EO via drinking water+NC diet. Birds were raised for 28 d in 8 replicate cages/treatment (6 birds/cage) and exposed to either a thermoneutral (24°C ± 0.2) or HS challenge (31°C) condition from d 21 to d 28. The in ovo delivered FA and EO treatments reduced (P < 0.001) hatchability by at least 26% compared to NC. Induced HS reduced (P < 0.001) total plasma protein, total antioxidant capacity, and villus width in the duodenum and jejunum. Independent of HS and compared to NC, the in ovo+in-water EO treatment resulted in (P < 0.05) at least a 15% increase in villus height: crypt depth across the 3 gut sections. The in ovo+in-water EO treatment also increased the relative mRNA expression of intestinal barrier-related genes (Claudin1,3,4, Occludin, Zona occludens-2, and Mucin 2). Under HS, the in ovo+in-water EO treatment recorded a 3.5-fold upregulation of amino acid transporter gene (SLC1A1), compared to NC. Subject to further hatchability optimization, the in ovo+in-water delivery of EO show potential to afford broiler chicken thermotolerance.

Improving the nutritional quality and bio-ingredients of stored white mushrooms using gamma irradiation and essential oils fumigation

Abstract Mushrooms are highly perishable in nature and deteriorate within a few days after harvesting due to their high respiration rate and delicate epidermal structure. Consequently, the shelf-life of freshly harvested mushroom is limited to 1–3 days at ambient condition. Hence, the current investigation was carried out to study γ-irradiation effects (1.5 and 2.0 kGy) and essential oils (EOs) fumigation including geranium (60 and 80 μL/L) and lemongrass (40 and 60 μL/L) on nutritional quality (Vitamins C and D2) as well as bio-ingredients such as total soluble proteins, phenolic and flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity were determined as an origin of potential natural antioxidant plus the profile of phenols and flavonoids identified by HPLC. As well as activities of some enzymes (PPO, SOD, PAL, and APX) of Agaricus bisporus mushroom at 4 °C during storage time for twelve days. The findings showed that there was a reduction in the contents of Vit. C and vitamin D2 in all mushroom samples during storage, where the essential oil treatment especially 60 μL/L of geranium and 40 μL/L of lemongrass gave the least decrease (3.42 and 3.28 mg/100 g FW, respectively) of ascorbic acid content compared to the other treatments while the irradiated samples (1.5, and 2.0 kGy) gave the lowest decrease of vitamin D2 (106.30 and 114.40 mg/kg DW, respectively) at the end of storage time. The content of the bio-ingredients content was affected by the storage periods, and the samples treated with oil fumigation gave the best content and the same trend happened with the antioxidant activity. The enzymes activity increased by the storage period, especially after 4 days of storage, and then the activity decreased after that. Quantification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds affected by storage periods in all treatments and the EO-treated mushrooms gave the best amount of them. Thus, samples of mushrooms treated with oil fumigation especially 60 μL/L of geranium and 40 μL/L of lemongrass can successfully increase the nutritional value plus maintain the value of the mushrooms during storage time.

Essential oils on the control of melon leafminer

Studies on the effect of essential oils for the control of melon leaf miner adults (Liriomyza trifolii Burgess) and the phytoxicity on melon plants (Cucumis melo L.) were carried out under green house and laboratory experiments with the aim to find the effectivity of essential oils to control this pest. Essential oils (treatments) used in the tests belonged to the following plant species: Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum kilimandshanicum, Lippia alba, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum micrantum, Lippia sidoides, Pipper aduncum, Citrus sinensis, Ocimum selloi and water as the control. In addition, two mixtures were evaluated: Mix 1 (Ocimum selloi + Pipper aduncum) and Mix 2 (Ocimum kilimandshanicum + Ocimum gratissimum). Each essential oil evaluated had the following dilutions: 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 7.0%, and 10.0%. The dilution 0.125% of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum kilimandshanicum, Ocimum seloi, Cimbopogon citratus, Lippia alba, Peper aduncum and Mix 2 presented the best results by not causing any phytotoxicity damage to melon leaves. The other dilutions were significantly different from the pattern water. As result, the essential oil of the species Ocimum kilimandshanicum with 0.125% caused 100.0% of mortality to melon leaf miner adults and it did not cause any phytotocixity damage to melon leaves. Therefore, these results suggest that this essential oil presents a high potential to be a future commercially friendly product against melon leaf miner pest.

Effects of essential oils released from active packaging on the antioxidant system and quality of lemons during cold storage and commercialization

The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, among others, of plant essential oils (EOs) to preserve the quality of fruit and vegetables have been widely studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the antioxidant system response in fruit and vegetables, especially in citrus fruit, due to EOs treatments. The antioxidant systems (antioxidant enzymes, ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acids contents and phenolic compounds) of the flavedo tissue of lemons packaged under cardboard packages without (control) or with encapsulated EOs (active; carvacrol:eugenol mix (80:20) in β-cyclodextrin) were hereby studied during cold storage (8 °C up to 35 d), with commercialization periods (22 °C for 5 d) after every 7 d of cold storage. The lemon quality (titratable acidity, pH, soluble solid content, external colour, firmness and microbial surface load) and nutritional/bioactive content of the lemon pulp (ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid contents, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity) were determined during cold storage and after commercialization periods. EOs released from the active packaging increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase/ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase and catalase in the flavedo tissue with maximum values after commercialization periods (80, 20, 160 and 50% higher than control samples) corresponding to previous cold storage for 7, 14 and 21 d, respectively. These antioxidant responses were also reflected in the ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid contents, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of the flavedo tissue. The active packaging highly controlled the microbial growth with 1.6-1.9 log units lower psychrophilic loads than control samples at the end of cold storage with also lower decay incidence after commercialization. The physicochemical quality, colour and firmness of lemons were not negatively affected by the active packaging. The nutritional/bioactive quality of the lemon pulp was increased after commercialization periods, particularly inducing EOs from the active packaging with higher total phenolic content increments (30-70%) than control samples (15-20%), while no ascorbic acid content differences were observed among active and control samples after commercialization. In conclusion, this study shows a detailed picture of the response of the antioxidant system in lemons due to the EOs released from the active packaging, with the antioxidant activity being increased while the quality of the lemons was not affected.

Effect of Eugenol, Vanillin, and β-Resorcylic Acid on Foodborne Pathogen Survival in Marinated Camel Meat

The combined inhibitory effect of essential oils (EOs) with meat-based marinades has not been fully studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to gauge the effect of a yogurt-based marinade when individually combined with three EOs, namely eugenol (EU), vanillin (VA), or β-resorcylic acid (BR) on camel meat cubes inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage. Fresh camel meat cubes of 10 g were inoculated with bacteria and dipped in the mixture of marinade and EO. Overall, the study had six EO treatments (EU 0.5%, EU 1%, VA 0.5%, VA 1%, BR 0.5%, and BR 1%) and two controls (meat without marinade and marinated meat). Treated meat cubes were stored at 4°C or 10°C for 1, 4, and 7 d. Adding only marinade to the camel meat at 10°C decreased the pathogens by 0.8–2.4 log CFU/g. At 10°C, BR decreased L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. by 2.0, 1.5, and 1.3 log CFU/g, while EU caused a decrease (p < 0.05) of 1.9, 1.2, and 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Similarly, VA caused a reduction in these microorganisms of 1.3, 1.1, and 1.0 log CFU/g, respectively (p < 0.05). The combination of marinade and EO resulted in a decrease of the pathogens ranging from 0.9–1.4 and 2.8–3.7 log CFU/g at 4 and 10°C, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy of EO alone or when combined with marinade was higher at 10°C than at 4°C with all three pathogens at both 0.5% and 1%. Overall, EOs were found to enhance the microbial safety of camel meat. In addition, they are antimicrobials that occur naturally, require a minimum investment, and may prove to be a great asset for marinated camel meat producers.

Coccidiosis in Small Ruminant and Antiparasitic Activity of Essential Oils

Coccidiosis have been reported to cause severe economic losses in small ruminants livestock industry. Subclinical coccidiosis is common among small ruminants and clinical occurs mainly in young's animals. Coccidiosis is caused by highly host-specific Eimeria species. Strategies to control traditionally rely on the use of management practices combined with anticoccidial treatments. The development of alternative, safer, and ecofriendly anticoccidial agents have become priority in most parts of the world. Essential oils have been shown to exhibit antiparasitic activity and may control protozoal pathogens. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of Eimeria species in sheep and goats and demonstrated life cycle, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and potency use of essential oils in the treatment of coccidiosis.

Effect Essential Oils of Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata Linn) on LDL and HDL in Male Rats Induced by Rifampicin

Introduction: Rifampicin is among the drug that causes liver damage through an increased level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Liver damage that occurs will disrupt lipoprotein metabolism, resulting in an increase of LDL and a decrease of HDL. Terpenoid compounds contained in essential oils of Annona muricata Linn were thought to have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect of essential oils from Annona muricata Linn on LDL and HDLserum level induced with rifampicin. Methods: This study was an experimental study with a control group post-test only design using 25 male rats which was divided into 5 groups. A negative control (KN) group was induced with corn oils and a positive control (KP) was induced with rifampicin + corn oils. Treatment group (P1, P2, and P3) were similar with KP but were added with essential oils with a dose of 1,5%, 3%, and 6%, respectively. This study was conducted for 6 weeks. At the end of study, the animals were sacrifice to examined LDL and HDL levels. Results were analysed using One Way ANOVA followed with a post hoc test using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Result: LDL levels between KP vs KN were significantly different. However, HDL levels between KP vs KN were not. These findings may be influenced by rifampicin dose, duration of induction, corn oils use, and serum hemolysis. Treatment of essential oils can reduce LDL levels significantly but, it wasn’t significant for HDL levels. Terpenoid and steroid compounds acts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, and was able to inhibit the formation of free radicals, therefore minimizing liver damage. Variations of doses of essential oils in this study was not shown to have a different effect significantly. Conclusion: Essential oils of Annona muricata Linn can reduce LDL, but was not effective in increasing HDL levels in male rats induced with rifampicin.

Effect of &lt;i&gt;Althaea rosea&lt;/i&gt; flower gum loaded with &lt;i&gt;Thymbra spicata&lt;/i&gt; (Zahter) essential oil coating on shelf life and quality of beef patties (Koefte) during cold storage

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Althaea rosea flower gum loaded with Thymbra spicata essential oils coating on packaged beef patties during cold storage. For this purpose, samples were evaluated in terms of pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and microbiological properties. In addition, texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed to evaluate the textural properties of the beef patties. The essential oil treatment to the beef patties had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on the pH values at the end of storage. The coating significantly affected the L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values (p&lt;0.05). A similar situation was also found for lipid oxidation (1.00 µmol MDA (g). The coated samples with essential oil-treated had the lowest values of total aerobic bacteria (3.29 log CFU/g), yeast and mold (2.99 log CFU/g), lactic acid bacteria (2.23 log CFU/g), and total psychrophilic bacteria (2.58 log CFU/g). While the effect of the coating on the adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness values of the beef patties at the end of storage was significant (p&lt;0.05), it did not affect other textural properties. Current research has shown that Althaea rosea flower gum can be used in edible coatings and, when fortified with Thymbra spicata essential oil, can be used in muscle foods for preservation and shelf-life extension.

Lavender Essential Oil as Antibacterial Treatment for Packaging Paper

Based on many years of experience, packaging is considered as an inactive barrier that protects materials and goods from environmental factors. The applicability of native chemical additive such as essential oils in wrapping papers can be used in the forms of films, treatments, coatings or others. Essential oils or extracts from different aromatic plants are used as bioactive substances for antimicrobial activity. In this research, lavender essential oil treatment of packaging papers is examined for its inhibition activity under nine microorganisms—two Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria, two yeast and two fungal strains. The effectiveness of the treatment on the structural and strength indicators of the obtained paper samples is monitored. In detail, a five-day examination is conducted on the antibacterial effectiveness of lavender essential oil treatment. Results indicate that the lavender treatment of the obtained packaging paper is successful and the antifungal effect is more pronounced. The antimicrobial efficiency of paper treated with lavender essential oil is between 60 and 90% in the first two hours after treatment and gradually decreases to 40%–50% at the end of the 120 h period. The lavender essential oil treatment of wrapping paper has a promising perspective for preserving products from microbial spoilage and extending their shelf life.

A new strategy: Inhibitory effect and mechanism of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil on Aspergillus flavus

Cymbopogon martinii (C. martini) essential oil can inhibit the growth and toxin synthesis of Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). In this study, C. martinii essential oil effectively inhibited radial growth, spore production, mycelium formation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis of A. flavus. It also significantly changed the morphology and ultrastructure of mycelium. C. martini essential oil significantly changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation level in mycelium, and ROS level increased significantly. According to proteomic analysis, 1604 membrane proteins of A. flavus have been identified. C. martinii essential oil treatment seriously damaged the integrity of the A. flavus cell membrane, and C. martinii essential oil treatment has destroyed 58 cell membrane proteins and released 157 membrane proteins. This study provided a new explanation for the inhibition mechanism of C. martinii essential oil on A. flavus, and also provided technical support for the application of C. martinii essential oil in mildew prevention.

Recent Advancement of Colorectal Cancer and Their Herbal Essential Oil Treatment

Colorectal cancer is the second most deadly type of cancer (CRC). In the upcoming decades, death and incidence rates would surely increase globally. Despite being disproportionately high in high-income countries, CRC-related mortality is also on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. Early diagnosis of CRC allows for both surgical and medicinal treatment options. Due to the high likelihood of recurrence and the rising rate of treatment failure brought on by cancer medicine resistance, it is regrettable that there is a significant treatment failure rate. Due to early discovery and treatment of CRC, there is a chance of survival in wealthy nations. Contrarily, these resources are noticeably scarce in less developed countries. It is crucial to inform the public about CRC's current situation, its cause, progression, risk factors, and therapy. As a result, we have included in this review all of the most recent data on the global epidemiology, drug resistance, challenges, risk factors, and preventative and therapeutic approaches for CRC. Guidelines for CRC prevention and therapy are briefly reviewed, as well as pathways of CRC developments.

"In vivo" and "in vitro" antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two phenolic compounds on clinical isolates of Candida spp.

A limited therapeutic arsenal is currently available against Candida infections that show high resistance to antifungal agents. For this reason, there is a great need to prioritize testing therapeutic agents for the treatment of candidiasis. The use of essential oils and their phytoconstituents has been emphasized as a new therapeutic approach. The cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), polysaccharide content, antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (OVEO), and its two phenolic compounds carvacrol and thymol were evaluated in four different Candida spp. (Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, such as C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei). The results showed the differences between Candida species; for example, C. tropicalis revealed higher resistance than other strains to different natural molecule treatments. The ultrastructural variabilities in the biomembranes and cell walls of these Candida spp. might explain the different biological effects observed after OVEO, carvacrol and thymol treatments. Therefore, to study the biological effects of these natural compounds on Candida strains, the samples were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the release of cellular materials and their "in vivo" antimicrobial activity on infected G. mellonella larvae were evaluated. The novelty of this study is the demonstration that exists a close correlation between both structural architecture of cell walls and biomembranes' organization with cell fungal responses to essential oils treatments. Overall, these results suggest practical limits to the predictability.