Treatment Bath Research Articles

Effect of a prewash on footbath contamination: a randomised control trial

FOOTBATHS have proven effective in controlling conditions such as digital dermatitis (Bell and others 2014). Yet, there is still relatively little published data on appropriate footbathing protocols, including use of...

Formation of photocatalytic plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on magnesium alloy by incorporation of TiO2 particles

Abstract Photocatalytically active plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on AM50 Mg alloy are reported in the present work. The photocatalytic activity was achieved via introduction of anatase (TiO2 particles) to the treatment bath. The photocatalytic performance of the coating was evaluated by measuring the degradation rate of aqueous methylene blue solution and was primarily related to the anatase content on the coating surface. Lower treatment voltage and a higher amount of particles in the electrolyte can be used to incorporate more anatase into the layer and generate superior photocatalytic coatings. The tailored and functionalized surface provides new functionality for magnesium alloys.

Evaluation on the Corrosion Resistance of Three Types of Galvanizing Steels in 1% H2SO4Solution

Galvanizing method has been extensively used to the numerous constructional steels such as a guard rail of high way, various types of structural steel for ship building and various types of steels for the industrial fields etc.. However, the galvanized structures would be inevitably corroded rapidly with increasing exposed time because an acid rain due to environmental contamination has been much dropped more and more. Therefore, it has been made an effort to improve the corrosion resistance of the galvanizing film through various methods. In this study, comparison evaluation on the corrosion resistance of three types of the samples, that is, the hot dip galvanizing with pure zinc(GI), the hot dip galvanizing of alloy bath with zinc and aluminum(GL) and the pure zinc galvanizing steel immersed again to chromate treatment bath(Chro.)were investigated using electrochemical methods in 1% <TEX>$H_2SO_4$</TEX> solution. The Chro. and GI samples exhibited the highest and lowest corrosion resistance respectively in 1% <TEX>$H_2SO_4$</TEX> solution, however, the GI sample revealed the highest impedance at 0.01 Hz due to its high resistance polarization caused by corrosion products deposited on the surface, while Chro. sample exhibited the lowest impedance at 0.01 Hz because of little corrosion products on the surface. Consequently, it is suggested that the chromate treated steel has a better corrosion resistance in acid environment compared to pure galvanizing(GI) or galvalume(GL) steels.

Characterisation and properties of homo- and heterogenously phosphorylated nanocellulose

Nano-sized cellulose ester derivatives having phosphoryl side groups were synthesised by phosphorylation of nanofibrilated cellulose (NFC) and nanocrystaline cellulose (NCC), using different heterogeneous (in water) and homogeneous (in molten urea) processes with phosphoric acid as phosphoryl donor. The phosphorylation mechanism, efficacy, stability, as well as its influence on the NC crystallinity and thermal properties, were evaluated using ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, potentiometric titration, capillary electrophoresis, X-ray diffraction, colorimetry, thermogravimmetry and SEM. Phosphorylation under both processes created dibasic phosphate and monobasic tautomeric phosphite groups at C6 and C3 positioned hydroxyls of cellulose, yielded 60-fold (∼1173mmol/kg) and 2-fold (∼1038mmol/kg) higher surface charge density for p-NFC and p-NCC, respectively, under homogenous conditions. None of the phosphorylations affected neither the NC crystallinity degree nor the structure, and noticeably preventing the derivatives from weight loss during the pyrolysis process. The p-NC showed high hydrolytic stability to water at all pH mediums. Reusing of the treatment bath was examined after the heterogeneous process.

The corrosion performance and adhesion properties of the epoxy coating applied on the steel substrates treated by cerium-based conversion coatings

The surface morphology and composition of the cerium-based conversion coatings (Ce) were studied for the St-37 steel substrate which was post-treated in an ambient temperature zinc phosphate chemical treatment bath (Ce–Zn). Then, the epoxy/polyamide coating was applied on the substrates treated with Ce, Zn and Ce–Zn chemical treatments. The surface characterization and electrochemical investigations were made by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measuring device, pull-off test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results revealed that the epoxy coating applied on the Ce–Zn treated sample showed the highest adhesion and corrosion protection properties.

Low Temperature Softening Modification of Ramie Fabrics

The rigid nature of ramie hairiness on fabrics cause severe itching feeling, which limited the application of ramie fabrics requiring for direct contact to skin. Current modification methods for ramie fabrics are ineffective, expensive or harmful to the main body of fabric. In our research, a low temperature softening method for ramie fabrics in NaOH, urea, glycerol, and Na2B4O7 treatment bath was developed and proven to be efficient in lowering the stiffness and scratchiness of ramie fabrics without significant adverse effect on the fabric strength. Since it is possible to reuse the chemical agents, this treatment was relatively cheap and environmentally friendly.

Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Quality of Hemp Fiber

An orthogonal experimental design was employed to study the effects of the bath ratio, time, and alkali dosage of alkali treatment on the chemical composition, fineness, average length, and staple rate of hemp fiber. Through normalization and average weight distribution of multiple indices, the quality of hemp fiber was quantified. Results of range analysis showed that the optimum quality of hemp fiber can be achieved under the following conditions: alkali treatment bath ratio, 1:10; time, 5 h; alkali dosage, 10 g/L; and length of hemp fiber, 16 mm to 29 mm. The reliability and repeatability of the best experimental conditions were further confirmed.

Effect of Vacuum Heat Treatment and Salt Bath Heat Treatment Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Hot Work Die Steel

Effect of Vacuum Heat Treatment and Salt Bath Heat Treatment Conditions on Mechanical Properties of Hot Work Die Steel

Enhanced Antibacterial Properties of Polyester and Polyacrylonitrile Fabrics Using Ag-NP Dispersion/Microwave Treatment

A Ag-nanoparticle (Ag-NP) dispersion was successfully synthesized using a glucose/Ag-nitrate/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/sodium hydroxide reduction formulation. The resultant Ag-NP dispersion was successfully used alone and in combination with Disperse Orange 31 or Basic Blue 9 dyes to impart antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria to polyester and polyacrylonitrile fabrics respectively using microwave treatment. An increase in Ag-NP dispersion concentration by 50% and prolonged microwave irradiation by two minutes significantly improved the antibacterial performance. The EDX spectrum of the Ag-NP loaded substrates confirmed the presence of elemental Ag (Ag0) on the fabrics’ surface. Addition of selected disperse or basic dye to the Ag-NP treatment bath produced disperse or basic dyeings with darker depth of shades and remarkable antibacterial functionality.

Phosphate-Free Protective Nanoceramic Coatings for Galvanized Steel Sheet with H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Additive

Environmentally friendly anti-corrosion surface treatment reinforced by nano-ceramic metal oxide particles were developed as a protective layer for galvanized steel. The treatment bath is based on a nano-ceramic conversion coating composed of dilute hexafluorozirconic acid with small quantities of additive components containing H2O2. The corrosion resistance of treated substrate was compared to samples treated in phosphate conversion coating bath and in a hexafluorozirconic acid without the addition. The effect of other parameters such as pH solution and H2O2 concentration as oxidant on coating morphology were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM/EDS) was used to characterize the coating surface morphology. Utilizing DC polarization and salt spray test were performed on the treated substrate for studying the corrosion performance of the coatings. During surface examination, uniform distribution of Zr along the surface of all treated samples was observed. Results of corrosion tests showed that phosphate-free coating have a higher corrosion resistance than simple galvanized steel samples and provided long term corrosion performance comparable to that of phosphate. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Bath vs. oral psoralen plus ultraviolet A: is one more effective than the other?

ORIGINAL ARTICLE, p 704 Although psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) was introduced more than 30 years ago as a highly effective treatment of psoriasis,1 2 there is a paucity of controlled studies. Indeed, it was not until recently that the efficacy of PUVA was confirmed in a placebo‐controlled study using the PASI 75 (75% or more improvement of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) reduction rate as a new standard enabling better comparison with other antipsoriatic treatments. Berneburg et al.3 have now compared, in a randomized, multi‐centre study of five institutions, bath vs. oral PUVA and found equal efficacy. Both treatments significantly reduced the PASI as determined by an intention‐to‐treat analysis in the 74 patients enrolled. Within 6 weeks of treatment bath PUVA reduced the median PASI by 74% whereas oral PUVA diminished it by 62% (P = 0·389). These results are consistent with other recent reports on PUVA in psoriasis revealing PASI 75 in 60% and 69% of the patients, using nonresponder imputation4 or a modified worst‐case scenario analysis.5

Nano photo scouring and nano photo bleaching of raw cellulosic fabric using nano TiO2

Photo catalytic action of nano TiO2 for decomposing of some organic compounds is a well known phenomenon. This can be extended to the application on nano TiO2 on the desized cotton fabric to decompose the hydrophobic impurities and coloring matters of the fabric. This can be nominating as a replacement for the conventional scouring and bleaching processes on cotton fabric producing the hydrophilic white cotton fabric. The photo activities of the nano TiO2 on the desized cotton through decomposition of the cotton impurities compared for two different light exposures: UV rays and daylight. The desized cotton fabrics treated in the ultrasonic bath containing a colloidal aqueous solution of nano TiO2/citric acid (CA)/sodium hypophosphite (SHP). Incorporating CA in the treatment bath enhanced the treatment durability against washing, created a durable hydrophilic white cotton fabric even after several successive washings. Increasing the nano TiO2 content enhanced the fabric hydrophilicity and whiteness features. Overall, the nano photo scouring and nano photo bleaching on the cotton fabric introduced and thoroughly discussed. This gains the application of nano TiO2 on textile materials besides the other well known characteristics obtained on the textiles including self-cleaning, antibacterial and UV protection.

Study on prolonging the working time of silane solution during the silylation process on carbon steel

PurposeIn the industrial silylation process, the cost of production can be greatly reduced by reducing the frequency of the replacement of the silane solution. The purpose of this paper is to describe how a method of discontinuous addition of concentrated solution into the KH560 treatment bath was developed, to improve further the effective availability of the silane solution and reduce cost of production.Design/methodology/approachThe preparation and addition of each incremental amount of concentrated KH560 was studied in detail.FindingsThe results indicate that adding concentrated silane solution is an effective method of maintaining the target bath concentration.Originality/valueThe paper describes how a method of adding concentrated KH560 was developed to prolong the working time of KH560 solution for silane coating production, and to improve the availability of the KH560 in solution. The results indicated that adding concentrated solution was an effective method of prolonging the working time of the silane solution. The mixture ratio of the concentrated solution, and the volume of each incremental amount, both affected the performance of the KH560 solution.

Comparative Effects of Microwave and Water Bath on the Packing Films of Milk

Milk is heated by microwave or conventional water bath in our daily lives. To investigate the influence of heating modes on food package safety, the present work is designed to compare the changes to packaging materials of milk subjected to microwave treatment and water bath. The mechanical properties of milk package materials were compared, and the migration of harmful substances from the films was analyzed. The results showed that the microwave and water-bath treatments could both influence the mechanical properties of the film. For the heat-sealing strength, the susceptibility of the package materials from different manufacturers was varied. For the tensile strength, the changes were obvious after treatment. Both treatments could induce migration, but the amounts of migrating materials were within the limit permitted by the national standard.

Effects of organic and inorganic treatment agents on the formation of conversion layer on hot-dip galvanized steel: An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study

The formation of a Cr-free conversion layer on hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel involves various interfacial processes which radically influence the composition of the coating and thus its performance. Here, we investigate the role of the main constituents contained in the treatment bath, the polymeric compounds and manganese phosphate species, by using derivative versions from the standard solution. A detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis allowed distinction between oxygen originating from polymeric compounds and oxygen of inorganic nature in oxides/hydroxides or phosphate species. Our results revealed that manganese phosphate present in the treatment bath promotes the polymer adsorption on HDG substrate. Angle-resolved XPS and depth profile showed the presence of TiO 2 layer on the outer part of the conversion layer, when polymeric compounds are not detected.

Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents for Familial Mediterranean Fever Patients With Chronic Arthritis and/or Sacroiliitis Who Were Resistant to Colchicine Treatment

Effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents in colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients has attracted attention in recent years. We analyzed the effect of anti-TNF agents on clinical findings of colchicine-resistant FMF patients with chronic arthritis and/or sacroiliitis. Data from 10 FMF patients (5 male and 5 female patients: mean age, 30.1 [SD, 8.5] years) with chronic arthritis and/or sacroiliitis who were on anti-TNF agents are reviewed. Frequency of FMF attacks before and after treatment with anti-TNF agents was recorded from hospital files. The effects of the anti-TNF treatment were determined by using the number of tender and/or swollen joints, serum acute phase reactant levels, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index scores. Change in urine protein loss was also evaluated in patients with amyloidosis. In 6 patients, FMF attacks had been considered to be unresponsive to colchicine, and 4 patients were partial responders before treatment with anti-TNF agents. Mean attack frequency of the patients in the 3 months' period before anti-TNF agent treatment was 3.8 (SD, 3.1). After anti-TNF treatment, in 3 patients, FMF attack frequency decreased, and in the remaining 7 patients, no attack occurred. Serum acute phase reactant levels were decreased significantly at 3 and 6 months after anti-TNF treatment (P < 0.05 for all). After anti-TNF treatment Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index scores were also decreased significantly (6.2 [SD], 1.7 vs. 2.1 [SD], 1.7; P = 0.012). In all 3 patients with amyloidosis, urine protein loss decreased without any increase in serum creatinine levels. Anti-TNF treatment can have beneficial effects for controlling FMF attacks in FMF patients with chronic arthritis and/or sacroiliitis.

In vivo efficacy of praziquantel against Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) parasitizing the great pond snails Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

The present study had a practical goal. I aimed to determine whether praziquantel could reduce the production of Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) cercariae in infected snails Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) without killing the hosts. Praziquantel is a broad-spectrum antihelminth agent. It caused a total cessation of cercaria shedding when the praziquantel concentration in the treatment bath was 10mg/L and the treatment time was 30h or longer. A next research step which has to be taken before giving detailed recommendations about using praziquantel for ceasing production of E. aconiatum cercariae in parasitized snails is to follow the survivorship and performance of treated snails after a praziquantel exposure for longer than in this medium-term (3days) experiment.

Hexafluorozirconic acid based surface pretreatments: Characterization and performance assessment

A new phosphate-free pretreatment from Henkel Corp. named TecTalis ®, was investigated. The treatment bath is composed of dilute hexafluorozirconic acid with small quantities of non-hazardous components containing Si and Cu. The corrosion resistance of treated steel was compared to samples treated in a phosphate conversion coating bath, in simple hexafluorozirconic acid and in TecTalis without the addition of the Cu-containing component. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the coating surface morphology, structure and composition. A Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) was used for studying film growth kinetics on thin films of pure Fe, Al and Zn. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on treated and painted steel for studying long-term corrosion performance of the coatings. The phosphate-free coating provided long-term corrosion performance comparable to that of phosphate conversion coatings. The coatings uniformly cover the surface in the form of 10–20 nm sized nodules and clusters of these features up to 500 nm in size. The coatings are usually about 20–30 nm thick and are mostly composed of Zr and O with enrichment of copper at randomly distributed locations and clusters.

EIS study on the corrosion performance of a Cr(III)-based conversion coating on zinc galvanized steel for the automotive industry

The corrosion performance of a new industrial Cr(III)-based conversion coating on zinc galvanized FeP04 steel for the automotive industry was studied. For comparison, the zinc galvanized steel submitted to a Cr(VI)-based passivation treatment was also examined. The corrosion behavior was assessed by means of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in aerated 0.1 M NaCl solution. The behavior of untreated zinc galvanized FeP04 steel in aerated 0.1 M NaCl solution was also studied. The results obtained indicate that with the same thickness, the coating generated in the Cr(III) treatment bath exhibits better corrosion properties compared to the coating formed in the Cr(VI) treatment bath. The difference in the corrosion protection given by the two conversion coating types can be ascribed to the difference in the chromium content and coating composition.

Bioencapsulation of Praziquantel in Adult Artemia

A description of bioencapsulation of praziquantel in adult Artemia for 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, and 10 g/L treatment baths is presented. Praziquantel was detected in adult brine shrimp tissue after enrichment periods of 15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, and 24 hr. The assays were performed using high performance liquid chromatography. There was variable uptake by Artemia at all three bath treatments over time. Despite early variability, all three baths showed a terminal increase in praziquantel concentration. Highest concentration of praziquantel was seen in the initial sample (5 g/L) or the last sample (2.5 g/L and 10 g/L). The highest concentration of praziquantel at any one point was observed in the 5 g/L treatment bath at 15 minutes. Based on percentage, more praziquantel was incorporated into shrimp at the 10 g/L than either of the other treatments. Non-predictable fl uctuations were seen in the concentration of praziquantel in both the treatment water and control water. Concentration of praziquantel in the control water increased in each treatment group over each of the fi nal three time points. Neither total praziquantel in the treatment bath (shrimp and water) or the control bath were consistent among any treatment group. Survival of shrimp was not affected by concentration, but decreased over time in all treatment baths comparatively. It can be concluded that praziquantel can be successfully, but not reliably, bioencapsulated in adult Artemia .