Transverse Part Research Articles

Biomechanical properties of animals bones and the influence of oncologic drug on pig femur

Over the years, we have seen how, thanks to experimentation on animal models, the foundations have been laid in the field of implantology. In most cases, studies related to the bone scale are carried out on the species that are most similar in their movements and behavior to humans. The femur has been selected as the reference bone for our test, selecting as animals to experiment with the goat breed, the bovine breed and the porcine breed for their similarity to the human body, obtaining specimens of the cortical part of the bone. Destructive bending tests will be carried out in the same way on each of the femur fragments of each animal. When interpreting the results, we will be guided by taking sections of the transverse and longitudinal part of the bone, performing the tests in both cases inside the femur, and once the results have been obtained, we will proceed to their subsequent evaluation. We relate the bone resistance of the samples to the effect of an oncological drug, Altan Zolendronic Acid 4 mg/ 100 ml solution for perfusion EFG, administered in cases of bone metastasis.

Intrahepatic branching of the portal vein in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) and American mink (Neovison vison)

The study aimed to evaluate the comparative anatomy of the liver and intrahepatic branching of the portal vein of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) and the American mink (Neovison vison). Due to their highly valuable fur, minks have expanded their range to many parts of Europe and become available for many biomedical studies. In this study, ten adult minks and five otters were used. The intrahepatic branching of the portal vein was studied by the combined injection and dissection technique. The macroscopic anatomy of the liver revealed that both species have six-lobed livers, although differences in shape, size and some additional fissures were documented. The portal vein, upon entering the liver, divides into the right and left branches. The branching pattern in otters had an additional branch at this level with a caudate process branch. The right branch of the portal vein ramified in the right lateral lobe and the caudate process in the mink livers, while the right branch in the otter livers only distributed functional blood to the right lateral lobe. The larger left portal branch, with its transverse and umbilical parts, ramified in the left liver portion, along with the quadrate, right medial lobe and papillary process.

Ultrastructural focus on the oral cavity roof of the juvenile and adult white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus): Novel view of its development with carnivorous adaptation.

The present study aims to characterize the ultrastructural roof of the oral cavity roof in juvenile and adult Epinephelus aeneus using SEM. The investigation used 10 roofs of the oral cavity of juvenile and adult stages of age. The results in both age groups showed that the roof had five tooth bands, an upper valve, and a palatine region. The upper lip was divided into the anteriorly median and two lateral parts. The posterior margin of the anterior labial part is not attached to the incisive or canine teeth. The anterior surface of the canine teeth was attached to the transverse part of the upper incisive ridge that was separated from the posterior labial part by a deep groove. The semilunar upper velum showed two surfaces, two borders, and two parts. The median part of the oral surface of the velum carried the extension of the longitudinal part of the upper incisive ridge that had some variation among the two examined age stages. In addition, the median part of the oral surface of the upper velum had two rough areas located laterally on each side of the longitudinal part of the upper incisive ridge. The oral surface had several slightly elevated fungiform papillae with taste buds. The palatine region was divided into the peripheral semilunar part and the wide median part, by palatine teeth and the palatine groove laterally and by vomer teeth anteriorly. The results provided important data for the aquaculture in Egypt in relation to their diet.

Immunofluorescence analysis of sensory nerve endings in the periarticular tissue of the human elbow joint.

To investigate the dynamic aspects of elbow stability, we aimed to analyze sensory nerve endings in the ligaments and the capsule of elbow joints. The capsule with its anterior (AJC) and posterior (PJC) parts, the radial collateral ligament (RCL), the annular ligament (AL), and the ulnar collateral ligament with its posterior (PUCL), transverse (TUCL) and anterior parts (AUCL) were dissected from eleven human cadaver elbow joints. Sensory nerve endings were analyzed in two levels per specimen as total cell amount/ cm2 after immunofluorescence staining with low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, protein gene product 9.5, S-100 protein and 4',6-Diamidin-2-phenylindol, Carbonic anhydrase II and choline acetyltransferase on an Apotome microscope according to Freeman and Wyke's classification. Free nerve endings were the predominant mechanoreceptor in all seven structures followed by Ruffini, unclassifiable, Golgi-like, and Pacini corpuscles (p ≤ 0.00001, respectively). Free nerve endings were observed significant more often in the AJC than in the RCL (p < 0.00002). A higher density of Ruffini endings than Golgi-like endings was observed in the PJC (p = 0.004). The RCL contained significant more Ruffini endings than Pacini corpuscles (p = 0.004). Carbonic anhydrase II was significantly more frequently positively immunoreactive than choline acetyltransferase in all sensory nerve endings (p < 0.05). Sensory nerve endings were significant more often epifascicular distributed in all structures (p < 0.006, respectively) except for the AJC, which had a pronounced equal distribution (p < 0.00005). The high density of free nerve endings in the joint capsule indicates that it has pronounced nociceptive functions. Joint position sense is mainly detected by the RCL, AUCL, PUCL, and the PJC. Proprioceptive control of the elbow joint is mainly monitored by the joint capsule and the UCL, respectively. However, the extreme range of motion is primarily controlled by the RCL mediated by Golgi-like endings.

Pelvic incidence-guided reduction in transverse parts of U-shaped sacral fractures: Technical recommendations.

The purpose of this study is to present a surgical technique that simultaneously reduces and fixates the transverse parts of U-shaped sacral fractures. The sacral fracture was exposed through a posterior median approach. In a flexion injury, the rotation of the lower sacral segment is reduced by distraction along a pre-curved rod. Then, lordotic restoration is performed with a Weber clamp placed at the lower sacral segment through dragging. In an extension injury, longitudinal distraction is performed along the spinopelvic rod to reduce the vertical displacement. Next, the transverse displacement is reduced by a dissector placed between the upper and lower sacral segments through levering. The sagittal reduction on the lateral pelvic view was judged by PI. A regression analysis of Oswestry disability index (ODI) with Z-scores of PI, lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic tilt (PT) was performed. At the 1-year follow-up, the average PI, LL, SS, and PT values were 51.6 (range: 43.1-76.0), 44.8 (34.6 - 60.1), 35.4 (18.1 - 48.0), and 16.7 (2.2-35.4) degrees, respectively. All patients were able to maintain an upright stance. The average ODI was 27.6% (2-72%). Surprisingly, the regression analysis demonstrated a significant linear relationship between ODI and LL (R2 = 0.367, p = .048) but not between ODI and PI (R2 = 0.227, p = .138). Using PI as guidance, the surgical procedures were helpful to reduce the PI of transverse sacral fractures into the normal range. However, the relationship between PI and the prognosis remains to be evaluated by future researches.

Erratum: Pseudogauge field driven acoustoelectric current in two-dimensional hexagonal Dirac materials [Phys. Rev. B 105 , 125407 (2022)

Using a diagrammatic scheme, we study the acoustoelectric effects in two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal Dirac materials due to the sound-induced pseudo-gauge field. We analyze both uniform and {\em spatially dispersive} currents in response to copropagating and counterpropagating sound waves, respectively. In addition to the longitudinal acoustoelectric current, we obtain an exotic {\em transverse} charge current flowing perpendicular to the sound propagation direction owing to the interplay of transverse and longitudinal gauge field components $j_T\propto A_L A^\ast_T$. In contrast to the almost isotropic directional profile of the longitudinal uniform current, a highly anisotropic transverse component $j_T\sim\sin(6\theta)$ is achieved that stems from the inherited three-fold symmetry of the hexagonal lattice. However, both longitudinal and transverse parts of the dispersive current are predicted to be strongly anisotropic $\sim\sin^2(3\theta)$ or $\cos^2(3\theta)$. We quantitatively estimate the pseudogauge field contribution to the acoustoelectric current that can be probed in future experiments in graphene and other 2D hexagonal Dirac materials.

Nonresonant particle acceleration in strong turbulence: Comparison to kinetic and MHD simulations

Collisionless, magnetized turbulence offers a promising framework for the generation of nonthermal high-energy particles in various astrophysical sites. Yet, the detailed mechanism that governs particle acceleration has remained subject to debate. By means of 2D and 3D particle-in-cell, as well as 3D (incompressible) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we test here a recent model of nonresonant particle acceleration in strongly magnetized turbulence [Lemoine, Phys. Rev. D 104, 063020 (2021)], which ascribes the energization of particles to their continuous interaction with the random velocity flow of the turbulence, in the spirit of the original Fermi model. To do so, we compare, for a large number of particles that were tracked in the simulations, the predicted and the observed histories of particles momenta. The predicted history is that derived from the model, after extracting from the simulations, at each point along the particle trajectory, the three force terms that control acceleration: the acceleration of the field line velocity projected along the field line direction, its shear projected along the same direction, and its transverse compressive part. Overall, we find a clear correlation between the model predictions and the numerical experiments, indicating that this nonresonant model can successfully account for the bulk of particle energization through Fermi-type processes in strongly magnetized turbulence. We also observe that the parallel shear contribution tends to dominate the physics of energization in the particle-in-cell simulations, while in the magnetohydrodynamic incompressible simulation, both the parallel shear and the transverse compressive term provide about equal contributions.

Comparative histomorphological analysis of elbow ligaments and capsule

This study aimed to compare the histomorphology of the elbow capsule and its ligaments to gain a better understanding of the clinically relevant biomechanical stabilization. Eleven human elbows were dissected including the joint capsule with its anterior (AJC) and posterior (PJC) parts, the annular ligament (AL), the radial collateral ligament (RCL) and the ulnar collateral ligament with its anterior (AUCL), posterior (PUCL) and transverse (TUCL) parts. Hematoxylin-Eosin and Elastica van Gieson as conventional histology stainings were applied to determine collagenous and elastic fiber arrangements in transmission and polarization light microscopy. The radial collateral ligament and the anterior part of the ulnar collateral ligament showed significantly more densely packed parallel fiber arrangement than the anterior joint capsule, the posterior joint capsule, and the posterior part of the ulnar collateral ligament (p < 0.02, respectively). The PUCL had significantly more mixed tight and loose parallel arrangements than the PJC, the annular ligament, the RCL, the AUCL and the transverse part of the ulnar collateral ligamentp < 0.02, respectively), while the PJC showed significantly more interlaced mixed tight and loose fiber arrangement than the AL, the RCL and the AUCL (p < 0.003, respectively). The AJC had a significantly higher amount of elastic fibers as compared to the AL, the RCL, the AUCL and the TUCL in fascicular regions (p < 0.04, respectively), while the AUCL had significantly lesser elastic fibers than the AJC and the PJC (p < 0.004, respectively). The densely packed parallel fiber arrangement and few elastic fibers of the AUCL, RCL, and AL indicate a strong biomechanically stabilizing function. The fiber arrangement of the PUCL and the TUCL with few elastic fibers support the medial elbow stabilization. Crimping and elastic fibers provide the viscoelasticity of the joint capsule.

Combined Coulombic and magnetic contributions to dispersion in e + C12 collisions

Dispersion corrections to elastic electron scattering from a $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ nucleus are calculated within the second-order Born approximation. Three strong transient nuclear excitations are considered, at 4.439 MeV $({2}^{+})$, 17.7 MeV $({1}^{\ensuremath{-}}),$ and 23.5 MeV $({1}^{\ensuremath{-}})$. The Friar-Rosen-type Coulomb term is supplemented with the transverse part of the photon propagator. It is found that the dispersive cross-section changes in the first diffraction minimum reach nearly 10%, rising more slowly with collision energy beyond 400 MeV. Magnetic scattering can be strong for the individual excited states and lowers the dispersion effect considerably at energies below 400 MeV. However, it contributes at most 10% at the higher energies investigated.

Prosomeric Hypothalamic Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Positive Cells in Adolescent Rats.

Most of the studies on neurochemical mapping, connectivity, and physiology in the hypothalamic region were carried out in rats and under the columnar morphologic paradigm. According to the columnar model, the entire hypothalamic region lies ventrally within the diencephalon, which includes preoptic, anterior, tuberal, and mamillary anteroposterior regions, and sometimes identifying dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hypothalamic partitions. This model is weak in providing little or no experimentally corroborated causal explanation of such subdivisions. In contrast, the modern prosomeric model uses different axial assumptions based on the parallel courses of the brain floor, alar-basal boundary, and brain roof (all causally explained). This model also postulates that the hypothalamus and telencephalon jointly form the secondary prosencephalon, separately from and rostral to the diencephalon proper. The hypothalamus is divided into two neuromeric (transverse) parts called peduncular and terminal hypothalamus (PHy and THy). The classic anteroposterior (AP) divisions of the columnar hypothalamus are rather seen as dorsoventral subdivisions of the hypothalamic alar and basal plates. In this study, we offered a prosomeric immunohistochemical mapping in the rat of hypothalamic cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA) and a precursor of dopamine. This mapping was also combined with markers for diverse hypothalamic nuclei [agouti-related peptide (Agrp), arginine vasopressin (Avp), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart), corticotropin releasing Hormone (Crh), melanin concentrating hormone (Mch), neuropeptide Y (Npy), oxytocin/neurophysin I (Oxt), proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), somatostatin (Sst), tyrosine hidroxilase (Th), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh)]. TH-positive cells are particularly abundant within the periventricular stratum of the paraventricular and subparaventricular alar domains. In the tuberal region, most labeled cells are found in the acroterminal arcuate nucleus and in the terminal periventricular stratum. The dorsal retrotuberal region (PHy) contains the A13 cell group of TH-positive cells. In addition, some TH cells appear in the perimamillary and retromamillary regions. The prosomeric model proved useful for determining the precise location of TH-positive cells relative to possible origins of morphogenetic signals, thus aiding potential causal explanation of position-related specification of this hypothalamic cell type.

Signature of electromagnetic quantum fluctuations in exciton physics

Quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field are known to produce the atomic Lamb shift. We here reveal their iconic signature in semiconductor physics, through the blue-shift they produce to optically bright excitons, thus lifting the energy of these excitons above their dark counterparts. The electromagnetic field here acts in its full complexity: in addition to its longitudinal part via interband virtual Coulomb processes, the transverse part —which has been missed up to now— also acts via resonant and nonresonant virtual photons. These two parts beautifully combine to produce a bright exciton blue-shift independent of the exciton wave vector direction. Our work readily leads to a striking prediction: long-lived excitons must have a small bright-dark splitting. Although the analogy between exciton and hydrogen atom could lead us to see the bright exciton shift as a Lamb shift, this is not fully so: the Lamb shift comes entirely from virtual photons, whereas the Coulomb interaction also contributes to the exciton shift through the so-called “electron-hole exchange”.

Finite volume method for coupled subsurface flow problems, II: Poroelasticity

The article introduces a cell-centered finite-volume method for the Biot problem in heterogeneous anisotropic media, characterized with full-tensor properties. We derive the expression for the coupled flux and the interpolation method across the discontinuity of the properties. The obtained flux expression consists of a two-point part, a transversal part and an additional contribution due to gravity. The interpolation method is the generalization of the harmonic averaging point concept to coupled problems. The method is stable despite collocation of both pressure and displacement at cell centers due to eigensplitting of the matrix coefficients in the flux expression and upstream approximation. A general type of boundary condition is integrated without introduction of auxiliary degrees of freedom. Our flux discretization method is a realization of our more general concept of stable flux discretization for saddle-point systems with vector of several unknowns. We demonstrate the applicability of the method on a set of challenging numerical benchmarks.

Pseudogauge field driven acoustoelectric current in two-dimensional hexagonal Dirac materials

Using a diagrammatic scheme, we study the acoustoelectric effects in two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal Dirac materials due to the sound-induced pseudogauge field. We analyze both uniform and spatially dispersive currents in response to copropagating and counterpropagating sound waves, respectively. In addition to the longitudinal acoustoelectric current, we obtain an exotic transverse charge current flowing perpendicular to the sound propagation direction owing to the interplay of transverse and longitudinal gauge field components ${j}_{T}\ensuremath{\propto}{A}_{L}{A}_{T}^{*}$. In contrast to the almost isotropic directional profile of the longitudinal uniform current, a highly anisotropic transverse component ${j}_{T}\ensuremath{\sim}sin(6\ensuremath{\theta})$ is achieved that stems from the inherited threefold symmetry of the hexagonal lattice. However, both longitudinal and transverse parts of the dispersive current are predicted to be strongly anisotropic $\ensuremath{\sim}{sin}^{2}(3\ensuremath{\theta})$ or ${cos}^{2}(3\ensuremath{\theta})$. We quantitatively estimate the pseudogauge field contribution to the acoustoelectric current that can be probed in future experiments in graphene and other 2D hexagonal Dirac materials.

Transantral intraseptal sinuous canal

The sinuous canal is an anatomically well-defined intramural canal of the maxillary sinus (MS) folded within the antral walls. Commonly, its first, infraorbital part, courses within the antral roof, while its second, transverse facial part courses below the infraorbital foramen within the anterior antral wall. While retrospective files of patients that were scanned in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for different dental medical purposes were observed randomly, a peculiar variant of the sinuous canal was noticed and further documented. The respective canal origin was far posterior in the infraorbital groove and the canal coursed through the MS embedded within an incomplete oblique septum dividing the antrum into anterosuperior and posteroinferior chambers. Then the sinuous canal continued with the transverse facial segment. As the sinuous canal contains the superior anterior alveolar nerve and artery, major suppliers of the frontal teeth, it is recommended to document in CBCT a possible transantral, and not intramural, course of it, especially when surgical or endoscopic corridors through the MS are planned.

Fast two-beam collisions in a linear optical medium with weak cubic loss in spatial dimension higher than 1

We study the dynamics of fast two-beam collisions in linear optical media with weak cubic loss in spatial dimension higher than 1. For this purpose, we extend the perturbation theory that was developed for analyzing two-pulse collisions in spatial dimension 1 to spatial dimension 2. We use the extended two-dimensional version of the perturbation theory to show that the collision leads to a change in the beam shapes in the direction transverse to the relative velocity vector. Furthermore, we show that in the important case of a separable initial condition for both beams, the longitudinal part in the expression for the amplitude shift is universal, while the transverse part is not universal. Additionally, we demonstrate that the same behavior holds for collisions between pulsed optical beams in spatial dimension 3. We check these predictions of the perturbation theory along with other predictions concerning the effects on the collision of partial beam overlap and anisotropy in the initial condition by extensive numerical simulations with the weakly perturbed linear propagation model in spatial dimensions 2 and 3. The agreement between the perturbation theory and the simulations is very good. Therefore, our study significantly extends and generalizes the results of previous works, which were limited to spatial dimension 1.

Engineer design process assisted by explainable deep learning network

Engineering simulation accelerates the development of reliable and repeatable design processes in various domains. However, the computing resource consumption is dramatically raised in the whole development processes. Making the most of these simulation data becomes more and more important in modern industrial product design. In the present study, we proposed a workflow comprised of a series of machine learning algorithms (mainly deep neuron networks) to be an alternative to the numerical simulation. We have applied the workflow to the field of dental implant design process. The process is based on a complex, time-dependent, multi-physical biomechanical theory, known as mechano-regulatory method. It has been used to evaluate the performance of dental implants and to assess the tissue recovery after the oral surgery procedures. We provided a deep learning network (DLN) with calibrated simulation data that came from different simulation conditions with experimental verification. The DLN achieves nearly exact result of simulated bone healing history around implants. The correlation of the predicted essential physical properties of surrounding bones (e.g. strain and fluid velocity) and performance indexes of implants (e.g. bone area and bone-implant contact) were greater than 0.980 and 0.947, respectively. The testing AUC values for the classification of each tissue phenotype were ranging from 0.90 to 0.99. The DLN reduced hours of simulation time to seconds. Moreover, our DLN is explainable via Deep Taylor decomposition, suggesting that the transverse fluid velocity, upper and lower parts of dental implants are the keys that influence bone healing and the distribution of tissue phenotypes the most. Many examples of commercial dental implants with designs which follow these design strategies can be found. This work demonstrates that DLN with proper network design is capable to replace complex, time-dependent, multi-physical models/theories, as well as to reveal the underlying features without prior professional knowledge.

Bulk plasmaritons: Wave-mechanical and second-quantized theories

Inspired by a recently established quantum theory for bulk and surface plasmons [Jung and Keller, Phys. Rev. A 103, 063501 (2021).], wave-mechanical and second-quantized quantum electrodynamic theories for bulk plasmaritons in a homogeneous jellium are presented. Starting from the ``inner'' structure of the transversely polarized classical plasmariton mode, it is argued that a plasmariton quasiparticle may be formed by an always attached pair consisting of a transverse (gauge) photon and a never observable transverse plasmon. A first-quantized plasmariton theory is established from a plasmariton Klein-Gordon equation. It is shown that the plasmariton can be perceived as a diamagnetically driven spin-1 boson quasiparticle. A Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formalism is used to extend the first-quantized plasmariton theory to the second-quantized level. The minimal coupling principle is used to change the free QED theory into a theory coupling the plasmariton to an electromagnetic gauge field. Using the microscopic transverse Lindhard (random phase approximation) dielectric function, it is shown that for small wave numbers, the classical Boltzmann equation part of the Lindhard dielectric function results in a hydrodynamic Brewster branch, the quantization of which follows that of a vectorial Klein-Gordon equation. For plasmariton wave numbers larger than the Fermi wave number, a pure electrostatic model (with no magnetic-field component) results in a harmonic-oscillator description of the plasmariton's polarization field. With inspiration and elements from the Power-Zinau-Wolley description, the Pauli-Fierz theory for particle-tied transverse photons, and the propagator theory of Keller for the spatial localization of transverse photons, a formalism in which the plasmariton quasiparticle is dressed by a cloud of transverse (long-wavelength) photons is developed. The quantized radiated part of the electromagnetic field is described by a free-field quantization of the transverse part of the displacement field (${\mathbf{D}}_{T}$). The total Hamiltonian is diagonalized, and the resulting dispersion relation obtained. The interaction between the transverse radiated and attached photons implies that a strongly localized and charged plasmariton quasiparticle with its tied photons vibrates as a simple harmonic oscillator in the ``external'' radiative transverse photon field.

Free data at spacelike {mathscr {I}} and characterization of Kerr-de Sitter in all dimensions

We study the free data in the Fefferman–Graham expansion of asymptotically Einstein (n+1)-dimensional metrics with non-zero cosmological constant. We analyze the relation between the electric part of the rescaled Weyl tensor at {mathscr {I}}, D, and the free data at {mathscr {I}}, namely a certain traceless and transverse part of the n-th order coefficient of the expansion mathring{g}_{(n)}. In the case Lambda <0 and Lorentzian signature, it was known [23] that conformal flatness at {mathscr {I}} is sufficient for D and mathring{g}_{(n)} to agree up to a universal constant. We recover and extend this result to general signature and any sign of non-zero Lambda . We then explore whether conformal flatness of {mathscr {I}} is also neceesary and link this to the validity of long-standing open conjecture that no non-trivial purely magnetic Lambda -vacuum spacetimes exist. In the case of {mathscr {I}} non-conformally flat we determine a quantity constructed from an auxiliary metric which can be used to retrieve mathring{g}_{(n)} from the (now singular) electric part of the Weyl tensor. We then concentrate in the Lambda >0 case where the Cauchy problem at {mathscr {I}} of the Einstein vacuum field equations is known to be well-posed when the data at {mathscr {I}} are analytic or when the spacetime has even dimension. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for analytic data at {mathscr {I}} to generate spacetimes with symmetries in all dimensions. These results are used to find a geometric characterization of the Kerr-de Sitter metrics in all dimensions in terms of its geometric data at null infinity.

Colocalization with MMP-7 in the Distal Colon is Crucial for Syndecan-2 Shedding in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Mice.

IntroductionSyndecan-2 expression is elevated during chronic inflammation and cancer development, and its shedding is observed in cancer patients. However, it remained unknown whether inflammation triggers syndecan-2 shedding.MethodsThe colitis model was produced in C57BL/6 mice by oral administration of 2–3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water. Syndecan-2 and MMP-7 expression levels in tissues and cells were detected by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Shed syndecan-2 levels were detected by slot blotting. For tissue culture, colon tissues were divided into proximal, transverse, and distal parts, and incubated in culture media.ResultsIn C57BL/6 mice with DSS-induced colitis, syndecan-2 shedding began to increase after week 12 of chronic inflammation and continued to increase at week 15. The level of shed syndecan-2 correlated with the colocalization of syndecan-2 and MMP-7 in distal colon tissues. The mRNA expression of IL-6 was increased specifically in trans-distal colon tissues from weeks 9 to 15. IL-6 induced syndecan-2 expression and shedding and MMP-7 expression in ex vivo-cultured distal colon tissues and adenoma cell lines derived from the distal colon. IL-6 treatment induced STAT3 phosphorylation and MMP-7 expression in DLD-1 cells. The application of MMP-7 to ex vivo-cultured colon tissues increased the shedding of syndecan-2 to the culture medium.ConclusionOur findings suggest that chronic inflammation induces syndecan-2 shedding via the site-specific colocalization of syndecan-2 with MMP-7 in the distal colon.

Selection of the calculated equivalent of the supporting devices of U-shaped frames of earthmoving vehicles

The article describes the choice of the design equivalent of the supporting devices of U-shaped frames of earthmoving vehicles. When calculating the U-shaped frames of earth-transport machines for the action of forces located in the plane of the frame, the supporting devices must be represented and calculated either as hinged-fixed supports or as a statically defined system.&#x0D; The difference in the choice of the calculated equivalent of the supporting devices leads to an is-total difference in the estimated load of the entire frame. Considering the same frame with the same load, but with different resistance devices, it is easy to reconcile that the value of the largest bending moment in the transverse part of the raw can vary by 30-35%. A significant difference in load exists in the longitudinal parts of the frame. In this regard, there is a need to formulate the criteria by which it can be concluded that the supporting frame device that is designed corresponds to the calculated equivalent.&#x0D; The correct choice of the calculated equivalent of the supporting devices of the ground-transport machine frame significantly affects the results obtained during calculations and helps to greatly simplify them.