City Transport System Research Articles

Modeling disruption durations of subway service via random survival forests: The case of Shanghai

Subways are the backbone of many urban transportation systems in large cities around the world. However, disruptions of subway services, such as power-supply failure or signal failures, can cause severe travel delays due to the large carrying capacities of subway trains. Accurate predictions of the disruption durations of subway services are essential for emergency response. To predict the disruption durations of subway services, previous studies primarily used parametric models (e.g., the accelerated failure time (AFT) model), and less attention has been given to machine-learning models with high potential prediction ability and fewer parameter restrictions. This paper proposes a model to predict and explore factors that affect the disruption durations of subway services in Shanghai using machine-learning models. The longitudinal data released by the subway operator from 2012 to 2021 were collected and analyzed in this study. A random survival forest (RSF) was used to describe the disruption durations of the subway service, and influential factors, such as incident reason, incident occurrence time, and line-related variables were considered in the model. Results show that the RSF model (C-Index = 0.672) achieved better prediction accuracy than the traditional AFT model (the best C-Index = 0.609) based on the collected data in Shanghai. In addition, results indicate that incident reason, disruption location, and the time of disruption factors can significantly affect subway service disruption durations. The proposed model can be used as a tool to predict the disruption durations of subway service for better disruption management of the subway system.

Green Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in the 6G Era: Toward Sustainable Vehicular Communications and Networking

As one of the most promising applications in future Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been acknowledged as a fundamental technology for developing the Intelligent Transportation Systems in smart cities. With the emergence of the sixth generation (6G) communications technologies, massive network infrastructures will be densely deployed and the number of network nodes will increase exponentially, leading to extremely high energy consumption. There has been an upsurge of interest to develop the green IoV towards sustainable vehicular communication and networking in the 6G era. However, as a special mobile ad-hoc network, the energy cost in an IoV system involves the communication and computation energy in addition to the fuel consumption and the electricity cost of moving vehicles. Moreover, the energy harvesting technology, which is likely to be adopted widely in 6G systems, will complicate the optimization of energy efficiency in the entire system. Current studies focus only on part of the energy issues in IoV systems without a comprehensive discussion of the state-of-the-art energy-efficient approaches and the influence of the development of 6G networks on green IoV. In this paper, we present the main considerations for green IoV from five different scenarios, including the communication, computation, traffic, Electric Vehicles (EVs), and energy harvesting management. The literature relevant to each of the scenarios is compared from the perspective of energy optimization (e.g., with respect to resource allocation, workload scheduling, routing design, traffic control, charging management, energy harvesting and sharing) and the related factors affecting energy efficiency (e.g., resource limitation, channel state, network topology, traffic condition). In addition, we introduce the potential challenges and the emerging technologies in 6G for developing green IoV systems. Finally, we discuss the research trends in designing energy-efficient IoV systems.

Urban freight characteristics and externalities – A comparative study of Gothenburg (Sweden) and Delhi (India)

Background: The urban freight transportation (UFT) system is an essential facilitator for the smooth functioning of city logistics. It also contributes significantly to transportation-related issues, such as vehicular congestion, pollution, accidents, infrastructure damage and other related problems.Objectives: This study aimed to understand and compare the urban freight traffic characteristics and their impact in two cities: Gothenburg, Sweden and Delhi, India, having high socio-economic differences. The findings of this study will be helpful for practitioners and policymakers in the development and successful implementation of UFT management policies.Method: Using the cordon count (traffic data), retailers’ interviews (receivers’ data) and freight vehicle drivers’ interviews, UFT characteristics such as sector-specific contribution, trip characteristics, vehicular characteristics and negative impacts in terms of external cost to society are evaluated. This study also discusses the prediction of attracted trips in the study zone using freight trip attraction (models.Results: About 75% of the trips in Gothenburg and 92% of the trips in Delhi are made by light commercial and other small-sized vehicles. Gothenburg has formally organised sectors involved in freight vehicle movement; however, Delhi has informally organised sectors.Conclusion: The results revealed substantial differences in characteristics of freight trip operations in both the cities, compared with few similarities. Measures taken considering the specific local attributes of freight traffic and stakeholders’ requirement may lead to a sustainable transportation system in cities.

Air quality in underground metro station commuter platforms in Singapore: A cross-sectional analysis of factors influencing commuter exposure levels

The metro is a major component of public transport systems in urbanized cities and may expose commuters to indoor air pollutants. We examined how commuter exposure to indoor air pollutant levels varied with the characteristics of underground metro stations. We carried out a national study of 41 commuter platforms from 39 randomly selected underground stations in Singapore. We used generalized linear models to assess the variability of air pollutant concentrations with station characteristics. We computed commuter-weighted pollutant-specific station rankings to inform mitigation priority. PM2.5 (mean = 24.1 μg/m3) and PM10 (mean = 26.9 μg/m3) concentrations across commuter platforms were generally lower than those found outdoors while platform CO2 levels (mean = 608.1 ppm) were 1.7 times those outdoors. More stations exceeded the WHO 24-h mean exposure guidelines values for PM2.5 (n = 30, 73%) than for PM10 (n = 4, 10%). PM2.5, PM10 and CO2 levels were lowest in stations on the Circle, North-East and Downtown lines. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at platforms were positively associated with their outdoor concentrations. Mean CO2 concentration levels at platforms were the highest during commuter rush hours. Longer train arrival intervals were associated with lower CO2 levels. PM2.5 and PM10 levels in stations were negatively associated with the depth of the commuter platforms. Commuter volumes influenced the priority ranking of mitigation measures. Underground metro stations exhibited high variability and dependence on station characteristics as well as outdoor ambient pollutant levels. Our study findings suggest that any required improvements in ventilation and station design should be focused on PM2.5 exposure reduction and prioritized according to both indoor air pollutant levels and commuter volumes to provide the largest extent of commuter benefits.

The smart city transport and logistics system: Theory, methodology and practice

The smart city transport and logistics system: Theory, methodology and practice

Smart Urban Mobility System Evaluation Model Adaptation to Vilnius, Montreal and Weimar Cities

To date, there is no developed and validated way to assess urban smartness. When evaluating smart city mobility systems, different authors distinguish different indicators. After analysing the evaluation indicators of the transport system presented in the scientific articles, the most relevant and influential indicators were selected. This article develops a hierarchical evaluation model for evaluating a smart city transportation system. The indicators are divided into five groups called “factors”. Several indicators are assigned to each of the listed groups. A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method was used to calculate the significance of the selected indicators and to compare urban mobility systems. The applied multi-criteria evaluation methods were simple additive weighting (SAW), complex proportional assessment (COPRAS), and technique for order preference by similiarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The significance of factors and indicators was determined by expert evaluation methods: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), direct, when experts evaluate the criteria as a percentage (sum of evaluations of all criteria 100%) and ranking (prioritisation). The evaluation and comparison of mobility systems were performed in two stages: when the multi-criteria evaluation is performed according to the indicators of each factor separately and when performing a comprehensive assessment of the smart mobility system according to the integrated significance of the indicators. A leading city is identified and ranked according to the smartness level. The aim of this article is to create a hierarchical evaluation model of the smart mobility systems, to compare the smartness level of Vilnius, Montreal, and Weimar mobility systems, and to create a ranking.

ПАРАДИГМА ЕФЕКТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ МІСЬКИМИ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГІСТИЧНИМИ СИСТЕМАМИ

The article is devoted to the problems of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. The aim of the article is to highlight the paradigm of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to form the structure of the concept of transport and logistics system; to find out the essence of the city transport and logistics system; to systematize the risks that affect the efficiency of urban transport and logistics systems, and to explore the concept of managing these risks; provide modeling as a useful tool for designing and evaluating urban transport and logistics systems. The set goal has been achieved, and the tasks to achieve it have been completed. The goals of activities that can be achieved with the use of the city transport and logistics system were identified, in the context of which the factors influencing the city transport and logistics system are listed: mobility; environmental friendliness; viability; stability. The links between human security and the city's transport and logistics system have been identified. It was found that ICT and ITS allow to develop efficient and environmentally friendly urban delivery systems. An example of this is probabilistic or dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling with ITS-based time windows. The need for modeling for the public and private sectors is proved. It is shown that in the public sector, the risks associated with natural and man-made hazards in urban freight transport systems directly affect the public well-being and health of the population in emergencies. It has been proven that the public sector is interested in finding a reduction in damage to urban logistics facilities and rapid recovery from natural disasters in terms of delivery of goods needed to maintain a high quality of life in urban areas. The need to include uncertainty in the urban logistics model is described to ensure their good performance in the future. Various methods have been shown to account for uncertainties in supply chain modeling, such as scenario and contingency planning, decision trees, and stochastic programming. Simulation has been shown to be a useful tool for the design and evaluation of urban freight and logistics systems. It has been confirmed that urban transport systems need to be more resilient to limit the effects of natural disasters.

РОЗРОБКА ІНДИКАТОРІВ ДЛЯ ОЦІНКИ РІВНЯ РОЗВИТКУ МІСЬКИХ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ СИСТЕМ

Sustainable development of urban transport systems is an urgent task of the modern world. High population density and a significant number of industrial enterprises and enterprises in the service sector require not only ensuring the mobility of city residents and the economic activity of enterprises, but also the creation of comfortable living conditions with the preservation of ecology and natural parks in the urban landscape. Incorrect transport planning of the late 20th and early 21st centuries led to rapidly growing motorization and long traffic delays. The created concepts of the development of the transport infrastructure of large cities require constant measurement of the results of changes and correction if necessary. First of all, the work defines the concept of "city transport systems" and their classification. Social and non-social (quantitative, qualitative) indicators used to characterize urban transport systems are described. The main requirements for the urban monitoring system and its key structural elements are given. A monitoring system is proposed, in which the basic management goals related to infrastructural changes (Task 1), the attitudes of users of transport services (Task 2), as well as the impact on the economy (Task 3) and development costs (Task 4) are highlighted. 5 groups of indicators have been formed, which can be used to monitor the development of the city's transport systems: intensity, safety, accessibility, convenience and connectivity. Among the indicators, there are both indicators of objective assessment ("hard" indicators) and indicators of subjective assessment ("soft" indicators). The information base of the article consists of publications by prominent Ukrainian and foreign scientists, data from the Tom Tom transport analytics service, and the current legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates urban transport systems, and urban development strategies. The following methods of scientific research were used for the research: dialectical method, method of scientific abstraction, method of content analysis, method of analysis and synthesis, comparative method, method of generalization and graphic method.

Застосування статистичних методів наукових досліджень при обстеженні пасажиропотоків міського автомобільного транспорту

The purpose of the paper is to propose scientific and methodological approaches to the generalization of passenger flow survey methods, the formation of the route transport network of the city, the calculation of the required type and number of rolling stock of passenger road transport, the formation of a list of preferential routes. The paper examines applied aspects of the application of the theory of urban passenger transportation in relation to transportation by means of passenger road transport of the city (PRTC). The main concepts of the theory of urban passenger transport and the issue of interaction between urban passenger transport and the city being served are analyzed on the basis of system concepts. An analysis of the main factors that affect the quality of planning, control and regulation of passenger road transport in the transport systems of cities has been carried out. Aspects of the theory of urban transport systems and design calculations of passenger transport by road are also considered. The research was carried out by the formation of new scientific and methodological approaches and scientific argumentation proposed on the basis of numerous works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of passenger transportation organization. Research method are mathematical statistics and modeling. The solution to the tasks of urban transport service is divided into two main complexes: the design of urban transport systems, and the organization of urban transport traffic. To form an optimal or rational route network, as well as to effectively use rolling stock and ensure a high level of passenger service, it is necessary to know the directions, sizes and degree of unevenness of passenger flows, the specific values of which are established during certain surveys. When surveying passenger flows, it is necessary to obtain reliable data in order to use them in solving problems of improving the quality of passenger service. But when choosing a survey method, it is necessary to take into account the complexity of the method and the costs of its implementation.

Assessing transportation system efficiency in its relationship with urban housing: A data envelopment analysis

Urban housing and transportation are strongly related systems. However, few studies have explored the balance between urban housing and transportation systems. Excess investment in transportation systems puts intense pressure on local governments' budgets, especially in shrinking urban areas. In this study, we measured the spatial efficiency of Sapporo city's transportation system using data envelopment analysis. Our results highlight that two-thirds of the urban area were running below capacity. Among them, car parking sites and car parking areas had the highest surplus capacity at 27.81% and 15.86%, respectively. Meanwhile, bus stops, road density, and train station service areas exceeded the demand by about 12%–16%. The results also show that the shortfall in the filling rate of housing was high at 3.82%. Finally, based on our analysis, we introduced recommendations for city policymakers to improve the city's overall efficiency.

Method for solving social dilemmas based on multi-agent learning and reputation

Many real-world problems contain social dilemmas that express contradictions between individual and public interests. Such tasks can be solved using deep multi-agent learning. This article focuses on reputation-based social dilemma solving and multi-agent reinforcement learning. Target of the work is the development of a method for solving social dilemmas based on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning. A method for solving social dilemmas based on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning is proposed. The difference between the method and the known analogs is based on the use of the agent's reputation as a part of the reward function. Reputation, in turn, depends on the degree of cooperation of an agent with other agents. The software implementation of the method is done in Python using the open library Pytorch. The effectiveness of the method was assessed on the basis of comparison with methods for solving social dilemmas without taking into account cooperation between agents. The results of the work can be used to create software for unmanned vehicles of the city's transport system. A balance between collective and individual interests by solving social dilemmas in a “smart city” can be achieved through the application of the method proposed in the article.

Визначення оптимальної кількості транспортних засобів для функціонування каршерінгу в місті Києв в рамках вдосконалення транспртної системи міста

The problem of ensuring the quality of transport services provided to the population by a car-sharing firm is studied. For a formalized description of functioning process car-sharing company, information, scientific and experimental bases were used, with the help of which it became possible to solve transport problems in the conditions of constant improvement of the city's transport system. The main purpose of this study using a mathematical apparatus is to obtain the resulting indicators, which will provide recommendations for improving the level of customer service by car-sharing companies, taking into account the possible effects of certain system parameters. A mathematical model was used to conduct the study, which takes into account the main indicators that affect the determination of the optimal number of vehicles of the company to ensure a high level of customer service of the car-sharing company. In the course of the work, the most important indicators influencing the quality of transport services were identified and a method for determining the optimal number of vehicles to qualitatively meet the needs of customers of a car-sharing company was proposed. Statistical data on car-sharing needs in Kyiv were obtained on the basis of the Getmancar application. The function of exponential distribution of travel time from their number during the study period of 13 days was obtained. Necessary calculations were performed and recommendations were received to increase the fleet of car-sharing vehicles from Getmancar to 293 units. This will increase the density of vehicles in the area, thus ensuring a 100% probability of finding a free vehicle at a distance of 0.6 to 1.2 km. It is proposed to apply the obtained results in the process of optimization of the transport network of Kyiv. The proposed method is recommended to be used during the reorganization of the city transport system, urban redevelopment, forecasting the results of the transport system during the intensive development of the transport network.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ГОРОДСКОГО ТРАНСПОРТА

The article is devoted to the problem of organizing the work of urban public transport. A well-coordinated and well-coordinated functioning of the city's transport system plays an important role in the sustainable development of the economy. The transportation of goods by road in the regions of the Republic of Tajikistan has increased significantly over several decades. The main economic arteries of the city is transport, which is regarded as a regulator of socio-economic processes and provides an important link between production and consumption. Urban growth is accompanied by a separation of work and living; the exodus of resident population from the central business district; expansion of the territory. Such changes in cities are accompanied by a diversity and intensification of circulation patterns generated by travel to work, school, shopping, leisure. Transport management should take into account the availability of high-quality, comprehensive and up-to-date data on the transport system and existing land-use distribution, a description of current travel patterns and data on issues such as population growth, economic activity, employment, income levels, car ownership, housing and preferred modes of transport. movement. When organizing urban transport, it is important to pay attention to the capacity of roads, the speed of movement and the improvement of public transport. In the urban transport process, it is proposed to apply an environmental traffic management system, effectively use public communication, popularize public transport, encourage walking and cycling, and use information technology in traffic management.

Two viruses, one prescription: slow down

The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated communities throughout the world. However, the negative impacts of another pandemic, affecting cities worldwide, arguably rival those of COVID. This destructive global health problem, which we have largely ignored, has been described as the “hurry virus” – the culture of speed that dominates modern lives and cities, causing us to constantly strive to ‘go faster’. This hurry virus has comprehensively infected our city transport systems from the early 20th century. Since then, as speed became a more important goal in city planning than liveability, sustainability and walkability, the consequences for health – human, environmental and economic – have been profoundly damaging. This paper argues that to respond effectively to the hurry virus in city transport, a policy of creating ‘slow cities’ is required. This involves the simultaneous application of two synergistic strategies: slowing the speed of existing motor vehicle traffic; and encouraging greater use of the ‘slower’ active modes. Examples of where such policies have been introduced are discussed. The core of the paper shows how – serendipitously – the world-wide response to the COVID-19 virus in cities has produced policies, strategies and tactics that also provide an antidote to the ‘virus of hurry’. For example, we discuss how cities have rapidly added new or widened bike lanes and sidewalks, and opened streets for people by restricting, slowing or banning motorised traffic. In addition to the intended anti-COVID outcome of providing safer, socially distanced space in neighbourhoods, such policies deliver co-benefits of local healthy living and movement in less-polluted, ‘slower cities’, as well as help combat global heating by reducing CO2 emissions. The paper outlines urban design and operational principles that would promote both pandemic-resistance as well as slower, more local and healthier lives. We show how, in future pandemics, robust plans for rapid, effective action will be required to shut down inter-district connections and implement social distancing to ride out any outbreaks without lasting damage to the city. We discuss one promising strategy that involves relatively self-sufficient and independent precincts, such as 20-minute neighbourhoods that are internally accessible by foot, bike or scooter, that enable people to meet most of their daily needs within an 800 metre (20-minute) return trip from home. If a virus outbreak occurs in one neighbourhood, it can be temporarily closed and isolated from other neighbourhoods, while allowing them to function. The key point is that these responses to combat the COVID virus will produce co-benefits which combat another virus, that of ‘hurry’. The 20-minute COVID-protected city will, by definition, be a hurry-protected, slow city – and what is more – it will be a key component of combatting the overarching existential threat of climate breakdown. We conclude that achieving such co-benefits in cities that remain (or return to being) ‘fast’ would be far more challenging, if indeed possible at all. The pandemics of our time may allow us to reshape the behaviours, values and cultures both of urban residents and policy makers. The paper concludes that we have an unprecedented opportunity to reject the old normal and to re-imagine a new normal of cities that are slower, closer and healthier.

Analyzing Public Transport System in Twin Cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad

Analyzing Public Transport System in Twin Cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad

Economic and social aspects of development and application of troleybuses with autonomous running in Ukraine

One of the important components of the passenger transportation system in many domestic cities is trolleybus transport, as one of the types of environmentally friendly urban passenger vehicles for public use. Since the beginning of the 2000s, in many countries of the world, its intensive development has been taking place at a new level thanks to the use of trolleybuses with autonomous running, capable of transporting passengers on sections of routes not equipped with a contact electrical network. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic and social aspects of the development and use of trolleybuses with autonomous running in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the main design parameters of trolleybuses with autonomous running, the effect of autonomous mileage on reducing the nominal passenger capacity without increasing the permissible gross weight regulated for classic trolleybuses and buses was assessed. The market value of new modern models of trolleybuses of Ukrainian and Belarusian manufacturers, equipped with various autonomous sources of electricity, in particular traction batteries and supercapacitors, was analyzed. The inadequacy of the market value of trolleybuses with autonomous running is shown, which is much higher than classic trolleybuses. A generalized evaluation indicator of the technical excellence of trolleybuses with autonomous running is proposed, which takes into account the total structural weight, nominal passenger capacity and autonomous mileage. Two options for the development of trolleybus transport and its integration into urban transport systems are considered, related either to the existing trolleybus electric networks or, in the near future, to the reconstruction and construction of more powerful electric substations for faster charging of autonomous sources of electric energy. Their implementation will ensure a significant increase in the autonomous mileage of trolleybuses without a significant increase in the capacity of autonomous sources of electricity. Proposed measures to ensure the active development of urban and suburban passenger transport systems based on the use of trolleybuses with autonomous running.

АНАЛІЗ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ СИСТЕМ В ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ МІСТАХ

Introduction. This article discusses the essence of the intelligent transport system. Its concept is described and the main components of implementation are identified. The results of the introduction of the intelligent transport system in European cities are studied Problem Statement. An unpredictable increase in the level of motorization annually leads to congestion on the city's road network. This leads to increased consumption of time, fuel and emissions, as well as delays in public transport, which affects its popularity among locals. Thus, it worsens the environmental situation in the city, especially in its central part, because it is in it that the largest congestion of cars is observed. Infrastructure needs to be developed to solve this problem, but it usually requires significant financial and time costs. Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative solutions to the problem. Purpose. Analyze the feasibility of implementing intelligent transport systems to reduce congestion in European cities.

The Urban Transport Strategy on the Example of the City Bike System in the City of Lublin in Relation to the Covid-19 Pandemic

Abstract The city bike system is now an increasingly popular form of communication. In practice, it has become a complement to the public transport system in large cities, and above all in the most crowded city centers. Importantly, the solution, which is a city bike, can contribute to the reduction of urban congestion, air pollution and to the reduction of noise levels. The paper discusses the issue of city bike system functioning in terms of meeting the transport needs in the area of the city of Lublin. The aim of the work is to describe the city bike system and to indicate the conditions for choosing this means of transport among the inhabitants of the Lublin region. A survey conducted among respondents in 2020 was used. The paper presents own research results and expectations of potential users of this system in the context of displacements, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the system functioning in 2020, and the strategy for operating this industry.

High efficiency public transportation system: Role of big data in making recommendations

With increasing urbanization across the world, the demand for smart transportation methods to support everyone, as well as freight, becomes more vital. To tackle the challenges of growing congestion on the roads, big data analytics (BDA) strategies can be used to offer insights for real decision-making, and policy designing. This study has two primary goals. First, this study evaluates academic literature regarding BDA for smart commuter routes programs; and next based upon the studies, it suggests a framework that is effective, but comprehensive in making recommendation to drive down the congestion and increase efficiency of shared transportation system. The study believes that the framework suggested is solid, versatile, and adaptive enough to be implemented in transportation systems in large cities. Using the framework, system will be managed in a centralized system, allowing much more efficient transportation across cities. Further studies should be conducted over a long period, in smaller cities as well, to make improvement on the framework.

Introduction of innovative management in the system of passenger transportation and automated system of passenger transportation in passenger transportation

The transport system is an important part of the country's production infrastructure, and its development, increasing the performance of the road transport system is of great importance today. Although the city's passenger transport system is undergoing regular changes, it does not fully meet the transport needs of passengers. Therefore, the issue of regulating, optimizing and studying the flow of passengers in all existing routes in the city remains relevant today.